Karakul (Tajikistan)

Short description: Lake in Tajikistan

Karakul

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Location| Pamir Mountains
Coordinates|  [ ⚑ ] : 39°02′24″N 73°25′12″E﻿ / ﻿39.04°N 73.42°E﻿ / 39.04; 73.42
Type| Impact crater lake, endorheic
rivers, streams, evaporation">Primary outflows| None
Basin countries| Tajikistan
Max. width| 52 km (32 mi)
Surface area| 380 km2 (150 sq mi)
Average depth| 210 m (690 ft)
Max. depth| 230 m (750 ft)
Water volume| 79.8 km3 (19.1 cu mi)
Surface elevation| 3,960 m (12,990 ft)
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Designations

Ramsar Wetland

Official name| Karakul Lake
Designated| 18 July 2001
Reference no.| 1082[1]

Karakul or Qarokul (Kyrgyz for "black lake", replacing the older Tajik name Siob; Russian: Каракуль; Tajik: Қарокӯл; Uyghur: قاراكۆل, romanized: Qaraköl, Қаракөл; Kyrgyz: Каракөл) is a 25 km (16 mi) diameter lake[2] within a large 52 km (32 mi) impact crater.[3] It is located in the Tajik National Park in the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan.

## Contents

* 1 Impact crater
* 2 Lake description
* 3 Environment
* 4 Events
* 5 References

## Impact crater

Karakul lies within a circular depression, which has been interpreted as an impact crater with a rim diameter of 52 km (32 mi).[3] Some estimates say the impact is relatively recent. A preliminary estimate dated it to between 25 Ma[2] and 23 Ma.[4] However, it may be from the recent Pliocene epoch (5.3 to 2.6 Ma).[5] The Earth Impact Database (EID) also lists it as younger than 5 Ma.[3] It is larger than the Eltanin impact (2.5 Ma), which has already been suggested as a contributor to the cooling and ice cap formation in the Northern Hemisphere during the late Pliocene.[6]

The Karakul impact structure was first identified around 1987 through studies of imagery taken from space.[5][7]

## Lake description

As seen from the Pamir Highway

The lake/crater lies at an elevation of 3,960 m (12,990 ft) above mean sea level. A peninsula projecting from the south shore and an island off the north shore divide the lake into two basins: a smaller, relatively shallow eastern one, between 13 and 19 m (43 and 62 ft) deep, and a larger western one, 221 to 230 m (725 to 755 ft) deep.[8] It is endorheic (lacking a drainage outlet) and the water is brackish. There is a small village with the same name on the eastern shore of the lake.[9]

The lake level was 35 m higher after the last ice age.[10][11]

## Environment

Although the lake lies within a national park, much of the surroundings are used as pasture. The lake, with its islands, marshes, wet meadows, peat bogs, and pebbly and sandy plains, has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports significant numbers of the populations of various bird species, either as residents, or as breeding or passage migrants.

These species include bar-headed geese, ruddy shelducks, common mergansers, saker falcons, Himalayan vultures, lesser sand plovers, brown-headed gulls, Tibetan sandgrouse, yellow-billed choughs, Himalayan rubythroats, white-winged redstarts, white-winged snowfinches, rufous-streaked accentors, brown accentors, black-headed mountain finches and Caucasian great rosefinches. The lake's islands are the main places where waterbirds rest and nest.

The only fish in the lake are Nemacheilus.[9]

## Events

Higher than Lake Titicaca, Karakul hosted the Roof of the World Regatta from 2014 to 2017.[12] This replaced the Alpine Bank Dillon Open, held on the Dillon Reservoir in Colorado, United States as the highest sailing regatta in the world.[13]

## References

1. ↑ "Karakul Lake". https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1082.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Kara-Kul Structure, Tajikistan". NASA Earth Observatory. 3 June 2004. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=4537.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Kara-Kul". Earth Impact Database. Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton. http://www.passc.net/EarthImpactDatabase/New website_05-2018/Karakul.html. Retrieved 2021-02-14.
4. ↑ Bouley, S.; Baratoux, D.; Baratoux, L.; Colas, F.; Dauvergne, J.; Losiak, A.; Vaubaillon, J.; Bourdeille, C. et al.. "Karakul: a young complex impact crater in the Pamir, Tajikistan". American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2011. American Geophysical Union. Bibcode: 2011AGUFM.P31A1701B. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.P31A1701B/abstract. Retrieved 2020-07-08.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gurov, E. P.; Gurova, H.P.; Rakitskaya, R.B.; Yamnichenko,A.Yu. (1993) (1993). "The Karakul depression in Pamirs - the first impact structure in central Asia". Lunar and Planetary Science XXIV, Pp. 591-592: 591. Bibcode: 1993LPI....24..591G. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940011739.pdf. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
6. ↑ University of New South Wales (19 September 2012). "Did a Pacific Ocean meteor trigger the Ice Age?". http://phys.org/news/2012-09-pacific-ocean-meteor-trigger-ice.html.
7. ↑ Gurov, E. P., The Kara-Kul Lake depression in the Pamirs - A Probable Astrobleme (abstract). Eighth Soviet-American Microsymposium, pp. 37-39. 1988
8. ↑ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Kara-Kul". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 675.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Karakul lake and mountains". Important Bird Areas factsheet. BirdLife International. 2013. http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/karakul-lake-and-mountains-iba-tajikistan.
10. ↑ Komatsu, Tetsuya; Tsukamoto, Sumiko (2015). "Late Glacial Lake-Level Changes in the Lake Karakul Basin (a Closed Glacierized-Basin), eastern Pamirs, Tajikistan". Quaternary Research 83 (1): 137–149. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2014.09.001.
11. ↑ Aichner, Bernhard; Makhmudov, Zafar; Rajabov, Ilhomjon; Zhang, Qiong; Pausata, Francesco S. R.; Werner, Martin; Heinecke, Liv; Kuessner, Marie L. et al. (2019). "Hydroclimate in the Pamirs Was Driven by Changes in Precipitation‐Evaporation Seasonality Since the Last Glacial Period". Geophysical Research Letters 46 (23): 13972–13983. doi:10.1029/2019GL085202.
12. ↑ "Karakul, Tajikistan: a Travel Guide" (in en-US). https://caravanistan.com/tajikistan/pamirs/karakul/.
13. ↑ "Roof of the World Regatta" (in en). 12 August 2015. https://www.thekitemag.com/news/roof-of-the-world-regatta/.

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