Huainan biota

Location of Huainan City, Anhui Province, China

The Huainan biota is a collection of macroscopic organisms discovered in the early 1980s in the Precambrian deposits of China (Huainan City, Anhui Province), that represent a transitional period in evolution.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Discovery and age
* 2 Geologic setting
* 3 Fossil description
* 4 Similar biota
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further literature

## Discovery and age

Huainan biota organisms were discovered by Wang Guixiang and Sun Weiguo in the 1980s in Precambrian rock formations near Huainan City.[1] The organisms date back to 840-740 million years ago (Ma).[2] This falls into to the Tonian period, which marks a transitional phase in Earth's history where life began evolving from tiny micro-organisms to larger organisms.[3]

## Geologic setting

In the Huainan area, the Neoproterozoic rock layers are classified in three main groups; the Huainan Group, Feishui Group, and the Fengtai Formation.[3] They each represent a different sedimentary cycle.[3] The Huainan group is made up of siliciclastic rocks like sandstone and shale.[3] The Feishui group consists of carbonate rocks, like limestone and dolomite, and includes fossil-bearing formations, such as the Jiuliqiao Formation, where the Huainan Biota was found.[3] The Fengtai Formation is composed of glacial deposits of diamictites.[3]

File:Tawuia dalensis, Shiwangzhuang Formation, Tumen Group (North China).jpgA Tonian-age organism visually similar to Huainan biota fossils: Tawuia dalensis from the Shiwangzhuang Formation.

## Fossil description

Two types of Huainan biota were found in the Jiuliqiao Formation, a geological rock unit ranging from 26 to 119 meters thick, dating to the Ediacaran Period.[4] Their difference being in their fossil shapes. The first type of biota consists of a worm-like, tubular structure.[4] The second type of biota consists of solitary discs with a central opening.[4] Both fossil types vary between 0.5-2 mm in size.[4]

## Similar biota

A similar biota, about 1 billion years old, was found by M. B. Gnilovskaya in Russia on the Timan Ridge.[5] It is only known that its constituent organisms (Protoarenicola, Pararenicola, Sinosabellidites) reached several centimeters in size (which is significantly inferior to the Ediacaran ones) and, apparently, had the shape of segmented tubes, often goblet-shaped, with extensions at the end.[5] Huainan biota do not contain jellyfish-like "discs" (as seen in the Ediacaran biota), nor any forms close to sponges.

## See also

* Otavia
* Precambrian
* Sun Weiguo
* Ediacaran

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Li, Guangjin; Chen, Lei; Pang, Ke; Tang, Qing; Wu, Chengxi; Yuan, Xunlai; Zhou, Chuanming; Xiao, Shuhai (2023-04-12). "Tonian carbonaceous compressions indicate that Horodyskia is one of the oldest multicellular and coenocytic macro-organisms" (in en). Communications Biology 6 (1): 399. doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04740-2. ISSN 2399-3642. PMID 37046079.
2. ↑ Tang, Qing; Pang, Ke; Xiao, Shuhai; Yuan, Xunlai; Ou, Zhiji; Wan, Bin (2013-10-01). "Organic-walled microfossils from the early Neoproterozoic Liulaobei Formation in the Huainan region of North China and their biostratigraphic significance". Precambrian Research 236: 157–181. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2013.07.019. ISSN 0301-9268. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301926813002301.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Qin, Shujian; Dong, Lin; Liu, Xuan; Tang, Feng; Liu, Hui (2023-08-01). "Macroscopic carbonaceous compression fossils from the Tonian Liulaobei Formation in the Huainan region of North China". Precambrian Research 393. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2023.107076. ISSN 0301-9268. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030192682300116X.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Li, Guangjin; Pang, Ke; Tang, Qing; Chen, Lei; Wu, Chengxi; Huang, Rui; Wan, Bin; Yuan, Xunlai et al. (2023-10-15). "Tonian discoidal fossils from North China: Relating discs to worm-like annulated tubes and their paleoecological and evolutionary implications". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 628. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111780. ISSN 0031-0182. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003101822300398X.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Fedonkin, Mikhail A. (2003). "The origin of the Metazoa in the light of the Proterozoic fossil record". Paleontological Research 7 (1): 9–41. doi:10.2517/prpsj.7.9. Bibcode: 2003PalRe...7....9F. http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.2517/prpsj.7.9.

## Further literature

* Sun Weiguo, Wang Guixiang, Zhou Benhe. Macroscopic worm-like body fossils from the Upper Precambrian (900—700 Ma), Huainan district, Anhui, China and their stratigraphic and evolutionary significance // Precambrian Research. — 1986. — Vol. 31, No. 4. — P. 377–403. — doi:10.1016/0301-9268(86)90041-0.
* Leiming Yin, Weiguo Sun. Microbiota from the Neoproterozoic Liulaobei Formation in the Huainan region, northern Anhui, China. // Precambrian Research. - Volume 65, Issues 1–4, January 1994, Pages 95–114.

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