Ice XVI

Short description: Alternative state of water ice

Ice XVI. White edges mark the unit cell (~17 Å).

Ice XVI is the least dense (0.81 g/cm3)[1] experimentally obtained crystalline form of ice. It is topologically equivalent to the empty structure of sII clathrate hydrates. It was first obtained in 2014 by removing gas molecules from a neon clathrate under vacuum at temperatures below 147 K.[1] The resulting empty water frame, ice XVI, is thermodynamically unstable at the experimental conditions, yet it can be preserved at cryogenic temperatures. Above 145–147 K at positive pressures ice XVI transforms into the stacking-faulty ice Ic and further into ordinary ice Ih. Theoretical studies predict ice XVI to be thermodynamically stable at negative pressures (that is under tension).[2][3]

Water phase diagram extended to negative pressures calculated with TIP4P/2005 model.[2]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Falenty, A.; Hansen, T. C.; Kuhs, W. F. (2014). "Formation and properties of ice XVI obtained by emptying a type sII clathrate hydrate". Nature 516 (7530): 231–233. doi:10.1038/nature14014. PMID 25503235. Bibcode: 2014Natur.516..231F.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Conde, M.M.; Vega, C.; Tribello, G.A.; Slater, B. (2009). "The phase diagram of water at negative pressures: Virtual ices". The Journal of Chemical Physics 131 (34510): 034510. doi:10.1063/1.3182727. PMID 19624212. Bibcode: 2009JChPh.131c4510C.
3. ↑ Jacobson, Liam C.; Hujo, Waldemar; Molinero, Valeria (2009). "Thermodynamic Stability and Growth of Guest-Free Clathrate Hydrates: A Low-Density Crystal Phase of Water". Journal of Physical Chemistry B 113 (30): 10298–10307. doi:10.1021/jp903439a. PMID 19585976.

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Ice

the solid state of water

Crystalline types|

* Ih
* Ic
* II
* III
* IV
* V
* VI
* VII
* VIII
* IX
* X
* XI
* XII
* XIII
* XIV
* XV
* XVI
* XVII
* XVIII
* Square crystals

Formations and
phenomena|

* Amorphous solid
* Anchor
* Black
* Clathrate hydrates
* Cap
* Cave
* Circle or disc
* Clear
* Crystals
* Dam (roof)
* Diamond dust
* Drift
* Dune
* Field
* Firn
* Fog
* Frazil
* Frost
* Frost heave
* Frost flower (sea ice)
* Glacier
* Glaze
* Hair ice
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* Icicle
* Jacking
* Jam
* Nucleus
* Sheet
* Shove
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* Stalactites
* Macroscopic quantum phenomena
* Névé
* Needle
* Rime
* hard
* soft
* Sea
* Slurry
* Slush
* Storm
* Superionic
* Volcano

Ice-related
activities|

* Bathing
* Blasting
* Blocking
* Climbing
* Fishing
* Rafting
* Sculpture
* Skating

Sports|

* Bandy
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* Cricket
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* Cycling
* Figure skating
* Hockey
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* Tour skating

Constructions|

* Bar
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* Hotel
* Igloo
* Palace
* Pier
* Pykrete
* Road

Work|

* Cutting
* Icebox
* Icehouse
* Iceman (occupation)
* Pick
* Trade

Other uses|

* Chips
* Core
* Cream
* Cube
* Pack

Ice ages|

* Glaciology
* Little Ice Age
* Pleistocene

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