Kettle (landform)

Short description: Depression or hole in an outwash plain formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters

Satellite image of kettle lakes in Yamal Peninsula (Northern Siberia), adjacent to the Gulf of Ob (right). The lake colors indicate amounts of sediment or depth.

A kettle (also known as a kettle hole, kettlehole, or pothole) is a depression or hole in an outwash plain formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters. The kettles are formed as a result of blocks of dead ice left behind by retreating glaciers, which become surrounded by sediment deposited by meltwater streams as there is increased friction.[1] The ice becomes buried in the sediment and when the ice melts, a depression is left called a kettle hole, creating a dimpled appearance on the outwash plain. Lakes often fill these kettles; these are called kettle hole lakes. Another source is the sudden drainage of an ice-dammed lake and when the block melts, the hole it leaves behind is a kettle. As the ice melts, ramparts can form around the edge of the kettle hole. The lakes that fill these holes are seldom more than 10 m (33 ft) deep and eventually fill with sediment. In acid conditions, a kettle bog may form but in alkaline conditions, it will be kettle peatland.[clarification needed]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Bogs
* 3 Examples
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading

## Overview

Kettles are fluvioglacial landforms occurring as the result of blocks of ice calving from the front of a receding glacier and becoming partially to wholly buried by glacial outwash. Glacial outwash is generated when streams of meltwater flow away from the glacier and deposit sediment to form broad outwash plains called sandurs. When the ice blocks melt, kettle holes are left in the sandur. When the development of numerous kettle holes disrupt sandur surfaces, a jumbled array of ridges and mounds form, resembling kame and kettle topography.[2] Kettle holes can also occur in ridge shaped deposits of loose rock fragments called till.[3]

Kettle holes can form as the result of floods caused by the sudden drainage of an ice-dammed lake. These floods, called jökulhlaups, often rapidly deposit large quantities of sediment onto the sandur surface. The kettle holes are formed by the melting blocks of sediment-rich ice that were transported and consequently buried by the jökulhlaups. It was found in field observations and laboratory simulations done by Maizels in 1992 that ramparts form around the edge of kettle holes generated by jökulhlaups. The development of distinct types of ramparts depends on the concentration of rock fragments contained in the melted ice block and on how deeply the block was buried by sediment.[4]

Most kettle holes are less than two kilometres in diameter, although some in the U.S. Midwest exceed ten kilometres. Puslinch Lake in Ontario, Canada, is the largest kettle lake in Canada spanning 160 hectares (400 acres). Fish Lake in the north-central Cascade Mountains of the U.S. state of Washington is 200 hectares (490 acres).[5]

A kettle in the Isunngua highland, central-western Greenland

The depth of most kettles is less than ten meters.[3] In most cases, kettle holes eventually fill with water, sediment, or vegetation. If the kettle is fed by surface or underground rivers or streams, it becomes a kettle lake. If the kettle receives its water from precipitation, the groundwater table, or a combination of the two, it is termed a kettle pond or kettle wetland, if vegetated. Kettle ponds that are not affected by the groundwater table will usually become dry during the warm summer months, in which case they are deemed ephemeral.[6]

## Bogs

If water in a kettle becomes acidic due to decomposing organic plant matter, it becomes a kettle bog; or, if underlying soils are lime-based and neutralize the acidic conditions somewhat, it becomes a kettle peatland. Kettle bogs are closed ecosystems because they have no water source other than precipitation. Acidic kettle bogs and fresh water kettles are important ecological niches for some symbiotic species of flora and fauna.[7]

A kettle pond in the Hossa hiking area, Suomussalmi, Finland

thumb|Numerous kettle lakes border the Denali Highway in Alaska

The Kettle Moraine, a region of Wisconsin covering an area from Green Bay to south-central Wisconsin, has numerous kettles, moraines and other glacial features. It has many kettle lakes, some of which are 100 to 200 feet (61 m) deep.

## Examples

The Prairie Pothole Region extends from northern Alberta, Canada to Iowa, United States and includes thousands of small sloughs and lakes.

* Austria
* Meerauge, Bodental
* Zmulner See, Carinthia (Kärnten)
* Canada
* Ontario
* Algonquin Park, Spruce Bog trail
* Bond Lake
* Heart Lake
* Kettle Lakes Provincial Park
* Lake Wilcox
* Musselman Lake
* Preston Lake
* Puslinch Lake
* New Brunswick
* MacLaren Pond, Fundy National Park
* Finland
* Syvyydenkaivo, Rokua National Park[8]
* Germany
* Eggstätter Seen, Bayern
* Müggelsee, Berlin
* Oberwaldbacher See, Bayern
* Osterseen, Bayern
* Schluisee, Bayern
* Seeoner Seen, Bayern
* Teupitzer See, Brandenburg
* Tüttensee, Bayern
* Ukleisee, Schleswig-Holstein
* Weisser See, Berlin
* India
* Sela Pass, Arunachal Pradesh
* New Zealand
* Lake Matheson
* United Kingdom
* England
* Aqualate Mere, Staffordshire
* Barelees Pond, Northumberland
* Breckland, Norfolk/Suffolk called pingo ponds.[9]
* Bomere Pool, Shropshire
* Campfield Kettle Hole, Northumberland
* Hatchmere, Cheshire
* Talkin Tarn, Cumbria
* Tarn Wadling, Cumbria
* Wormingford Mere, Essex
* Scotland
* Belston Loch
* Blae Loch
* Helenton Loch
* Loch Brown
* Loch Fergus
* Loch Morlich
* United States
* Illinois
* Volo Bog
* Indiana
* Pinhook Bog
* Iowa
* Clear Lake
* Massachusetts
* Cliff Pond
* Fresh Pond
* Jamaica Pond
* Houghton's Pond
* Scargo Lake
* Spy Pond
* Walden Pond
* Michigan
* Heart Lake
* Tee Lake[10]
* Thumb Lake
* Walled Lake
* New Hampshire
* Philbrick-Cricenti Bog
* Ponemah Bog
* Spruce Hole Bog
* New York
* Artist Lake
* Lake Success
* Mendon Ponds
* Ronkonkoma Lake
* Round Lake, Saratoga County
* Ohio
* Brady Lake
* Calamus Swamp
* Lake Anna, Barberton Ohio
* Lake Kelso[11]
* Stage's Pond State Nature Preserve
* Triangle Lake Bog, Ravenna
* Pennsylvania
* Conneaut Lake
* Rhode Island
* Ell Pond
* Washington (state)
* Fish Lake
* Whidbey Island[12]
* Wisconsin
* Elkhart Lake
* Mauthe Lake
* Kettle Moraine
* Venezuela
* Kettle Mucubají

## See also

* Glacial landforms
* Pothole (landform)
* Pingo
* Pond
* Kame

## References

1. ↑ Janowski, Lukasz; Tylmann, Karol; Trzcinska, Karolina; Rudowski, Stanislaw; Tegowski, Jaroslaw (2021). "Exploration of Glacial Landforms by Object-Based Image Analysis and Spectral Parameters of Digital Elevation Model". IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing: 1–17. doi:10.1109/TGRS.2021.3091771.
2. ↑ Bennet, M and Glasser, N: Glacial Geology:Ice Sheets and Landforms, page 262. John Wiley and Sons, 1997
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Tarbuck, E and Lutgens, F: Earth, page 351. Prentice Hall, 2002
4. ↑ Bennett, M and Glasser, N: Glacial Geology: Ice Sheets and Landforms, page 267. John Wiley and Sons, 1997
5. ↑ Schmuck and Peterson, 2002 Warmwater Fisheries Survey of Fish Lake, Chelan County, Washington, page 1, State of Washington, 2005
6. ↑ "Glacial Formations -- The Slackpacker's Geology Primer". http://www.slackpacker.com/glacial.html.
7. ↑ "Interests". http://www.kmoraine.com/interest.htm.
8. ↑ "Mires". Rokua Geopark. http://www.rokuageopark.fi/en/tutustu/luonto/suoalueet.
9. ↑ "Ponds and pingos". https://www.norfolkwildlifetrust.org.uk/wildlife-in-norfolk/habitat-explorer/ponds-and-pingos.
10. ↑ "TEE LAKE GREENWOOD TOWNSHIP OSCODA COUNTY : 1992-2010 WATER QUALITY STUDIES". http://www.teelaketimes.com/Water Quality Survey 2010.pdf.
11. ↑ "Burton Wetlands Nature Preserve, Burton | Geauga Park District". https://www.geaugaparkdistrict.org/park/burton-wetlands-nature-preserve/.
12. ↑ "Late Pleistocene Glacial History of Whidbey Island, WA". http://faculty.washington.edu/tswanson/302add/Field Trips/Trip2009.pdf.

## Further reading

* Geology of Ice Age National Scientific Reserve of Wisconsin NPS Scientific Monograph No. 2
* The genesis of the northern Kettle Moraine, Wisconsin - PDF
* Geology of the Adirondack Park
* "Pothole Lakes in Siberia". NASA Earth Observatory. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17099.
* Portnoy, J.W. et al., Kettle Pond Data Atlas for Cape Cod National Seashore: Paleoecology and Modern Water Chemistry April 2001, 118 pp., Retrieved June 23, 2018.

* v
* t
* e

Continental glaciations

General|

* Cordilleran ice sheet
* Laurentide Ice Sheet
* Last Glacial Maximum
* Canadian Shield
* Glacial history of Minnesota
* List of prehistoric lakes
* Proglacial lake
* Lake Agassiz
* Lake Chicago
* Lake Tight
* Teays River
* Post-glacial rebound
* Timeline of glaciation

Landforms|

| Erosional|

* Fjord
* Glacial striae
* Ribbon lake
* Roche moutonnée
* Tunnel valley
* U-shaped valley

|

Depositional|

* Drumlin
* Erratic block
* Moraine
* Pulju moraine
* Rogen moraine
* Terminal moraine
* Till plain
* Veiki moraine

| Glacifluvial|

* Diluvium
* Esker
* Giant current ripples
* Kame
* Kame delta
* Kettle hole
* Outwash fan
* Sandur

|

North America|

| Canada|

* Arrowhead Provincial Park, Ontario
* Big Rock (glacial erratic), Alberta
* Cypress Hills (Canada), Saskatchewan
* Eramosa River, Ontario
* Eskers Provincial Park, British Columbia
* Foothills Erratics Train, Alberta
* Lion's Head Provincial Park, Ontario
* Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine, Ontario
* Ovayok Territorial Park, Nunavut

|

United
States|

* Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area, Wisconsin
* Coteau des Prairies, South Dakota
* Devil's Lake State Park, Wisconsin
* Glacial Lake Wisconsin, Wisconsin
* Glacial Lakes State Park, Minnesota
* Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area, Wisconsin
* Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail, Idaho, Oregon & Washington
* Ice Age National Scientific Reserve, Wisconsin
* Ice Age Trail, Wisconsin
* Interstate State Park, Minnesota & Wisconsin
* Kelleys Island, Ohio
* Kettle Moraine State Forest, Wisconsin
* Lake Bonneville, Utah
* Lake Lahontan, Nevada
* Lake Missoula, Montana
* Mill Bluff State Park, Wisconsin
* Oneida Lake, New York
* Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area, Wisconsin
* Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field, Washington
* Yosemite National Park, California

Eurasia and
Antarctica|

* Antarctica
* Hardangerfjord
* Killary Harbour
* Lambert Glacier
* Monte Rosa
* Ross Ice Shelf
* Svalbard

Time periods|

* Quaternary glaciation
* Illinoian Stage
* Interglacial
* Interstadial
* Penultimate Glacial Period
* Last Glacial Period
* Last Glacial Maximum
* Mousterian Pluvial
* Holocene glacial retreat
* Oldest Dryas
* Older Dryas
* Pleistocene
* Pre-Illinoian Stage
* Quaternary glaciation
* Sangamonian Stage
* Wisconsin glaciation
* Bølling-Allerød warming
* Late Glacial Interstadial
* Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal
* Younger Dryas
* African humid period
* 8.2 kiloyear event
* 4.2 kiloyear event
* Piora Oscillation
* Little Ice Age

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Glaciers

Types|

* Aufeis
* Cirque
* Ice cap
* Ice field
* Ice sheet
* Ice shelf
* Ice stream
* Ledoyom
* Outlet glacier
* Piedmont glacier
* Rock glacier
* Valley glacier

Anatomy|

* Ablation zone
* Accumulation zone
* Bergschrund
* Blue ice
* Crevasse
* Dirt cone
* Firn
* Glacier cave
* Glacier head
* Ice divide
* Ice tongue
* Icefall
* Lateral moraine
* Medial moraine
* Moraine
* Moulin
* Penitente
* Randkluft
* Sérac
* Terminus

Processes|

* Ablation
* Accumulation
* Basal sliding
* Calving
* Creep
* Motion
* Outburst flood
* Overdeepening
* Plucking
* Retreat
* Starvation
* Surge

Measurements|

* Ice core
* Mass balance

Volcanic relations|

* Jökulhlaup
* Subglacial eruption
* Subglacial volcano
* Tuya

Landforms|

| Erosional|

* Arête
* Cirque
* Cirque stairway
* Crag and tail
* Finger lake
* Fjord
* Glacial horn
* Glacial lake
* Glacial striae
* Hanging valley
* Ribbon lake
* Roche moutonnée
* Suncup
* Tarn
* Trough lake
* Trough valley
* Tunnel valley
* U-valley
* Valley step
* Zungenbecken

|

Depositional|

* Drumlin
* Erratic block
* Moraine
* Moraine-dammed lake
* Pulju moraine
* Rogen moraine
* Sevetti moraine
* Terminal moraine
* Till plain
* Veiki moraine

Glacifluvial|

* Alpentor
* Diluvium
* Esker
* Giant current ripples
* Kame
* Kame delta
* Kettle hole
* Outwash fan
* Sandur
* Urstromtal

* Glaciology
* Category
* List
* Template:Periglacial environment

* v
* t
* e

Ponds, Pools, and Puddles

Ponds|

* Ash pond
* Balancing lake
* Ballast pond
* Beel
* Cooling pond
* Detention pond
* Dew pond
* Evaporation pond
* Facultative lagoon
* Garden pond
* Ice pond
* Immersion pond
* Infiltration basin
* Kettle pond
* Log pond
* Melt pond
* Mill pond
* Polishing pond
* Raceway pond
* Retention pond
* Sag pond
* Salt evaporation pond
* Sediment pond
* Settling pond
* Solar pond
* Stepwell
* Stew pond
* Tailings
* Tarn
* Waste pond
* Waste stabilization pond

Pools|

* Anchialine pool
* Brine pool
* Infinity pool
* Natural pool
* Plunge pool
* Reflecting pool
* Spent fuel pool
* Stream pool
* Swimming pool
* Tide pool
* Vernal pool

Puddles|

* Bird bath
* Coffee ring effect
* Puddle
* Puddles on a surface
* Seep puddle

Biota|

* Beaver dam
* Duck pond
* Fish pond
* Goldfish pond
* Koi pond

Ecosystems|

* Aquatic ecosystem
* Freshwater ecosystem
* Lake ecosystem

Related|

* Aerated lagoon
* Bakki shower
* Big fish–little pond
* Body of water
* Constructed wetland
* Full pond
* Hydric soil
* Phytotelma
* Pond of Abundance
* Pond liner
* Ponding
* Puddle (M C Escher)
* Spring
* Swimming hole
* Water aeration
* Water garden
* Water Lilies (Monet)
* Well

* v
* t
* e

Wetlands

Generally|

* Acrotelm
* Aquatic ecosystem
* Aquatic plants
* Atchafalaya Basin
* Backswamp
* Bayou
* Beach meadow
* Blackwater river
* Blanket bog
* Bog
* Bog garden
* Brackish marsh
* Callows
* Carr
* Cataract bog
* Ciénega
* Clean Water Act
* Clearwater river
* Coastal bog
* Coniferous swamp
* Constructed wetland
* Dambo
* Drainage basin
* Estuary
* Fen
* Flark
* Flood-meadow
* Flooded grasslands and savannas
* Freshwater marsh
* Freshwater swamp forest
* Grass valley
* Guelta
* Halosere
* Hydrosere
* Igapó
* Ings
* Interdunal wetland
* Intertidal wetland
* Karst
* Kermi bog
* Kettle
* Lagg
* Mangrove
* Marsh
* Marsh gas
* Mere
* Mire
* Misse
* Moorland
* Muck
* Mudflat
* Muskeg
* Oasis
* Palsa bog
* Paludification
* Palustrine wetland
* Plateau bog
* Pocosin
* Polygonal bog
* Pond
* Peat swamp forest
* Poor fen
* Pothole
* Raised bog
* Reed bed
* Rich fen
* Riparian zone
* River delta
* Salt marsh
* Salt pannes and pools
* Shrub swamp
* Slough
* String bog
* Swamp
* Telmatology
* Tidal marsh
* Upland bog
* Wet meadow
* Will-o'-the-wisp
* Várzea forest
* Vernal pool
* Whitewater river
* Yaéré

Classification systems|

* Wetland classification
* A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
* National Wetlands Inventory
* Ramsar Convention

Organizations|

* Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
* Delta Waterfowl Foundation
* Ducks Unlimited
* Wetlands International
* Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust

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