Goyet Caves

Short description: Caves and archaeological site in Belgium

Goyet Caves

Grottes de Goyet

Finds from Goyet and Trou Magrite in the Museum for Natural Sciences of Belgium

Location Goyet Caves

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Goyet Caves (Belgium)

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Alternative name| Caves of Goyet
Location| near Mozet village
Region| Samson river valley, Gesves municipality Namur province, Belgium
Coordinates|  [ ⚑ ] : 50°26′48″N 5°00′32″E﻿ / ﻿50.44667°N 5.00889°E﻿ / 50.44667; 5.00889
Type| carboniferous limestone
Length| 250 m (820.21 ft)
History
Material| limestone Karst
Periods| Middle Palaeolithic to Iron Age
Cultures| Aurignacian, Gravettian, Magdalenian
Associated with| Neanderthals, Homo sapiens
Site notes
Excavation dates| 1867,
Archaeologists| Edouard Dupont

The Goyet Caves (French: Grottes de Goyet) are a series of connected caves located in Belgium in a limestone cliff about 15 m (50 ft) above the river Samson near the village of Mozet in the Gesves municipality of the Namur province. The site is a significant locality of regional Neanderthal and European early modern human occupation, as thousands of fossils and artifacts were discovered that are all attributed to a long and contiguous stratigraphic sequence from 120,000 years ago, the Middle Paleolithic to less than 5,000 years ago, the late Neolithic. A robust sequence of sediments was identified during extensive excavations by geologist Edouard Dupont, who undertook the first probings as early as 1867.[1][2] The site was added to the Belgian National Heritage register in 1976.

## Contents

* 1 Site
* 2 Excavations
* 2.1 Stratigraphy
* 2.2 Objects
* 2.3 Dog skull
* 3 Human habitation
* 3.1 Neanderthal habitation
* 3.2 Homo sapiens occupation
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 Bibliography
* 7 External links

## Site

Located just south of the Goyet Castle the caves are essentially 250 m (820.21 ft) long underground galleries, rich in speleothems and carved out of the limestone during millions of years by the waters of the Samson river inside the 90 ha (222.39 acres) limestone massif.[3]

The massif is divided into zones:

* Terrasse classique
* Troisième Caverne
* Abri supérieur
* Trou du Moulin

In 1999, an extensive network of galleries was discovered, consisting of a central and peripheral networks, named after particular areas: Régal des Fees, Atlantide, Salle de Cristal etc.[4][5]

## Excavations

Turritella sea snails ochre pigment

### Stratigraphy

Edouard Dupont identified five sediment horizons or site concentrations in the cave, three near the cave entrance and two in deeper chambers. Marcel Otte resumed excavations during the 1970s. Further excavations took place from 1998 to 2004. Contemporary researchers assert that Dupont's 19th century excavation methods "did not meet today's standards". His sediment sequences are considered to be of little reliability and his discoveries in the archives of the Royal Belgielsan Institute of Natural Sciences have been reviewed and re-classified in recent years.[6][1]

* Horizon 1: Magdalenian (radiocarbon AMS dating on animal bone, ranging between 14,300 and 31,750 years ago)
* Horizon 2: Magdalenian (two dates, 14,100 to 14,760 years ago, one 29,420 uncalibrated)
* Horizon 3: Multiple mixed occupations including Aurignacian (three dates, 23,400 to 27,600 years ago)
* Horizon 4: Gravettian
* Horizon 5: primarily cave bear and cave lion bones[7]

### Objects

The site accounts for a remarkable variety of prehistoric objects: thousands of bones of prehistoric humans and large mammals, a whistle, stone artifacts with stylized engravings, an approximately 5,000-year-old child's grave, the fossilized cranium of a Paleolithic dog, a knife made from a human rib, the largest collection of Neanderthal fossils of Northern Europe, hand axes, harpoons, necklaces, ivory chopsticks, engraved ivory platelets, carved reindeer horn and skinned and filleted human remains, that suggest cannibalism among Neanderthals.[8]

Horizons 1 and 2 (artifacts of the Magdalenian levels) include hand axes and a harpoon, a necklace of 26 wolves perforated teeth, bone fragments and needles, a biserial (multiple barbs on both edges) bone harpoon, a necklace, and a Turritella sea snail shell necklace.[9][10][11]

Horizon 4 included a fossilized canid skull, which has been direct AMS dated to be 31,000 years old.

Additional artifacts can be found in numerous private collections, as during the 1950s several amateur archaeologists were permitted access to the caves.

### Dog skull

Discovered during the 1860s, a dog-like cranium identified as being that of a Paleolithic dog was AMS dated to 31,680 years old. Mitochondrial DNA indicates that the canid was not a direct ancestor of modern dogs, but rather of an extinct side branch[12][13] or an aborted domestication attempt.[13]

Carbon Dated fossils:

Lab number | Material | Normalized Age | Locality

|
|
|

Beta-239920 | bone (skull) domesticated dog | 31680 ± 750 | local
OxA-V-2223-49 | Single bone arcelini Equus caballus (Horse) | 29420 ± 170 | local
KIA-18986 | Single bone from rear of Chamber A Ursus spelaeus | 27440 ± 170 | local
KIA-22275 | Single bone Alopex lagopus (Arctic fox) | 12380 ± 60 | local
Lv-2135 | bone | 11630 ± 150 | local

Source: [14]

## Human habitation

### Neanderthal habitation

Neanderthal remains from the Troisième caverne of Goyet (Belgium). The remains have scrape marks, indicating that they were butchered, with cannibalism being the "most parsimonious explanation".[15]

Neanderthal habitation of the caves dates back to the Middle Paleolithic. Occasional Neanderthal occupation begins 120,000 years ago and ends after 40,000 years ago.

Between 45,500 and 40,500 years ago Neanderthals lived in the Troisième Caverne, where 99 bones were discovered, that belong to at least five individuals. This represents the largest collection of Neanderthal fossils in Northern Europe. The condition of the fossils strongly suggests cannibalism.[15] The bodies are skinned and filleted, the bones show cut marks and were cracked to extract the marrow. Reindeer remains from the site have the same types of butcher marks.[15][16] Researchers consider the cannibalism at Goyet an element of inter-group conflict rather than motivated by starvation, since weaker members – mostly women and children – of competing groups were targeted and eaten even though other food sources such as reindeer were available.[17]

In 2018, researchers succeeded in extracting nuclear DNA from Goyet Q56-1, a right femur from a Neanderthal directly dated to around 43,000-42,080 BP. DNA analysis reveals that Goyet Q56-1 was female. Compared to other Neanderthals for which nuclear DNA has been extracted, Goyet Q56-1 is genetically closest to Spy94a from Spy Cave and groups closest with other Late European Neanderthals.[18]

### Homo sapiens occupation

Genetic position of the Goyet cluster in relation to other hunter-gatherers

Template:Phylogenetic tree for ancient Eurasians

Homo sapiens occupation began around 35,000 years ago. Fossils from different European populations are found in Goyet Cave, including some that represent the earliest branch of modern Europeans (ca. 35,000 BP). Their damaged but readable DNA has been used in studies of the origin and migration of European ice age populations. Based on mitochondrial DNA of five local fossils it was concluded that the first modern Europeans arrived directly from Africa without a detour via Asia. The 35,000 year old humerus of a man from Goyet has been associated with the Aurignacian culture. Shortly thereafter, the population associated with this culture was ousted by a genetically distinct Gravettian rural population (from 34,000 BP), but around 25,000 BP descendants reappear in Spain in the context of Magdalenian culture. The extent to which Neanderthals and Homo sapiens have lived together at Goyet is still under investigation.

In 1998, the bones of a twelve-year-old child was found in a crevice. The cavern was subsequently named the Salle de l'Enfant. The remains are 5,000 years old and are interpreted as representing a grave. Other cultural type elements such as perforated tubes that were perhaps used as flutes, indicate that the caves continued to be inhabited during the late Neolithic. An even younger object discovered in Goyet, attributed to the Iron Age (around 500 BCE), is a knife made from a human rib.

In 2016, researchers successfully extracted DNA from several ancient human fossils at Goyet (with direct dates): GoyetQ116-1 (35,160-34,430 BP) and GoyetQ376-3 (33,940-33,140 BP) from the Aurignacian; GoyetQ376-19 (27,720-27,310 BP), GoyetQ53-1 (28,230-27,720 BP), GoyetQ55-2 (27,730-27,310 BP), GoyetQ56-16 (26,600-26,040 BP) and Goyet2878-21 (27,060-26,270 BP) from the Gravettian; and GoyetQ-2 (15,230-14,780 BP) from the Magdalenian. GoyetQ376-19, Goyet53-1 and Goyet56-16 were found to cluster genetically with several other Gravettian individuals from Europe in the Věstonice Cluster, while GoyetQ-2 was found to cluster genetically with several other Magdalenian individuals from Europe in the El Mirón Cluster.[19]

All later Europeans after GoyetQ116-1 show some genetic affinity for this individual.[19] GoyetQ116-1 also exhibits more genetic affinity for the Tianyuan man than any other ancient individual from West Eurasia.[20] GoyetQ116-1 received geneflow from an Ancient East Eurasian population (c. 17–23%), possibly represented by the preceding Bacho Kiro cave specimen, who, together with the Oase specimens, are closer to ancient and modern East Eurasian populations, and were part of the Initial Upper Paleolithic (IUP) wave. The IUP groups in Europe were largely replaced or absorbed by the succeeding Upper Paleolithic wave (Ancient West Eurasians) more than 38,000 years ago, resulting in the formation of Upper Paleolithic Europeans such as GoyetQ116-1.[21][22][23][24] Villalba-Mouco et al. argues that this IUP-affiliated population pre-dated the split between European and Asian populations.[25]

Culturally, the Aurignacian cultural complex is chronologically associated with the human remains of Goyet Q116-1, while the subsequent Gravettian is associated with the Vestonice cluster.[26]

## See also

* Cannibalism in Europe § Prehistory

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "The caves that prove Neanderthals were cannibals". Phys.org. http://phys.org/news/2016-12-caves-neanderthals-cannibals.html.
2. ↑ "Goyet Cave (Belgium) - Evidence for Early Dog Domestication". About.com Education. Archaeology about com. http://archaeology.about.com/od/stoneage/fl/Goyet-Cave-Belgium.htm.
3. ↑ "The Caves of Goyet - Landscape & Nature - Discover -". Beauxvillages.be. http://www.beauxvillages.be/discover/landscape-nature/the-caves-of-goyet.htm?lng=en.
4. ↑ "365 Discovery days - Tourist Attractions and Museums in Belgium - Goyet Caves". 365.be. http://www.365.be/attractions/att/culture-grottes-archeologie-gesves-61-grottes-de-goyet.html?lang=EN.
5. ↑ "Amazing Belgium: Caves of Goyet". http://www.amazingbelgium.be/2016/08/the-caves-of-goyet.html.
6. ↑ Rougier, Hélène; Crevecoeur, Isabelle; Beauval, Cédric; Posth, Cosimo; Flas, Damien; Wißing, Christoph; Furtwängler, Anja; Germonpré, Mietje et al. (2016). "Neandertal cannibalism and Neandertal bones used as tools in Northern Europe: Scientific Reports - it appears that the levels described by Dupont actually represent a mix of material from different periods". Scientific Reports 6. doi:10.1038/srep29005. PMID 27381450. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...629005R.
7. ↑ Peigne, S.; Goillot, C.; Germonpre, M.; Blondel, C.; Bignon, O.; Merceron, G. (2009). "Predormancy omnivory in European cave bears evidenced by a dental microwear analysis of Ursus spelaeus from Goyet, Belgium". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (36): 15390–15393. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907373106. PMID 19706401. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..10615390P.
8. ↑ Gould, Charles (December 10, 2013). Mythical Monsters (Illustrated Edition) - Charles Gould -. Jazzybee Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8496-4182-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=nQ9QAgAAQBAJ&q=Grottos+of+Goyet&pg=PT49. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
9. ↑ Stevens, Rhiannon E.; Germonpré, Mietje; Petrie, Cameron A.; O'Connell, Tamsin C. (2009). "Palaeoenvironmental and chronological investigations of the Magdalenian sites of Goyet Cave and Trou de Chaleux (Belgium), via stable isotope and radiocarbon analyses of horse skeletal remains". Journal of Archaeological Science 36 (3): 653–662. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.10.008. Bibcode: 2009JArSc..36..653S.
10. ↑ "Grottes de Goyet (Grotten van Goyet (NL) / Caves of Goyet (EN)) Cave or Rock Shelter: The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map". Megalithic.co.uk. http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=37904.
11. ↑ "The fossil cave hyena of Goyet". Lib ugent be. http://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/001/458/610/RUG01-001458610_2011_0001_AC.pdf.
12. ↑ Germonpré, Mietje; Sablin, Mikhail V.; Stevens, Rhiannon E.; Hedges, Robert E.M.; Hofreiter, Michael; Stiller, Mathias; Després, Viviane R. (2009). "Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes". Journal of Archaeological Science 36 (2): 473–490. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.033. Bibcode: 2009JArSc..36..473G.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Thalmann, O.; Shapiro, B.; Cui, P.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Sawyer, S. K.; Greenfield, D. L.; Germonpre, M. B.; Sablin, M. V. et al. (2013). "Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs". Science 342 (6160): 871–874. doi:10.1126/science.1243650. PMID 24233726. Bibcode: 2013Sci...342..871T.
14. ↑ "CARD Belgium / SUNK-2335 (Goyet)". Canadianarchaeology.ca. http://www.canadianarchaeology.ca/sites/20152.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Rougier, Hélène; Crevecoeur, Isabelle (July 6, 2016). "Neandertal cannibalism and Neandertal bones used as tools in Northern Europe" (in en). Scientific Reports 6 (1). doi:10.1038/srep29005. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 27381450. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...629005R. ""Our results show that the Neandertals from the Troisième caverne of Goyet were butchered, with the hypothesis of their exploitation as food sources the most parsimonious explanation for the observed bone surface modifications. Goyet provides the first unambiguous evidence of Neandertal cannibalism in Northern Europe and given the dates obtained on the Neandertal remains, it is most likely that they were processed by their fellow Neandertals as no modern humans are known to have been in the region at the time17,23. However, the available data make it impossible to determine whether the modifications observed on the Neandertal skeletal material represent symbolic practices or simply result from the processing of immediately available sources of food."".
16. ↑ "Researchers discover the first evidence of Neanderthal cannibalism in northern Europe". Https. https://phys.org/news/2016-07-evidence-neanderthal-cannibalism-northern-europe.html#nRlv.
17. ↑ Cosnefroy, Quentin; Crevecoeur, Isabelle; Semal, Patrick; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Bossoms Mesa, Alba; Krause, Johannes; Alberto Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido; Posth, Cosimo et al. (2025). "Highly selective cannibalism in the Late Pleistocene of Northern Europe reveals Neandertals were targeted prey". Nature 15 (40741). doi:10.1038/s41598-025-24460-3. PMC 12630619. Bibcode: 2025NatSR..1540741C. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-24460-3.
18. ↑ Hajdinjak, Mateja; Fu, Qiaomei; Hübner, Alexander; Petr, Martin; Mafessoni, Fabrizio; Grote, Steffi; Skoglund, Pontus; Narasimham, Vagheesh et al. (2018). "Reconstructing the genetic history of late Neanderthals". Nature 555 (7698): 652–656. doi:10.1038/nature26151. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29562232. PMC 6485383. Bibcode: 2018Natur.555..652H. https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/70268/Hajdinjak_2018_T.pdf?sequence=1.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Fu, Qiaomei; Posth, Cosimo; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Petr, Martin; Mallick, Swapan; Fernandes, Daniel; Furtwängler, Anja; Haak, Wolfgang et al. (2016). "The genetic history of Ice Age Europe". Nature 534 (7606): 200–205. doi:10.1038/nature17993. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 27135931. Bibcode: 2016Natur.534..200F.
20. ↑ Yang, Melinda A.; Gao, Xing; Theunert, Christoph; Tong, Haowen; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Slatkin, Montgomery; Meyer, Matthias et al. (2017). "40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia". Current Biology 27 (20): 3202–3208.e9. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.030. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 29033327. Bibcode: 2017CBio...27E3202Y.
21. ↑ Massilani, Diyendo; Skov, Laurits; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Gunchinsuren, Byambaa; Tseveendorj, Damdinsuren; Yi, Seonbok; Lee, Jungeun; Nagel, Sarah et al. (October 30, 2020). "Denisovan ancestry and population history of early East Asians" (in en). Science 370 (6516): 579–583. doi:10.1126/science.abc1166. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 33122380. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc1166.
22. ↑ Vallini, Leonardo; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Bortolini, Eugenio; Benazzi, Stefano; Pievani, Telmo; Pagani, Luca (April 1, 2022). "Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa". Genome Biology and Evolution 14 (4). doi:10.1093/gbe/evac045. ISSN 1759-6653. PMID 35445261. PMC 9021735. https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/14/4/evac045/6563828.
23. ↑ Vallini, Leonardo; Zampieri, Carlo; Shoaee, Mohamed Javad; Bortolini, Eugenio; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Pievani, Telmo; Benazzi, Stefano et al. (March 25, 2024). "The Persian plateau served as hub for Homo sapiens after the main out of Africa dispersal" (in en). Nature Communications 15 (1): 1882. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46161-7. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 38528002. Bibcode: 2024NatCo..15.1882V.
24. ↑ Hajdinjak, Mateja; Mafessoni, Fabrizio; Skov, Laurits; Vernot, Benjamin; Hübner, Alexander; Fu, Qiaomei; Essel, Elena; Nagel, Sarah et al. (April 7, 2021). "Initial Upper Palaeolithic humans in Europe had recent Neanderthal ancestry". Nature 592 (7853): 253–257. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03335-3. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33828320. Bibcode: 2021Natur.592..253H.
25. ↑ Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; van de Loosdrecht, Marieke S.; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Fewlass, Helen; Talamo, Sahra; Yu, He; Aron, Franziska; Lalueza-Fox, Carles et al. (April 2023). "A 23,000-year-old southern Iberian individual links human groups that lived in Western Europe before and after the Last Glacial Maximum". Nature Ecology & Evolution 7 (4): 597–609. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-01987-0. PMID 36859553. Bibcode: 2023NatEE...7..597V.
26. ↑ Fu, Qiaomei (2016). "The genetic history of Ice Age Europe". Nature 534 (7606): 200–205. doi:10.1038/nature17993. PMID 27135931. Bibcode: 2016Natur.534..200F. ""GoyetQ116-1 is chronologically associated with the Aurignacian cultural complex. Thus, the subsequent spread of the Vestonice Cluster, which is associated with the Gravettian cultural complex, shows that the spread of the latter culture was mediated at least in part by population movements."".

## Bibliography

* Mark Derr (October 27, 2011). How the Dog Became the Dog: From Wolves to Our Best Friends. The Overlook Press. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-1-59020-991-2.

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* Tham An Mah
* Tam Pa Ling

Lebanon|

* Antelias
* Jeita
* Kaukaba
* Ksar Akil
* Ras Baalbek I
* Ras El Kelb
* Nachcharini

Malaysia|

* Niah

Mongolia|

* Khoit Tsenkher

Myanmar|

* Padah-Lin

Pakistan|

* Sanghao

Palestine|

* Shuqba

Philippines|

* Callao
* Kalanay
* Minori
* Lapuz Lapuz
* Tabon

Sri Lanka|

* Batadombalena
* Belilena
* Fa Hien
* Hunugalagala

Thailand|

* Spirit
* Tham Lod

Turkmenistan|

Dzhebel

Turkey|

* Belbaşı
* Karain

Uzbekistan|

* Obi-Rakhmat
* Teshik-Tash

Vietnam|

* Con Moong
* Ngườm

Africa

| Algeria|

* Gueldaman

|

Botswana|

* Tsodilo
* Manyana Rock Paintings

Cameroon|

* Shum Laka

DR Congo|

* Matupi

Egypt|

* Beasts
* Swimmers

Kenya|

* Enkapune Ya Muto
* Njoro River

Lesotho|

* Liphofung

Libya|

* Haua Fteah
* Uan Muhuggiag

Morocco|

* Hercules
* Ifri n'Amr or Moussa
* Ifri Oudadane
* Jebel Irhoud
* Kelif el Boroud
* Taforalt

Mozambique|

* Ngalue

Namibia|

* Apollo 11
* The White Lady

Nigeria|

* Rop

Somalia|

* Dhambalin
* Laas Geel

South Africa|

Cradle of Humankind, World Heritage Site
Cooper's
Drimolen
Gladysvale
Gondolin
Haasgat
Kromdraai
Makapansgat
Malapa
Motsetsi
Plovers Lake
Rising Star
Sterkfontein
Swartkrans

Other caves
Blombos
Border
Boomplaas
Byneskranskop
Cango
Diepkloof
Elands Bay
Howieson's Poort
Klasies River
Melkhoutboom
Nelson Bay
Pinnacle Point
Sibudu
Wonderwerk

Tanzania|

* Kondoa
* Bahi
* Mumba

Uganda|

* Nyero

Zambia|

* Kalemba
* Mumbwa

Zimbabwe|

* Bambata

North and South America

| Argentina|

* Las Manos

|

Aruba|

* Quadiriki

Belize|

* Actun Tunichil Muknal
* Barton Creek
* Midnight Terror

Brazil|

* Gentio
* Maquiné
* Pedra Pintada
* Peruaçu
* Rei do Mato
* Santo
* Toca da Tira Peia

Canada|

* Bluefish
* Charlie Lake

Chile|

* Fell
* Milodón

Colombia|

* El Abra
* Chiribiquete
* Piedras del Tunjo
* Sáchica
* Tequendama
* Tibitó

Cuba|

* Ambrosio
* Calero
* Centella
* Cura
* Patana
* Pluma
* Punta del Este

Curaçao|

* Hato

Dominican Republic|

* Pomier

Jamaica|

* Long Mile

Mexico|

* Chan Hol
* Coxcatlan
* Dzibilchaltún
* Las Flechas
* Frightful
* Guilá Naquitz
* Ox Bel Ha
* Oxtotitlán
* Sac Actun

Peru|

* Chivateros
* Guitarrero
* Pikimachay
* Qillqatani
* Toquepala
* T'uqu T'uquyuq

Suriname|

* Werehpai

United States|

* Arnold Research
* Baker
* Bonfire
* Bull Thistle
* Burnet
* Cherry Creek
* Colorado Millennial
* Danger
* Daugherty's
* Dry Creek
* Durango
* Dust
* Dutchess Quarry
* Fort Rock
* Franktown
* Gatecliff
* Graham
* Hidden
* Hidden Valley
* Hogup
* Humboldt
* La Grange
* Last Supper
* Levi
* LoDaisKa
* Lovelock
* Mammoth
* Mantle's
* Marmes
* Martz
* Meadowcroft
* Modoc
* Mummy
* On Your Knees
* Paisley
* Pendejo
* Pictograph
* Rockhouse Cliffs
* Russell
* Sandia
* Shoup
* Sisyphus
* Stanfield-Worley
* Tainter
* Tomaquag
* Trail Creek
* Trinchera
* Ventana
* Wilson Butte

Oceania

| Australia|

* Abrakurrie
* Acheron
* Ballawinne
* Beeton Shelter
* Beginner's Luck
* Blanche
* Bradshaws
* Bone
* Burrup
* Cave Bay
* Cliefden
* Cloggs
* Devil's Lair
* Eagles Reach
* Fossil
* Gabarnmung
* Jenolan
* Koongine
* Koonalda
* Kutikina
* Mackintosh 90/1
* Madjedbebe
* Mammoth
* Mannalargenna
* Mudgegonga
* Murrawijinie
* Murujuga
* Naracoorte
* New Guinea II
* Nunamira
* ORS 7
* Tarragal
* Ubirr
* Wargata Mina
* Warratyi
* Warreen
* Wellington

|

Guam|

* Gadao's
* Mahlac
* Talagi

Hawaii|

* Makauwahi

New Caledonia|

* Pindai

New Zealand|

* Moncks
* Ruakuri

Northern Mariana Islands|

* Chugai'

Papua New Guinea|

* Kilu

Samoa|

* Falemauga

Tuvalu|

* Nanumanga

* Cave
* List of caves
* Cave painting
* Speleology

* v
* t
* e

Prehistoric technology

* Prehistory
* Timeline
* Outline
* Stone Age
* Subdivisions
* New Stone Age
* Technology
* history
* Glossary

Tools

| Farming|

* Neolithic Revolution
* Founder crops
* New World crops
* Ard / plough
* Celt
* Digging stick
* Domestication
* Goad
* Irrigation
* Secondary products
* Sickle
* Terracing

|

Food processing
(Paleolithic diet)|

* Fire
* Basket
* Cooking
* Earth oven
* Granaries
* Grinding slab
* Ground stone
* Hearth
* Aşıklı Höyük
* Qesem cave
* Manos
* Metate
* Mortar and pestle
* Pottery
* Quern-stone
* Storage pits

Hunting|

* Arrow
* Boomerang
* throwing stick
* Bow and arrow
* history
* Nets
* Spear
* spear-thrower
* baton
* harpoon
* Schöningen
* woomera

Projectile points|

* Arrowhead
* Transverse
* Bare Island
* Cascade
* Clovis
* Cresswell
* Cumberland
* Eden
* Folsom
* Lamoka
* Manis Mastodon
* Plano

Systems|

* Game drive system
* Buffalo jump

Toolmaking|

* Earliest toolmaking
* Oldowan
* Acheulean
* Mousterian
* Aurignacian
* Clovis culture
* Cupstone
* Fire hardening
* Gravettian culture
* Hafting
* Hand axe
* Grooves
* Langdale axe industry
* Levallois technique
* Lithic core
* Lithic reduction
* analysis
* debitage
* flake
* Lithic technology
* Magdalenian culture
* Metallurgy
* Microblade technology
* Mining
* Prepared-core technique
* Solutrean industry
* Striking platform
* Tool stone
* Uniface
* Yubetsu technique

Other tools|

* Adze
* Awl
* bone
* Axe
* Bannerstone
* Blade
* prismatic
* Bone tool
* Bow drill
* Burin
* Canoe
* Oar
* Pesse canoe
* Chopper
* tool
* Cleaver
* Denticulate tool
* Fire plough
* Fire-saw
* Hammerstone
* Knife
* Microlith
* Quern-stone
* Racloir
* Rope
* Scraper
* side
* Stone tool
* Tally stick
* Weapons
* Wheel
* illustration

Architecture

| Ceremonial|

* Kiva
* Pyramid
* Standing stones
* megalith
* row
* Stonehenge

|

Dwellings|

* Neolithic architecture
* long house
* British megalith architecture
* Nordic megalith architecture
* Burdei
* Cave
* Cliff dwelling
* Dugout
* Hut
* Quiggly hole
* Jacal
* Longhouse
* Mudbrick
* Mehrgarh
* Pit-house
* Pueblitos
* Pueblo
* Rock shelter
* Blombos Cave
* Abri de la Madeleine
* Sibudu Cave
* Roundhouse
* Stilt house
* Alp pile dwellings
* Stone roof
* Wattle and daub

Water management|

* Check dam
* Cistern
* Flush toilet
* Reservoir
* Well

Other architecture|

* Archaeological features
* Broch
* Burnt mound
* fulacht fiadh
* Causewayed enclosure
* Tor enclosure
* Circular enclosure
* Goseck
* Cursus
* Henge
* Thornborough
* Megalithic architectural elements
* Midden
* Oldest extant buildings
* Timber circle
* Timber trackway
* Sweet Track

Arts and culture

| Material goods|

* Baskets
* Beadwork
* Beds
* Chalcolithic
* Clothing/textiles
* timeline
* Cosmetics
* Glue
* Hides
* shoes
* Ötzi
* Jewelry
* amber use
* Mirrors
* Pottery
* Cardium
* Cord-marked
* Grooved ware
* Jōmon
* Linear
* Unstan ware
* Sewing needle
* Weaving
* Wine
* winery
* wine press

|

Prehistoric art|

* Art of the Upper Paleolithic
* Art of the Middle Paleolithic
* Blombos Cave
* List of Stone Age art
* Bird stone
* Cairn
* Carved stone balls
* Cave paintings
* Cup and ring mark
* Geoglyph
* Hill figure
* Golden hats
* Guardian stones
* Gwion Gwion rock paintings
* painting
* pigment
* Megalithic art
* Petroform
* Petroglyph
* Petrosomatoglyph
* Pictogram
* Rock art
* Rock cupule
* Stone carving
* Sculpture
* Statue menhir
* Stone circle
* list
* British Isles and Brittany
* Venus figurine

Prehistoric music|

* Evolutionary musicology
* music archaeology
* Alligator drum
* Paleolithic flute
* Divje Babe flute
* Gudi

Prehistoric religion|

* Evolutionary origin of religion
* Paleolithic religion
* Spiritual drug use

Burial|

* Burial mounds
* Bowl barrow
* Round barrow
* Mound Builders culture
* U.S. sites
* Chamber tomb
* Cotswold-Severn
* Cist
* Dartmoor kistvaens
* Clava cairn
* Court cairn
* Cremation
* Dolmen
* Great dolmen
* Funeral pyre
* Gallery grave
* transepted
* wedge-shaped
* Grave goods
* Jar burial
* Kuyavian long barrows
* Long barrow
* unchambered
* Grønsalen
* Megalithic tomb
* Mummy
* Passage grave
* Rectangular dolmen
* Ring cairn
* Simple dolmen
* Stone box grave
* Tor cairn
* Unchambered long cairn

Other cultural|

* Archaeoastronomy
* sites
* lunar calendar
* Behavioral modernity
* Origin of language
* Prehistoric counting
* Prehistoric medicine
* trepanning
* Prehistoric warfare
* Symbols
* symbolism

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goyet Caves. Read more

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