Isalo II

Isalo II Formation
Stratigraphic range: Ladinian-Carnian

Type| Geological formation
Unit of| Isalo Group
Underlies| Isalo III Formation (unconformity)
Overlies| Isalo I Formation
Lithology
Primary| Sandstone, mudstone
Location
Coordinates|  [ ⚑ ] : 20°18′S 45°24′E﻿ / ﻿20.3°S 45.4°E﻿ / -20.3; 45.4
Paleocoordinates|  [ ⚑ ] 23°06′S 24°42′E﻿ / ﻿23.1°S 24.7°E﻿ / -23.1; 24.7
Region| Mahajanga & Toliara Provinces
Country|  Madagascar
Extent| Morondava Basin, Mahajanga Basin

Isalo II (Madagascar)

Isalo II, also known as the Makay Formation, is an informal Triassic geological unit in Madagascar .[1]

It is described as "thick beds of mottled red or green clays associated with soft cross-bedded sandstones, light in colour and much finer-grained than the Isalo I sandstones." It is prominent in the Makay Massif.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Fossil content
* 1.1 Amphibians
* 1.2 Reptiles
* 1.3 Synapsids
* 2 References

## Fossil content

### Amphibians

Amphibians

Taxon  | Material  | Notes
Metoposauridae indet.  | An interclavicle, skull fragments, and intercentra  | Indeterminate metoposaurid remains similar to those of India n metoposaurids. Some fossils were the basis for the dubious species "Metoposaurus hoffmani". May be from Isalo II or III.[3]
Stereospondyli indet.  | Interclavicles  | Indeterminate stereospondyl remains. May be from Isalo II or III.[3]

### Reptiles

Synapsids

Taxon  | Material  | Notes
Archosauriformes sp.  | Teeth, a coracoid, a centrum fragment, and cranial fragments  | Various indeterminate fragments, some of which may belong to dinosaurs.[4]
Avemetatarsalia sp.  | A partial skeleton  | An unnamed armored basal avemetatarsalian[5]
Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis[6] | Numerous skulls and postcranial fossils[1] | An allokotosaurian archosauromorph,[7][8][1] originally mistakenly identified as a "prosauropod" dinosaur.[6]
Isalorhynchus genovefae | Numerous fossils representing parts of the skull and postcrania  | A rhynchosaur sometimes considered a species of Hyperodapedon.[9] Possibly represents two taxa.[10]
Kongonaphon kely[11] | A maxilla and postcranial material  | A tiny lagerpetid avemetatarsalian[12]
Phytosauria indet.  | Teeth  | Similar to Rutiodon teeth.[4]
Procolophonidae sp.  | A jaw fragment and other remains  | An unnamed procolophonid parareptile[9]
Pseudosuchia indet.  | Osteoderms  | Likely referable to stagonolepid aetosaurs, though similar to goniopholidid crocodylomorphs as well.[4]
Silesauridae sp.  |  | An unnamed silesaurid dinosauromorph[5]
Sphenodontia sp.  |  | An unnamed sphenodontian[6]

### Synapsids

Synapsids

Taxon  | Material  | Notes
Chiniquodon kalanoro[13] | Part of a jaw  | A chiniquodontid cynodont
Dadadon isaloi[14] | Several skulls and jaw fragments[15][16] | A massetognathine[16] traversodontid cynodont
Kannemeyeriiformes sp.  |  | An unnamed kannemeyeriiform dicynodont[6][13][1]
Menadon besairiei[14] | Skulls, jaws, and postcranial material[17] | A traversodontid cynodont

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nesbitt, S.J.; Flynn, J.J.; Pritchard, A.C.; Parrish, M.J.; Ranivoharimanana, L.; Wyss, A.R. (2015). "Postcranial osteology of Azendohsaurus madagaskarensis (?Middle to Upper Triassic, Isalo Group, Madagascar) and its systematic position among stem archosaur reptiles.". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 398: 1–126. doi:10.1206/amnb-899-00-1-126.1. ISSN 0003-0090. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286412354.
2. ↑ Brenon, P. (1972). The Geology of Madagascar. In: Battistini, R., Richard-Vindard, G. (eds) Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_2
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Fortuny, Josep; Arbez, Thomas; Mujal, Eudald; Steyer, J. Sébastien (2019-01-02). "Reappraisal of 'Metoposaurus hoffmani' Dutuit, 1978, and description of new temnospondyl specimens from the Middle–Late Triassic of Madagascar (Morondava Basin)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (1): e1576701. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1576701. ISSN 0272-4634.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Burmeister, Kurtis C.; Flynn, John J.; Parrish, J. Michael; Wyss, Andre R. (2006). "Paleogeographic and biostratigraphic implications of new early Mesozoic vertebrates from Poamay, central Morondava Basin, Madagascar". New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science Bulletin 37: 457–475. https://books.google.com/books?id=ulvmCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA457.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Patellos, Emily A.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Kammerer, Christian F.; Wyss, Andre; Flynn, John J.; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa (October 2019). "A new reptile from the ?Middle Triassic of Madagascar may represent the earliest-diverging Avemetatarsalia (Archosauria)". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts of Papers, 79th Annual Meeting: 167. http://vertpaleo.org/Annual-Meeting/Annual-Meeting-Home/SVP-Program-book-v5_w-covers.aspx#page=168. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Flynn, John J.; Parrish, J. Michael; Rakotosamimanana, Berthe; Simpson, William F.; Whatley, Robin L.; Wyss, André R. (1999-10-22). "A Triassic Fauna from Madagascar, Including Early Dinosaurs" (in en). Science 286 (5440): 763–765. doi:10.1126/science.286.5440.763. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10531059.
7. ↑ Flynn, John; Nesbitt, Sterling; Parrish, Michael; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Wyss, Andre (2008). "A new species of basal archosauromorph from the Late Triassic of Madagascar". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (sup3): 78A. http://vertpaleo.org/Annual-Meeting/Future-Past-Meetings/MeetingPdfs/JVPabstracts2008.aspx#page=80.
8. ↑ Flynn, John J.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Parrish, J. Michael; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Wyss, André R. (2010). "A new species of Azendohsaurus (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha) from the Triassic Isalo Group of southwestern Madagascar: cranium and mandible" (in en). Palaeontology 53 (3): 669–688. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00954.x. ISSN 1475-4983.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Langer, Max; Boniface, Michael; Cuny, Gilles; Barbieri, Laurent (2000-04-01). "The phylogenetic position of Isalorhynchus genovefae, a Late Triassic rhynchosaur from Madagascar" (in en). Annales de Paléontologie 86 (2): 101–127. doi:10.1016/S0753-3969(00)80002-6. ISSN 0753-3969. http://www.paleolab.com.br/assets/uploads/files/pdf/Langer_et_al_2000a.pdf.
10. ↑ Whatley, R.L.; Flynn, J.J.; Parrish, J.M.; Simpson, W.; Wyss, A.R. (1999). "Isalorhynchus revisited: two rhynchosaur skeletons from southwestern Madagascar". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19 (sup3): 84A.
11. ↑ Kammerer, Christian F.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Flynn, John J.; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Wyss, André R. (2020-07-02). "A tiny ornithodiran archosaur from the Triassic of Madagascar and the role of miniaturization in dinosaur and pterosaur ancestry" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (30): 17932–17936. doi:10.1073/pnas.1916631117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 32631980.
12. ↑ Kammerer, Christian F.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Flynn, John J.; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Wyss, Andre (October 2019). "A new lagerpetid archosaur from the Triassic of Madagascar and the importance of miniaturization in ornithodiran evolution". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Abstracts of Papers, 79th Annual Meeting: 127. http://vertpaleo.org/Annual-Meeting/Annual-Meeting-Home/SVP-Program-book-v5_w-covers.aspx#page=128. Retrieved 2020-06-27.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Kammerer, Christian F.; Flynn, John J.; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Wyss, André R. (2010-12-02). "The first record of a probainognathian (Cynodontia: Chiniquodontidae) from the Triassic of Madagascar". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (6): 1889–1894. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.520784. ISSN 0272-4634.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Flynn, John J.; Parrish, J. Michael; Rakotosamimanana, Berthe; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Simpson, William F.; Wyss, André R. (2000-09-25). "New Traversodontids (Synapsida: Eucynodontia) from the Triassic of Madagascar". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (3): 422–427. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0422:NTSEFT2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634.
15. ↑ Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Kammerer, Christian F.; Flynn, John J.; Wyss, André R. (2011-11-01). "New material of Dadadon isaloi (Cynodontia, Traversodontidae) from the Triassic of Madagascar". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 (6): 1292–1302. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.618154. ISSN 0272-4634.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Kammerer, Christian F.; Flynn, John J.; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Wyss, André R. (October 2012). "Ontogeny in the Malagasy Traversodontid Dadadon isaloi and a Reconsideration of its Phylogenetic Relationships". Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences 2012 (5): 112–125. doi:10.3158/2158-5520-5.1.112. ISSN 2158-5520.
17. ↑ Kammerer, Christian F.; Flynn, John J.; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Wyss, André R. (2008-06-12). "New material of Menadon besairiei (Cynodontia: Traversodontidae) from the Triassic of Madagascar". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (2): 445–462. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[445:NMOMBC2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634.

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