Höör Sandstone
Stratigraphic range: Lower Hettangian- Late Pliensbachian
~200–184 Ma

PreЄ

Traditionally dated as Hettangian-Sinemurian only, recent palynology show that the uppermost assemblages are almost identical that the ones recovered in the Late Pliensbachian Sorthat Formation of Bornholm[1]

Type| Formation
Sub-units|

* Stanstorp member
* Vittseröd member

Underlies| Djupadal Formation
Overlies| Hörby Formation
Thickness| Up to 50 m (160 ft)
Lithology
Primary| Sandstone
Other| Clay and Conglomerate
Location
Coordinates|  [ ⚑ ] : 55°59′N 13°38′E﻿ / ﻿55.98°N 13.63°E﻿ / 55.98; 13.63
Paleocoordinates| Approx. 35°N
Region| Central Skåne County
Country| Sweden
Type section
Named for| Höör, Ljungbyhed
Named by| Nilsson[2]
Year defined| 1819

Höör Sandstone (Sweden)

The Höör Sandstone is a geologic formation in Skåne County, southern Sweden. It is Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Pliensbachian) in age.[3] This unit outcrops in central Skane on a few isolated exposures, being traditionally subdivided into the lower “millstone” (“kvarnstenen”) and the upper “buildingstone”.[4] The lowermost layers where also claimed to host Rhaetian strata, however latter works suggested that the layers devolved as red beds, were part of the new Hörby Formation, thus delimitating the Höör sandstone to the lower Jurassic.[5][6] It has been assumed to be limited to Hettangian-Sinemurian layers, yet recent palynological analysis suggest the uppermost section is of Pliensbachian age, underlying and maybe interacting with the younger volcanic deposits.[1] The Höör sandstone represents a mostly fluvial unit with a rich collection of fossil plants, yet also includes brackish bivalves in some layers, pointing to marine ingressions locally.[7]

## Contents

* 1 Members
* 1.1 Stanstorp member
* 1.2 Vittseröd member
* 2 Fauna
* 2.1 Ichnofossils
* 2.2 Bivalves
* 2.3 Arthropoda
* 3 Flora
* 4 References

## Members

### Stanstorp member

This member represents the older layers of the formation, being exposed in the abandoned stanstorpsgraven quarry and in the Vittseröd area.[8] The member is mainly composed by sandstone and has abundant plants fossils, with both allochthonous plant fragments and plant roots indicating vegetation in situ (palaeosols).[8] The layers suggest several types of fluvial and/or coastal depositions, from dunes and river banks to beach deposits, where the palaeocurrent directions are clear generally from the north-east to the south-west.[7] This section hosts abundant conglomerate intercalations, with the lower ones formed by mud fragments and the uppers with distant source material, both abundant on wood fragments, some of them up to 20 cm in diameter.[8]

### Vittseröd member

The youngest member is composed by finer-grained and much better sorted sandstones, with limited abundance of mudstones and plant fragments small and limited to a few horizons.[8] The presence of silt and mature quartz arenites, well sorted and fairly well rounded derived from strongly altered feldspars, shows that this member hosted a high-energy environment, one where tidal currents have been invoked for the modification of fine-grained sandstones, linked with the changes of the Laurasian Seaway.[9] The upper parts of this unit are influenced by the initial pulse of the Pliensbachian coeval vulcanism with heavy volcanic minerals in the uppermost layers.[10]

## Fauna

### Ichnofossils

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Color key
| Taxon | Reclassified taxon | Taxon falsely reported as present | Dubious taxon or junior synonym | Ichnotaxon | Ootaxon | Morphotaxon

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| Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; ~~crossed out~~ taxa are discredited.

* Lockeia siliquaria (Bivalves)[11]
* Planolites annularis (Polychaetes)[11]
* Planolites montanus (Polychaetes)[11]
* Diplichnites isp. (Xiphosurans, Insects, Arachnids)[11]
* Teichichnus isp. (Polychaetes, Echiurans, Holothurians.)[11]
* Skolithos isp. (Polychaetes, Phoronidans)[11]
* Monocraterion tentaculatum  (Polychaeta, Sipuncula, Enteropneustans & Echiurans)[11]
* Rhizocorallium isp. (Polychaeta, Sipuncula, Enteropneustans & Echiurans)[11]
* Aulichnites isp. (Gastropods)[11]
* Diplocraterion parallelum (Polychaeta, Sipuncula, Enteropneustans & Echiurans)[11]

### Bivalves

Genus  | Species  | Location  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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Liostrea[7][12]

Liostrea hisingeri

* Vittseröd

* Vittseröd member

Isolated Shells

An oyster, member of Ostreidae inside Ostreida. The most common Bivalve found locally, indicator of increased salinity levels on the Hettangian layers.

|  Example of Liostrea specimens

Cardinia[7][12]

Cardinia follini

* Stanstorp
* Vittseröd
* Dagstorp

* Vittseröd member

Isolated Shells

A clam, member of Cardiniidae inside Carditida. This faunal aggrupation occurs together with abundant foliar remains and are equivalent to the Brandsberga erratics, which was closer to the mouth of the bay developed in the region, as it proves the find on its sandstone of more clear marine fauna.

Avicula[7][12]

Avicula inaequivalvis

* Vittseröd

* Vittseröd member

Isolated Shells

A Scallop, member of Pectinidae inside Pectinida. The local material assigned to this genus is now lost

Pecten[7][12]

Pecten sp.

* Vittseröd

* Vittseröd member

Isolated Shells

A Scallop, member of Pectinidae inside Pectinida.

|  Example of extant Pecten

### Arthropoda

Genus  | Species  | Location  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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Mesolimulus[13]

Mesolimulus? nathorsti

* Stanstorp

Vittseröd Member

SMNH Ar33179, a possible prosomal section

A horseshoe crab, member of the Limulidae inside Xiphosura. This fragment has been considered to be a Limulus or Mesolimulus prosomal shield, but due to the limited and fragmentary nature some authors referred to it as ?Chelicerata incertae sedis.[14]

Angelinella[15]

Angelinella angelini

Kulla Gunnarstorp

Stanstorp Member

Elytrons

A beetle, incertae sedis Archostemata inside Coleoptera.

Paracurculionites[15]

Paracurculionites parvulus

North of Sofiero

Stanstorp Member

Elytrons

A beetle, incertae sedis Archostemata inside Coleoptera.

## Flora

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Member  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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Equisetites[16]

* Equisetites laevis
* Equisetites gracilis

* Ormanäsgraven
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav

Stanstorp Member

* Stems

Affinities with Equisetaceae inside Equisetales.

|  Example of Equisetites specimen

Todites[16]

* Todites goeppertianus

* Stanstorpsgraven
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott

* Stanstorp Member

* Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Osmundaceae inside Osmundales.

Cladophlebis[16]

* Cladophlebis svedbergii
* Cladophlebis scoresbyensis
* Cladophlebis cf. nebbensis
* Cladophlebis cf. spectabilis
* Cladophlebis arguta
* Cladophlebis sublobata
* Cladophlebis sewardii
* Cladophlebis divaricata

* Stanstorpsgraven
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott
* Dagstorp

* Stanstorp Member

* Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Osmundaceae inside Osmundales.

|  Cladophlebis nebbensis specimen

Dictyophyllum[16]

* Dictyophyllum exile

* Stanstorpsgraven
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott

* Stanstorp Member

* Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Polypodiales. Dictyophyllum is a common Dipteridacean genus of the mid-Mesozoic

|  Dictyophyllum nilssonii specimen

Rhizomopteris[16]

* Rhizomopteris cruciata

* Stanstorpsgraven
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott

* Stanstorp Member
* Vittseröd Member

* Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Polypodiales.

Hausmannia[16]

* Hausmannia forchhammeri
* Hausmannia dentata
* Hausmannia lasciniata

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott

* Stanstorp Member
* Vittseröd Member

* Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Polypodiales.

|  Example of Hausmannia specimen

Thaumatopteris[16]

* Thaumatopteris schenkii
* Thaumatopteris brauniana

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott

* Stanstorp Member
* Vittseröd Member

* Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Polypodiales.

Clathropteris[16]

* Clathropteris meniscioides

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott

* Stanstorp Member
* Vittseröd Member

* Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Dipteridaceae inside Polypodiales.

|  Example of Clathropteris meniscioides specimen

Peltaspermum[16]

* Lepidopteris ottonis

* Stanstorpsgraven
* Ormanäsgraven

* Stanstorp Member

* Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Peltaspermaceae inside Pteridospermatophyta. Indicator or reworked Rahetian layers.

Peltaspermum[16]

* Peltaspermum rotula

* Stanstorpsgraven
* Ormanäsgraven

* Stanstorp Member
* Vittseröd Member

* Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Umkomasiaceae inside Pteridospermatophyta.

Ptilozamites[16]

* Ptilozamites blasii
* Ptilozamites carlsonii
* Ptilozamites heeri
* Ptilozamites nilssonii

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott

* Stanstorp Member
* Vittseröd Member

* Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Umkomasiaceae inside Pteridospermatophyta.

|  Ptilozamites specimen

Sagenopteris[16][17]

* Sagenopteris nilssoniana
* Sagenopteris rhoifolia
* Sagenopteris undulata

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott

* Stanstorp Member
* Vittseröd Member

* Isolated pinnae

Affinities with Caytoniaceae inside Pteridospermatophyta.

|  Sagenopteris specimen

Ctenis[16]

* Ctenis nilssonii
* Ctenis minuta
* Ctenis latepinnata
* Ctenis laxa

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav

Vittseröd Member

* Leaflets

Affinities with Cycadales inside Cycadopsida.

|  Ctenis specimen

Pseudoctenis[16]

* Pseudoctenis florinii

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav

Vittseröd Member

* Leaflets

Affinities with Cycadeoidaceae inside Bennettitales.

Cycadolepis[16]

* Cycadolepis giganteus
* Cycadolepis blomquisti

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav

Vittseröd Member

* Leaflets

Affinities with Cycadeoidaceae inside Bennettitales.

Nilssonia[16]

* Nilssonia münsteri
* Nilssonia acuminata

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav

Vittseröd Member

* Leaflets

Affinities with Cycadeoidaceae inside Bennettitales.

|  Nilssonia specimen

Wielandiella[18]

* Wielandiella punctata
* Wielandiella angustifolia

* Stanstorpsgraven

Stanstorp Member

* Female Bennetite "flower"

Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. Wielandiella may be regarded as a fossil taxon characterized by bennettitalean shrubs with branched stems and a divaricate architecture

Pterophyllum[16][19]

* Pterophyllum majus
* Pterophyllum kochii
* Pterophyllum aequale
* Pterophyllum ptilum
* Pterophyllum compressum

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav

Vittseröd Member

* Leaflets

Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales. In the uppermost layers is the dominant macroflora outside Pelmastermales

|  Example of Pterophyllum specimen

Anomozamites[16][19]

* Anomozamites minor
* Anomozamites intermedium

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott

Vittseröd Member

* Leaflets

Affinities with Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitales.

Stenorachis[16]

* Stenorachis dubius

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott

* Stanstorp Member
* Vittseröd Member

* Reproductive Organs

Affinities with Czekanowskiales inside Ginkgoales.

Ginkgoites[16]

* Ginkgoites troedsonii
* Ginkgoites obovatus
* Ginkgoites marginatus

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott

* Stanstorp Member
* Vittseröd Member

* Leave Compressions

Affinities with Ginkgoaceae inside Ginkgoales.

|  Ginkgoites specimen

Schizolepis[16]

* Schizolepis hörensis

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott

* Stanstorp Member
* Vittseröd Member

* Ovulate Strobili

Affinities with Schizolepisaceae inside Pinaceae. Associated with Pinaceae thanks to the presence of separated seen scales and bract scales.

Stachyotaxus[16]

* Stachyotaxus septentrionalis
* Stachyotaxus elegans

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott

* Stanstorp Member
* Vittseröd Member

* Isolated Leaves

Affinities with Palissyaceae inside Palissyales.

|  Stachyotaxus specimens

Podozamites[16]

* Podozamites lanceolatus
* Podozamites angustifolius
* Podozamites cuspiformis

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott

* Stanstorp Member
* Vittseröd Member

* Isolated Leaves

Affinities with Krassiloviaceae inside Voltziales. The local Podozamites show a rather great range of growth, reflecting tropical to subtropical conditions.

|  Podozamites reconstruction

Elatocladus[16]

* Elatocladus cephalotaxoides
* Elatocladus conferta

* Vittseröd
* Stanstorpsgraven
* Per Pålssons grav
* Ormanäsgraven
* Kullans stenbrott

* Stanstorp Member
* Vittseröd Member

* Fragmentary axis compressions with preserved leaves

Affinities with Sequoioideae inside Cupressales.

|  Elatocladus specimen

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vajda, V.; Linderson, H.; McLoughlin, S. (2016). "Disrupted vegetation as a response to Jurassic volcanism in southern Sweden.". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 434 (1): 127–147. doi:10.1144/SP434.17. Bibcode: 2016GSLSP.434..127V. https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/434/1/127. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
2. ↑ Nilsson, S. (1819). "Beskrifning öfver en petrificat-förande Sandsten vid Hör i Sk¯ne". Kungliga Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 23 (2): 144–148.
3. ↑ Ahlberg, Anders; Sivhed, Ulf; Erlström, Mikael (2003), "The Jurassic of Skåne, southern Sweden", Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 1: 527–541, doi:10.34194/geusb.v1.4682, https://eng.geus.dk/media/12537/nr1_p527-541.pdf, retrieved 2020-07-09
4. ↑ Brogniart, A. (1826). "De l'arkose — Caracteres mineralogiques et histoire geognostique de cette roche". Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 (1): 200–218.
5. ↑ Warnock, S. (1983). "Geology of the Röstnga District, Central Skane.". Bachelor of Science Thesis in Geology, Queens University. Belfast. 1 (1): 1–160.
6. ↑ Sivhed, Ulf (1984). "Litho-and biostratigraphy of the Upper Triassic-Middle Jurassic in Scania, southern Sweden". Sveriges geologiska undersökning 31 (12): 31–50. http://resource.sgu.se/produkter/c/c806-rapport.pdf. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Troedsson, G. (1940). "Om Höörs sandsten". Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 62 (3): 245–283. doi:10.1080/11035894009452796. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11035894009452796. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Pieńkowski, G. (2002). "Lithofacies and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Early Jurassic Höör Sandstone, southern Sweden". Geological Quarterly 46 (1): 307–320. https://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BAT3-0013-0039/c/GQ_3_2002_Pienkowski.pdf. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
9. ↑ Mitchell, A. J; Allison, P. A; Gorman, G. J.; Piggott, M. D.; Pain, C. C. (2011). "Tidal circulation in an ancient epicontinental sea: The Early Jurassic Laurasian Seaway". Geology 39 (3): 207–210. doi:10.1130/G31496.1. Bibcode: 2011Geo....39..207M. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/39/3/207/130484/Tidal-circulation-in-an-ancient-epicontinental-sea?redirectedFrom=fulltext. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
10. ↑ Augustsson, C. (2001). "Lapilli tuff as evidence of Early Jurassic Strombolian-type volcanism in Scania, southern Sweden". GFF 123 (1): 23–28. doi:10.1080/11035890101231023. Bibcode: 2001GFF...123...23A.
11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 Pieńkowski, G. (1991). "Eustatically-controlled sedimentation in the Hettangian-Sinemurian (Early Jurassic) of Poland and Sweden". Sedimentology 38 (3): 503–518. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3091.1991.tb00364.x. Bibcode: 1991Sedim..38..503P. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229858779. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Tullberg, S.A. (1880). "Meddelande om nya fynd af musslor i Höörssandsten". Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 7 (5): 315–317. doi:10.1080/11035898009443938. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11035898009443938?journalCode=sgff19. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
13. ↑ Jackson, R. T. (1906). "A new species of fossil Limulus from the Jurassic of Sweden". Arkiv för Zoologi 3 (11): 1–7.
14. ↑ Bicknell, R. D.; Błażejowski, B.; Wings, O.; Hitij, T.; Botton, M. L. (2021). "Critical re-evaluation of Limulidae uncovers limited Limulus diversity". Papers in Palaeontology 7 (3): 1525–1556. doi:10.1002/spp2.1352. Bibcode: 2021PPal....7.1525B. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/spp2.1352. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Heer, O. (1878). "Ueber einige Insektenreste aus der raetischen Formation Schonens". Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm Förhandlingar 4 (1): 192–197. doi:10.1080/11035897809446246. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11035897809446246. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16 16.17 16.18 16.19 16.20 16.21 16.22 16.23 Antevs, E. (1919). "Die liassische Flora des Hörsandsteins". Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 59 (1): 524–527. doi:10.1080/11035891909443882. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11035891909443882. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
17. ↑ Halle, T. G. (1910). "On the Swedish species of Sagenopteris Presl and of Hydropterangium nov. gen.". Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 45 (7): 1–16.
18. ↑ Pott, C. (2014). "A revision of Wielandiella angustifolia, a shrub-sized bennettite from the Rhaetian-Hettangian of Scania, Sweden, and Jameson Land, Greenland". International Journal of Plant Sciences 175 (4): 467–499. doi:10.1086/675577. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272594168. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Pott, C.; McLoughlin, S. (2009). "Bennettitalean foliage in the Rhaetian–Bajocian (latest Triassic–Middle Jurassic) floras of Scania, southern Sweden". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 158 (1–2): 117–166. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2009.08.004. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034666709001377. Retrieved 24 December 2021.

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