Haman Formation
Stratigraphic range: Albian-Cenomanian
~105.4–95.7 Ma

PreЄ

Type| Geological formation
Unit of| Hayang Group
Underlies| Jindong & Banyawol Formations
Overlies| Silla Conglomerate, Hagbong volcanics
Lithology
Primary| Sandstone
Other| Siltstone, shale
Location
Coordinates|  [ ⚑ ] : 35°48′N 128°48′E﻿ / ﻿35.8°N 128.8°E﻿ / 35.8; 128.8
Paleocoordinates|  [ ⚑ ] 44°24′N 125°12′E﻿ / ﻿44.4°N 125.2°E﻿ / 44.4; 125.2
Region| Gyeongsangnam-do
Country| South Korea
Extent| Gyeongsang Basin

Haman Formation (South Korea)

The Haman Formation (Korean: 함안층; Hanja: 咸安層; RR: Ham-an-cheung) is a Cretaceous geological formation in South Korea. It is dated to the Albian-Cenomanian stages, between 105.4 ± 0.4 Ma and 95.7 ± 0.6 Ma.[1][2] The deposit is known for its tracks, including those of dinosaurs,[3][4] pterosaurs and birds.[5][6][7] It overlies the Silla Conglomerate which overlies the Chilgok Formation. It is laterally equivalent to the Sagog Formation.[8]

## Contents

* 1 Vertebrate paleofauna
* 1.1 Ichnofossils
* 2 See also
* 3 References

## Vertebrate paleofauna

Fossil pterosaur, theropod, sauropod and ornithopod tracks have been recovered from this formation. Some scratch marks made by theropod tracemakers show signs of avian-like courtship display behavior.[9] Dinosaur skin impressions have also been found in this formation.[10][11]

### Ichnofossils

Ichnofossils of the Haman Formation

Ichnogenus | Ichnospecies | Region[12] | Member | Material | Notes | Image
Pteraichnus[5][13] | P. isp.  | Namhae  |  |  | Pterosaur track, showing swimming traces.[12] Haman specimens housed at Korea National University of Education, Cheongwongun, South Korea.[13] |
Dromaeosauripus | D. hamanensis[4] | Namhae  |  |  | Dromaeosaur track, belonging to a 70 cm (28 in) tall individual.  |
Neosauroides[14] | N. koreanensis |  |  |  | Lizard trackway  |
Koreanaornis | K. hamanensis | Haman and Jinju  |  |  | Bird track; the first vertebrate ichnotaxon reported from South Korea.[15] |
Caririchnium | C. isp.  |  |  |  | Juvenile ornithopod tracks, belonging to either derived iguanodonts or basal hadrosauroids. The trackmakers' hip heights are estimated between 76.4 and 102.1 cm (30.1 and 40.2 in).[16] |
Minisauripus | M. cf. zhenshuonani or M. cf. chuanzhuensis[17] | Namhae  |  |  | One of the smallest known theropod tracks.  |
Ignotornis |

* I. yangi[5]
* I. gajinensis[6]

| Namhae (I. yangi) and Jinju (I. gajinensis)  |  |  | The oldest known web-footed bird tracks. I. gajinensis shows feeding traces.[12] |
Brontopodus[3] | B. birdi | Namhae  |  |  | Sauropod tracks[12] |
Gyeongsangsauropus[18] | G. pentadactylus | Jinju  |  |  | Sauropod tracks,[12] previously assigned to the ichnogenus Brontopodus |
Batrachopus | B. cf. grandis | Namhae  |  |  | B. grandis is the archosaur track made by either a bipedal crocodylomorph or therizinosaur.[19] Specimen from Haman Formation was originally assigned to pterosaur trackway ichnotaxon Haenamichnus gainensis.[20] |
Grallator[21] |  | Sacheon  |  |  | Theropod track  |

## See also

* Cretaceous Asia
* List of fossil sites
* Geoncheonri Formation
* Gugyedong Formation
* Hasandong Formation
* Jinju Formation

## References

1. ↑ Lee, Tae-Ho; Park, Kye-Hun; Yi, Keewook (October 2018). "Nature and evolution of the Cretaceous basins in the eastern margin of Eurasia: A case study of the Gyeongsang Basin, SE Korea" (in en). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 166: 19–31. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.07.004. Bibcode: 2018JAESc.166...19L. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1367912018302669.
2. ↑ Chae, Yong-Un; Choi, Taejin; Joo, Young Ji; Kim, Kyung Soo; Ha, Sujin; Lim, Hyoun Soo (2026). "Effective application of multidimensional scaling for detrital zircon geochronology in the southern Miryang Subbasin, Gyeongsang Basin, Korea". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 299. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2026.106954.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kim, Jeong Yul; Lockley, Martin G. (January 2012). "New Sauropod Tracks (Brontopodus pentadactylus ichnosp. nov.) from the Early Cretaceous Haman Formation of Jinju Area, Korea: Implications for Sauropods Manus Morphology" (in en). Ichnos 19 (1–2): 84–92. doi:10.1080/10420940.2012.664056. ISSN 1042-0940. Bibcode: 2012Ichno..19...84K. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10420940.2012.664056.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kim, Jeong Yul; Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Yang, Seong Young; Seo, Seung Jo; Choi, Hyun Il; Lim, Jong Deock (May 2008). "New didactyl dinosaur footprints (Dromaeosauripus hamanensis ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.) from the Early Cretaceous Haman Formation, south coast of Korea" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 262 (1–2): 72–78. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.02.003. Bibcode: 2008PPP...262...72K. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018208001144.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kim, Jeong Yul; Kim, Sam Hyang; Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin (February 2006). "The oldest record of webbed bird and pterosaur tracks from South Korea (Cretaceous Haman Formation, Changseon and Sinsu Islands): More evidence of high avian diversity in East Asia" (in en). Cretaceous Research 27 (1): 56–69. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.10.005. Bibcode: 2006CrRes..27...56K. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667105001114.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kim, Jeong Yul; Lockley, Martin G.; Seo, Seung Jo; Kim, Kyung Soo; Kim, Sam Hyang; Baek, Kwang Seok (January 2012). "A Paradise of Mesozoic Birds: The World's Richest and Most Diverse Cretaceous Bird Track Assemblage from the Early Cretaceous Haman Formation of the Gajin Tracksite, Jinju, Korea" (in en). Ichnos 19 (1–2): 28–42. doi:10.1080/10420940.2012.660414. ISSN 1042-0940. Bibcode: 2012Ichno..19...28K. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10420940.2012.660414.
7. ↑ Falk, A. R.; Hasiotis, S. T.; Martin, L. D. (2010-11-01). "Feeding Traces Associated with Bird Tracks from the Lower Cretaceous Haman Formation, Republic of Korea" (in en). PALAIOS 25 (11): 730–741. doi:10.2110/palo.2010.p10-057r. ISSN 0883-1351. Bibcode: 2010Palai..25..730F. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/palaios/article/25/11/730-741/146109.
8. ↑ Lee, J. I.; Lee, Y. I. (2000-01-01). "Provenance of the Lower Cretaceous Hayang Group, Gyeongsang Basin, Southeastern Korea: Implications for Continental-Arc Volcanism" (in en). Journal of Sedimentary Research 70 (1): 151–158. doi:10.1306/2DC40906-0E47-11D7-8643000102C1865D. ISSN 1527-1404. Bibcode: 2000JSedR..70..151L. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jsedres/article/70/1/151-158/99076.
9. ↑ Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Buckley, Lisa; Xing, Lida (1 November 2016). "Small scale scrapes suggest avian display behavior by diminutive Cretaceous theropods". Cretaceous Research 66: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.04.019.
10. ↑ Paik, In Sung; Kim, Hyun Joo; Huh, Min (9 September 2010). "Impressions of dinosaur skin from the Cretaceous Haman Formation in Korea". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 39 (4): 270–274. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.02.015.
11. ↑ Paik, In Sung; Kim, Hyun Joo; Lee, Hoil; Kim, Seongyeong (27 November 2017). "A large and distinct skin impression on the cast of a sauropod dinosaur footprint from Early Cretaceous floodplain deposits, Korea". Scientific Reports 7 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16576-y.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Kim, Jeong Yul; Huh, Min (2018). Dinosaurs, Birds, and Pterosaurs of Korea: A Paradise of Mesozoic Vertebrates. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-981-10-6998-7. https://www.geokniga.org/bookfiles/geokniga-dinosaurs.pdf.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lockley, M.; Harris, J.D.; and Mitchell, L. 2008. "A global overview of pterosaur ichnology: tracksite distribution in space and time." Zitteliana. B28. p. 187-198. ISSN 1612-4138.
14. ↑ Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Pinuela, Laura; Xing, Lida; Moon, Hae Won (2017). "First report of lacertiform (lizard) tracks from the Cretaceous of Asia" (in en). Cretaceous Research 69: 62–70. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.08.013. Bibcode: 2017CrRes..69...62K. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S019566711630180X.
15. ↑ Kim, Bong Kyun (December 1969). "A study of several sole marks in the Haman Formation". Journal of the Geological Society of Korea 5 (4): 243–258.
16. ↑ Yoon, Han Sang; Lee, Yuong-Nam; Jung, Seung-Ho; Kong, Dal-Yong; Kim, Su-Hwan; Son, Minyoung (2021). "A juvenile ornithopod-dominated tracksite from the Lower Cretaceous Haman Formation, South Korea". Cretaceous Research 125. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104877. https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/170728/1/000000161687.pdf.
17. ↑ Lockley, Martin G.; Kim, J.-Y.; Kim, K.-S.; Kim, S.-H.; Matsukawa, M.; Rihui, L.; Jianjun, L.; Yang, S.-Y. (2008). "Minisauripus―the track of a diminutive dinosaur from the Cretaceous of China and South Korea: implications for stratigraphic correlation and theropod foot morphodynamics". Cretaceous Research 29 (1): 115-130. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2007.04.003.
18. ↑ Xing, Lida; Díaz-Martínez, Ignacio; Lallensack, Jens N.; Kim, Kyung Soo; Buckley, Lisa G.; Romilio, Anthony; Piñuela, Laura; Wang, Donghao et al. (2025). "Cretaceous vertebrate tracks". Vertebrate Ichnology: 479–747. doi:10.1016/B978-0-443-13837-9.00002-0.
19. ↑ Sennikov, Andrey Gerasimovich (December 2021). "The Plantigrade Segnosaurians: Sloth Dinosaurs or Bear Dinosaurs?". Paleontological Journal 55 (10): 1158–1185. doi:10.1134/S0031030121100087.
20. ↑ Kim, Kyung Soo; Lockley, Martin G.; Lim, Jong Deock; Bae, Seul Mi; Romilio, Anthony (2020-06-11). "Trackway evidence for large bipedal crocodylomorphs from the Cretaceous of Korea" (in en). Scientific Reports 10 (1): 8680. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66008-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 32528068. Bibcode: 2020NatSR..10.8680K.
21. ↑ Lockley, Martin G.; Kim, Sam Hyang; Kim, Kyung Soo; Bae, Seul Mi; Kim, Jeong Yul; Xing, Lida (2 December 2022). "A high-density Grallator assemblage from the Haman Formation (Cretaceous), Korea: implications for Cretaceous distribution of grallatorids in east Asia". Historical Biology 34 (12): 2430–2438. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.2018687. Bibcode: 2022HBio...34.2430L.

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