Klondike Mountain Formation
Stratigraphic range: Ypresian
50.1–48.9 Ma

PreЄ

Klondike Mountain Formation outcrop at site A0307

Type| Geological formation
Unit of| Okanagan Highlands
Sub-units| Tom Thumb Tuff, Lower & Upper Members
Underlies| Glacial deposits
Overlies| Sanpoil Volcanics & others
Thickness| up to 3,200 ft (980 m)
Lithology
Primary| Variable
Other| See text
Location
Coordinates|  [ ⚑ ] : 48°42′N 118°42′W﻿ / ﻿48.7°N 118.7°W﻿ / 48.7; -118.7
Paleocoordinates|  [ ⚑ ] 54°24′N 101°54′W﻿ / ﻿54.4°N 101.9°W﻿ / 54.4; -101.9
Region| Okanagan highlands
Country|  United States
Extent| Okanagan highlands
Type section
Named for| Klondike Mountain
Named by| Muessig
Year defined| 1962

Klondike Mountain Formation (the United States)

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Klondike Mountain Formation (Washington (state))

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The Klondike Mountain Formation is an Early Eocene (Ypresian) geological formation located in the northeast central area of Washington (state) . The formation is comprised of volcanic rocks in the upper unit and volcanic plus lacustrine (lakebed) sedimentation in the lower unit. the formation is named for the type location designated in 1962, Klondike Mountain northeast of Republic, Washington. The formation is a lagerstätte with exceptionally well-preserved plant and insect fossils has been found, along with fossil epithermal hot springs.

The Klondike Mountain formation is the youngest in a series of formations which belong to the Challis Sequence volcanics, and is the southernmost of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands paleolake lagerstätten. The formation unconformably overlies rocks of the Eocene Sanpoil Volcanics and much older Triassic and Permian formations. The formation is bounded on its edges by a series of high-angle strike slip faults, which have contained the Klondike Mountain Formation in a series of graben structures, such as the Republic Graben. Public access to a fossiliferous outcrop at the north end of Republic is mediated by the nonprofit Stonerose Interpretive Center.

## Contents

* 1 Extent
* 2 Age
* 3 Lithology
* 4 Paleoenvironment and paleoclimate
* 5 Paleobiota
* 6 Bryophytes
* 7 Lycophytes
* 8 Pteridophytes
* 9 Gymnosperms
* 9.1 Cycadophytes
* 9.2 Gingkophytes
* 9.3 Pinophytes
* 10 Flowering plants
* 10.1 Nymphaeales
* 10.2 Magnoliids
* 10.3 Monocots
* 10.4 Eudicots
* 11 Arthropods
* 11.1 Blattodea
* 11.2 Coleoptera
* 11.3 Dermaptera
* 11.4 Diptera
* 11.5 Ephemeroptera
* 11.6 Hemiptera
* 11.7 Hymenoptera
* 11.8 Lepidoptera
* 11.9 Mecoptera
* 11.10 Neuroptera
* 11.11 Odonata
* 11.12 Orthoptera
* 11.13 Phasmatodea
* 11.14 Raphidioptera
* 11.15 Trichoptera
* 12 Vertebrates
* 13 References

## Extent

The formation is located in northern Ferry County, Washington, with the majority of the sedimentation in the Republic and Curlew Basins on the east and in the Toroda Creek area to the north west. The town of Republic, Washington is situated at the southern end of the formation, with outcrops within the city itself. The formation was named for Klondike Mountain which is just to the northeast of the city, and where the type locality is located.[1] The Curlew basin is situated north of Republic, with the northern edge along the Kettle River and the community of Curlew, Washington near the northeastern edge.[2][3]

The formation is the southernmost of in the string of Eocene highland lakebeds that extend into British Columbia.[4] The lake system, overlapping the modern Okanagan highlands, extends from the Klondike Mountain Formation northwest approximately 1,000 kilometres (1,000,000 m) in to central British Columbia.[5] Closely correlated with and possibly representing the same lake sequence as the Klondike Mountain Formation are the Penticton Group's Kettle River, Marama and Marron Formations in the Boundary District along the Canada-United States border.[6]

## Age

Early dating of the formation was based primarily on identification and correlation of the fossils found in the Tom Thumb Tuff, with Joseph Umpleby (1910) reporting a putative age of Early Miocene.[7] This date was based in examination of fossils by C. R. Eastman, who thought them to be similar to those found in the Florissant Formation of Colorado, which at the time was also considered Miocene. This age was retained by Edward W. Berry (1929), who included the Klondike Mountain Formation fossil lakebeds as part of the Latah Formation.[8] The age of the Formation has been revised in the following hundred years, with Roland W. Brown (1936) identifying the deposits as being older than the Latah Formation.[9] In a later written communication circa 1958, Brown again revised the age still older, stating the fossils found in the area of Mount Elizabeth indicated an Oligocene age. This age was used by Parker and Calkins (1964) for work on the Curlew Quadrangle of Ferry County.[10] Work by Pearson and Obradovich (1977) refined the Sanpoil Volcanics age to between 52 to 51 million years ago, and a general age estimate for the Klondike Mountain Formation between 50.3 ± 1.7 million years ago and 42.3 ± 2.0 million years ago.[11] Since then the fossil-bearing strata of the Formation have been radiometrically dated, to give an estimate of the Ypresian, the mid stage of the early Eocene,49.4 ± .5 million years ago,[5] which was revised to an oldest age estimate of 51.2 ± 0.1 million years ago which given based on detrital zircon isotopic data published in 2021.[12]

## Lithology

Parker and Calkins (1964) noted the association of the Klondike Mountain Formation with the gold and silver deposits of the Republic District and suggested it as a potential host to more ore deposits in the Curlew Quadrangle.[10] The epithermal gold deposits occurring in the Sanpoil volcanics terminate directly below the unconformity where the volcanics contact the base of the Klondike Mountain Formation[13] or sometimes penetrate into the Formation's lowest unit.[14] Hydrothermal sinter deposits are known from the lowest portions of the Formation and are thought to represent hydrothermal eruption areas.[14] In general the lower portions of the Formation have a large amount of hydrothermal alteration, and areas around vents are rich in pyrite and silica. two products of natural hydrothermic sintering. The areas above that show a transition to mudstones, siltstones and sandstones grading from fine-grained material into coarser materials moving up the strata column. The finely-bedded stones show the greatest numbers of fossils and the finest preservation of details.[15]

## Paleoenvironment and paleoclimate

The lake bed sediments preserve a diverse array of plants, insects, and fishes, notably the biota called the Republic flora.[16] The Okanagan lake system, which includes the Klondike Mountain Formation, has been classified as one of the great Canadian lagerstätten.[17] The area likely had a mesic upper microthermal to lower mesothermal climate, in which winter temperatures rarely dropped low enough for snow, and which were seasonably equitable.[18]

The Okanagan highlands paleoforest surrounding the lakes have been described as precursors to the modern Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests of Eastern North America and Eastern Asia. Based on the fossil biotas the lakes were higher and cooler then the coeval coastal forests preserved in the Puget Group and Chuckanut Formation of Western Washington, which are described as lowland tropical forest ecosystems. Estimates of the paleoelevation between 0.7–1.2 km (0.43–0.75 mi) higher than the coastal forests. This is consistent with the paleoelevation estimates for the lake systems, which range between 1.1–2.9 km (1,100–2,900 m), which is similar to the modern elevation 0.8 km (0.50 mi), but higher.[18]

Estimates of the mean annual temperature have been derived from Climate leaf analysis multivariate program (CLAMP) and leaf margin analysis (LMA) of the Republic paleoflora. The CLAMP results after multiple linear regressions for Republic gave a mean annual temperature of approximately 8.0 °C (46.4 °F), while the LMA gave 9.2 ± 2.0 °C (48.6 ± 3.6 °F). This is lower than the mean annual temperature estimates given for the coastal Puget Group, which is estimated to have been between 15–18.6 °C (59.0–65.5 °F). The bioclimatic analysis for Republic suggests a mean annual precipitation amount of 115 ± 39 cm (45 ± 15 in).[18]

## Paleobiota

The formation is host to a highly diverse assemblage of plants and insects including some of the last records of taxa before extinction and the first appearances of taxa.

## Bryophytes

Dillhoff et al. (2013) reference undescribed moss specimens known from the Klondike Mountain Formation known from vegetative gametophytes and they noted them to be similar to undescribed specimens from the Allenby Formation and Horsefly shales.[19]

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Year  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|

Undescribed

Undescribed

Undescribed[19]

|  |  |

Undescribed moss specimens

File:Bryophyte species SRIC SR 02-15-10 img1.tif

undescribed bryophyte

## Lycophytes

Rare specimens of Selaginella fossils were noted by Wehr (1998), with no species level description.[20]

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Year  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|

Selaginellaceae

Selaginella

Undescribed[20]

|  |  |

A spikemoss
Not described to species

File:Selaginella species SRIC SR 95-15-07 img1.tif

Selaginella species

## Pteridophytes

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Cystopteridaceae

Cf. Cystopteris

Undescribed[20]

|  |

A possible bladder fern relative
Not described to species

Dennstaedtiaceae

Dennstaedtia

†Dennstaedtia christophelii[21]

Pigg et al.

A Hayscented fern

File:Dennstaedtia christophelii holotype SRIC SR 13-004-001 A img1.tif

Equisetaceae

Equisetum

Undescribed[22][20]

|  |

A scouring rush
Not described to species

Equisetum species
Not described

Hymenophyllaceae

Hymenophyllum

†Hymenophyllum axsmithii[21]

Pigg et al.

A filmy fern

Lygodiaceae

Lygodium

Undescribed[20][18]

|  |

A climbing fern
Not described to species

Salviniaceae

Azolla

†Azolla primaeva[23]

Arnold

A mosquito fern

Azolla primaeva

Salviniaceae

Salvinia

Undescribed[24]

|  |

A "watermoss" species.
Not described to species
Found only in Curlew half graben sites.

Salvinia species
Not described

## Gymnosperms

Three major groups of gymnosperms are present in the Klondike Mountain Formation, with the most speciose being the pinophytes. The ginkgophytes are represented by two species pf Ginkgo, while an undescribed Zamiaceae member is the sole cycadophyte.

### Cycadophytes

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Zamiaceae

Undescribed

Undescribed[25][26]

|  |

A zamiaceous cycad.
Not described to genus/species

Undescribed zamiaceous leaf

### Gingkophytes

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Ginkgoaceae | Ginkgo |

Ginkgo biloba[27]

Linnaeus

A ginkgo

Ginkgo biloba

†Ginkgo dissecta[27]

Mustoe

A ginkgo

Ginkgo dissecta

### Pinophytes

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Cupressaceae |

Calocedrus

Undescribed[26][28]

|  |

An incense cedar
Not described to species

Chamaecyparis

Undescribed[29]

|  |

A false cypress
Not described to species
Possibly in the Callitropsis nootkatensis lineage.[30]

Cryptomeria

Undescribed[29][18]

|  |

A sugi
Not described to species

Glyptostrobus

Undescribed[29]

|  |

A Chinese swamp cypress
Not described to species

Metasequoia

†Metasequoia occidentalis[31][16]

(Newberry) Chaney

A dawn redwood

Metasequoia occidentalis

Sequoia

†Sequoia affinis[31]

Lesquereux

A coast redwood
Reported as "Sequioa langsdorfii" by Brown, 1935

Sequoia affinis

Taiwania

Undescribed[24]

|  |

A Taiwania species
not described to species

Taxodium

†Taxodium dubium[8][31]

(Sternberg) Heer

A bald cypress

Thuja

Undescribed[29]

|  |

An arborvitae
Not described to species

Pinaceae |

Abies

†Abies milleri[32]

Shorn & Wehr

Oldest true fir described

Abies milleri

Picea

Undescribed[29]

|  |

A spruce
Not described to species

Pinus |

†Pinus latahensis[8]

Berry

A 5-needle pine

Pinus latahensis

†"Pinus macrophylla"[8]

Berry

A 3-needle pine, jr homonym to Pinus macrophylla Lindley 1839

"Pinus macrophylla"

†Pinus monticolensis[8]

Berry

A pine seed morphogenus

Pinus monticolensis

†Pinus tetrafolia[8]

Berry

A purported 4-needle pine
Noted by Berry as
"highly improbable that this should represent a distinct botanic species"

Pseudolarix

†Pseudolarix wehrii[33]

Gooch

A golden larch
Originally described as Pseudolarix americana.[33]

File:SR 06-19-03 Pseudolarix wehrii 2020-09-22 img2a.jpg

Pseudolarix wehrii

Tsuga

Undescribed[29]

|  |

A hemlock
Not described to species

Sciadopityaceae

Sciadopitys

Undescribed[29]

|  |

An umbrella pine
Not described to species

Sciadopitys species

Taxaceae |

Amentotaxus

Undescribed[29]

|  |

A yew
Not described to species

Amentotaxus sp.

Cephalotaxus

Undescribed[29]

|  |

A yew
Originally placed in the Miocene Cephalotaxus bonseri[8][34]
Not described to species

Taxus

Undescribed[29]

|  |

A yew
Not described

## Flowering plants

Angiosperms, commonly called flowering plants belong to a single plant clade which diverged from other plants during the prior to the Cretaceous, and began to rapidly evolve and radiate by the Middle Cretaceous.[35] Angiosperm diversification during the Cretaceous and Paleocene resulted in eight recognized clades that are segregated into two groups the Basal angiosperms and Core angiosperms. Present in the Klondike Mountain Formation are four of the eight groups, Nymphaeales representing Basal Angiosperms, plus Magnoliids, Monocots, and Eudicots all in the Core angiosperms.

### Nymphaeales

The Basal Angiosperms are represented by a single Nymphaeales water-lily species Nuphar carlquistii,[36] though a second member, Allenbya collinsonae, has been described from the Princeton Chert.[37] Wehr (1995) illustrated two fossils that were tentatively identified as fruits of the banana genus Ensete and the extinct myrtle genus Paleomyrtinaea respectively,[38] however further fossil finds resulted in the re-identification of the first as a N. carlquistii rhizome section, and the second is a seed mass from the same water-lily.[36]

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Nymphaeaceae

Nuphar

†Nuphar carlquistii[36]

DeVore, Taylor, & Pigg

A waterlily,
Rhizome sections were first identified as Ensete
Seed masses first identified as Paleomyrtinaea.

Nuphar carlquistii seeds

### Magnoliids

Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification, the magnoliids are divided into four orders Canellales, Laurales, Magnoliales, and Piperales. Member species and undescribed taxa placed confidently in the Laurales and Magnoliales are present in the formation. The laurales are the most diverse magnoliid order of the formation with one described species Sassafras hesperia plus three tentatively identified genera which have not been described. Of the magnoliales, only an undescribed Magnolia, having possible affinity with Magnolia subg. Talauma, is found in the formation, while Liriodendroxylon princetonensis has described from permineralized wood in the Princeton Chert.[39] The extinct angiosperm genus Dillhoffia has noted similarities to the piperalean family Aristolochiaceae, but was left incertae sedis as to family by Manchester and Pigg (2008) due to a lack of confident morphological characters for placement. Piperales are known from the Princeton chert, with Saururus tuckerae representing the oldest confident Saururaceae species in the fossil record.[40]

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Lauraceae |

†Litseaphyllum

Undescribed[20]

|  |

A lauraceous form species.
Not described to species

Ocotea

Undescribed[20]

|  |

A stinkwood species.
Not described to species

Phoebe

Undescribed[16]

|  |

A Phoebe species.
Not described to species

Sassafras

†Sassafras hesperia[16]

Berry

A sassafras

Sassafras hesperia

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia

Undescribed[41]

|  |

A magnolia, possibly Magnolia subgenus Talauma
Not described to species

File:Magnoliaceae species leaf SRIC SR 06-18-05 B img1.tif

Magnolia

incertae sedis

†Dillhoffia

†Dillhoffia cachensis[42]

Manchester & Pigg

A flower of uncertain floral affinity

Dillhoffia cachensis

### Monocots

The second largest clade of flowering plants, monocots are divided into eleven separate orders and of those, the Alismatales, Asparagales, Liliales, and Poales are found in the Klondike Mountain Formation, each represented by a single taxon. The Alismatales are represented by the Araceae species Orontium wolfei, which is considered similar to the modern golden clubs of eastern North America, while the extinct Paleoallium belongs to the Liliales. Asparagales and Poales are both present as undescribed species associated with the genera Smilax and Typha respectively. Extinct genera of monocots are also represented in the Princeton chert by the arecalean palm Uhlia,[43] the alismatalean genus Heleophyton,[44] the alismatalean Keratosperma,[45] the asparagalean pollen morphogenus Pararisteapollis,[46] the lilialean genus Soleredera,[47] and the poalean genus Ethela,[48]

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Amaryllidaceae

†Paleoallium

†Paleoallium billgenseli[49]

Pigg, Bryan, & DeVore

An onion relative

Paleoallium billgenseli

Araceae

Orontium

†Orontium wolfei[50]

Bogner, Johnson, Kvaček & Upchurch

A golden club

Orontium wolfei

Smilacaceae

Smilax

Undescribed[20]

|  |

A greenbrier species.
Not described to species.

Typhaceae

Typha

Undescribed[20]

|  |

A cattail species.
Not described to species.

### Eudicots

Rhus hybrid leaf with lobed terminal leaflet

Over a dozen different Rosaceae genera, both extant and extinct, have been identified in the formation providing some of the oldest reliable macrofossil records (excluding fossil pollen) for the family.[51] Benedict et al. (2011) described first fossils for the prunoid genus Oemleria along with the oldest Prunus flowers. The Prunus flowers are complemented by leaf fossils representing five to six distinct morphotypes.[52] Spiraea is known from an inflorescence with multiple flowers and leaves that are either from the genus or a closely related extinct type. The leaves frequently are preserved with a persistent stipule, a feature not found in modern Spiraea species. The firethorn genus Pyracantha and the South American genus Hesperomeles have been tentatively identified from leaves while Maloidea leaves belonging to either Malus or Pyrus have been found. Two distinct species of the Asian endemic genus Photinia are known, however only on of them Photinia pagae had been described as of 2007.[52] The rosaceous genus Physocarpus had been reported by Hopkins and Wehr (1994) as also occurring in the formation,[41] however subsequent examination of the fossils by Oh & Potter (2005) failed to find stellate trichomes which are a distinct feature of the genus. They noted the fossils might be stem Neillieae, the rose tribe containing both Physocarpus and Neillia, or possibly Rubus, Crataegus, or Ribes.[53]

Fossils of both Sorbus and Rhus species leaves showing evidence of being interspecies hybrids have been noted from the formation and Flynn, DeVore and Pigg (2019) described four species of sumac which formed multiple hybrids.[54] Between three and four Trochodendraceae species that have been described from the Klondike Mountain Formation. Broadly circumscribed four species in three genera have been identified at Republic, Paraconcavistylon wehrii, Pentacentron sternhartae, Tetracentron hopkinsii, and Trochodendron nastae. Additionally the species Trochodendron drachukii is known from related Kamloops group shales at the McAbee Fossil Beds near Cache Creek, British Columbia. Manchester et al. 2018 noted that Tr. drachukii is likely the fruits of Tr. nastae, while Pe. sternhartae are likely the fruits of Te. hopkinsii.[55] If fossils of the fruits and foliage in attachment are found, that would bring the species count down to three whole plant taxa.[55] Additionally, the extinct genus Nordenskioldia is also known from the formation. The placement of Nordenskioldia is debated, with some treatments placing it into Trochodendraceae, while a 2020 analysis placed it outside of the crown-group Trochodendaceae.[56] Wesley Wehr in 1994 reported Bignoniaceae seeds along with a single Rubiaceae fruit and an isolated Fabaceae leaf.[57] An update of the floral list by Wehr and Manchester published in 1996 added an additional fifteen taxa identified from reproductive structures such as flowers fruits or seeds.[38]

Pigg, Manchester, and Wehr (2003) noted in during the description of Corylus johnsonii and Carpinus perryae that they were the oldest confirmed hazelnut and hornbeam fossils.[58] That status was affirmed by Forest et al. (2005) who used both as fossil calibration points for phylogenetic analysis of Betulaceae.[59]

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Anacardiaceae | Rhus |

†Rhus boothillensis[54]

Flynn, DeVore, & Pigg

A sumac,
Hybridized with other Klondike Mountain Formation Rhus

Rhus boothillensis

†Rhus garwellii[54]

Flynn, DeVore, & Pigg

A sumac,
Hybridized with other Klondike Mountain Formation Rhus

Rhus garwellii

†Rhus malloryi[16][54]

(Wolfe and Wehr) Flynn, DeVore & Pigg

A sumac,
Hybridized with other Klondike Mountain Formation Rhus

Rhus malloryi

†Rhus republicensis[54]

Flynn, DeVore, & Pigg

A sumac,
Hybridized with other Klondike Mountain Formation Rhus

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex

Undescribed[18]

|  |

A holly
Not described to species

Araliaceae

Aralia

Undescribed[26]

|  |

A spikenard species
Not described to species.

Betulaceae |

Alnus

†Alnus parvifolia[16]

(Berry) Wolfe & Wehr

An Alder

Alnus parvifolia

Betula

†Betula leopoldae[16][60]

Wolfe & Wehr

A birch

File:Betula leopoldae 02.jpg

Betula leopoldae

Carpinus

†Carpinus perryae[58]

Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr

A hornbeam

File:Carpinus parryae fruit SRIC SR 11-06-09 A img1.tif

Carpinus parryae

Corylus

†Corylus johnsonii[58]

Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr

A hazel nut

Corylus johnsonii

†Palaeocarpinus |

†Palaeocarpinus barksdaleae[58]

Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr

A birch relative

Palaeocarpinus barksdaleae

Undescribed[58]

|  |

A birch relative
different from the other Okanagan Highlands species

undescribed Palaeocarpinus species

Bignoniaceae

Undescribed

Undescribed[57]

|  |

A catalpa family member
Not described to species

Bignoniaceae sp. fruit

Burseraceae

†Barghoornia

†Barghoornia oblongifolia[16]

Wolfe & Wehr

An extinct Bursera relative

Barghoornia oblongifolia

Celtidaceae

Pteroceltis

Undescribed[61]

|  |

A cannabaceous fruit
Not described to species

Pteroceltis species fruit

Cercidiphyllaceae

Cercidiphyllum

†Cercidiphyllum obtritum[16]

(Dawson) Wolfe & Wehr

A katsura with suggested affinity to †Joffrea,[26]
First described as "Populus" obtrita

File:Cercidiphyllum obtritum 01.jpg

Cercidiphyllum obtritum

Cornaceae

Cornus

Undescribed[16][26][18]

|  |

A dogwood species,
Not described to species

Elaeocarpaceae

Sloanea

Undescribed[61]

|  |

An elaeocarpaceous fruit
Not described to species

Sloanea sp.

Ericaceae |

Arbutus

Undescribed[41][18]

|  |

A madrone relative
Not described to species

Rhododendron

Undescribed[41][26][18]

|  |

A rhododendron
Not described to species

Cf. Leucothoe

Undescribed[41]

|  |

A doghobble relative
Not described to species

Eucommiaceae

Eucommia

†Eucommia montana[62][18]

Brown

A "hard rubber tree"

Eucommia montana

Fagaceae |

†Castaneophyllum

Undescribed[18]

|  |

A Castanea relative
Not described to species

†Fagopsis

†Fagopsis undulata[16]

(Knowlton) Hollick

A beech relative

Fagopsis undulata

Fagus

†Fagus langevinii[63]

Manchester & Dillhoff

A beech

Fagus langevinii

Quercus

Undescribed[57][26][18]

|  |

An oak
Not described to species

Grossulariaceae | Ribes |

"Species 1"[41][26][18]

|  |

A current
Not described to species

"Species2"[41]

|  |

A current
Not described to species

Hamamelidaceae |

Corylopsis

†Corylopsis reedae[41][64]

Radtke, Pigg, & Wehr

A winter-hazel

Corylopsis reedae

Fothergilla

†Fothergilla malloryi[64]

Radtke, Pigg, & Wehr

A witch alder

Fothergilla malloryi

Hydrangeaceae |

Hydrangea

Undescribed[41]

|  |

A Hydrangea.
Not described to species

Philadelphus

Undescribed[41]

|  |

A mock-orange
Not described to species

Icacinaceae

†Palaeophytocrene

Unidentified[57][26]

|  |

A Phytocrene relative
Not described to species

Iteaceae

Itea

Undescribed[16][18]

|  |

A virginia willow species
Not described to species.

Juglandaceae |

Carya

Undescribed[26][18]

|  |

A walnut family relative.
Not described to species.

†Cruciptera

†Cruciptera simsonii[65]

(Brown) Manchester

A walnut family relative.

Juglans

Undescribed[26][18]

|  |

A walnut family relative.
Not described to species.

Pterocarya

Undescribed[57]

|  |

A wing nut
Not described to species

Lythraceae

Decodon

Undescribed[26]

|  |

A swamp loosestrife
Not described to species

Malvaceae |

Craigia

Undescribed[57]

|  |

A Craigia species
Not described to species

Craigia sp.

†Florissantia

†Florissantia quilchenensis[66]

(Mathewes & Brooke) Manchester

A chocolate relative

Florissantia quilchenensis

Hibiscus

Undescribed[41]

|  |

A hibiscus
Not described to species

†Plafkeria

Undescribed[57]

|  |

A linden relative
Not described to species

Tilia

†Tilia johnsoni[16]

Wolfe & Wehr

A Linden

Tilia johnsoni

Cf. Tilia

Undescribed[61]

|  |

Linden relative fruits
Not described to species

File:Cf.Tiia species fruits SRIC SR 01-01-07 A img1.tif

Cf. Tilia fruits

Menispermaceae

Calycocarpum

Undescribed[38]

|  |

A moonseed
Not described to species

Moraceae

Morus

Undescribed[41]

|  |

A mulberry, two types known.
Not described to species

Myricaceae

Comptonia

†Comptonia columbiana[16]

Dawson

A Comptonia

Comptonia columbiana

Nyssaceae

†Tsukada

†Tsukada davidiifolia[16]

Wolfe & Wehr

A dove-tree relative

Tsukada davidiifolia

Platanaceae |

†Langeranthus

†Langeranthus dillhoffiorum[67]

Huegele & Manchester

A plane tree fruit taxon affiliated with Langeria

†Langeria

†Langeria magnifica[16]

Wolfe & Wehr

A plane tree
Formerly identified as a witch hazel relative

Langeria magnifica

†Macginicarpa

Undescribed[57]

Manchester

A plane tree fruit taxon
Not described to species

Macginicarpa species

†Macginitiea

†Macginitiea gracilis[16]

(Lesquereux) Wolfe & Wehr

A plane tree relative

File:Macginitiea gracilis 01.jpg

Macginitiea gracilis

†Platananthus

Undescribed[61]

|  |

A sycamore stamen head
isolated stamen clusters placed as Macginistemon
Not described to species

Macginistemon stamen cluster

Polygalaceae

†Deviacer

Undescribed[57]

|  |

A milkwort relative
Not described to species

File:Deviacer species fruit SRIC SR 95-25-06 img1.tif

Deviacer species

Ranunculaceae

Clematis

Undescribed[41]

|  |

A Clematis
Not described to species

Clematis species

Rosaceae |

Amelanchier

Undescribed[41]

|  |

A service berry
Not described to species

Cf. Crataegus

Undescribed[41]

|  |

A hawthorn relative
Not described to species

Malus

Undescribed[18]

|  |

An apple
Not described to species

Cf. Malus

Undescribed[52]

|  |

A maloid species possibly apple or pear
Not described to species

Neviusia

Undescribed[41]

|  |

A snow-wreath
Not described to species

Oemleria

†Oemleria janhartfordae[51]

Benedict, DeVore, & Pigg

An Osoberry

Photinia

†Photinia pageae[16]

Wolfe & Wehr

A Christmas-berry relative

Photinia pagae

Aff. Physocarpus

Undescribed[26]

|  |

A possible nine-bark
Not described to species
Possibly stem Neillieae[53]

Prunus |

†Prunus cathybrownae[51]

Benedict, DeVore, & Pigg

A cherry relative

Prunus cathybrownae

"Species 1"[16]

|  |

A prunoid leaf
Not described to species

"Species 2"[16]

|  |

A prunoid leaf
Not described to species

"Species 3"[16]

|  |

A prunoid leaf
Not described to species

Pyracantha

Undescribed[52]

|  |

A firethorn sp.[52]
Tentative record, Not described to species.

Cf. Pyrus

Undescribed[52]

|  |

A maloid species possibly apple or pear
Not described to species

Rubus

Undescribed[41]

|  |

A blackberry
Not described to species

Aff. Sorbus

Undescribed[26][18]

|  |

A rowan relative
Not described to species.

Spiraea

Undescribed[26][18]

|  |

A bridal wreath
Not described to species.

Cf. Spiraea

Undescribed[52]

|  |

A bridal wreath relative
Not described to species

Sabiaceae |

Meliosma

Undescribed[38]

|  |

A Meliosma species
Not described to species

Sabia

Undescribed[38]

|  |

A Sabia species
Not described to species

Salicaceae |

Populus

Undescribed[26][18]

|  |

A cottonwood
Not described to species
First identified as †Populus lindgreni[8]

†Pseudosalix

Undescribed[26]

|  |

A willow relative
Not described to species

Salix

Undescribed[26][18]

|  |

A willow
Not described to species

Sapindaceae |

Acer?

†"Acer" arcticum[68]

Heer, 1876

A possible maple

Acer |

†Acer hillsi[68]

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

†Acer republicense[68]

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

†Acer spitzi[68]

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

†Acer stonebergae[68]

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

†Acer toradense[68]

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

†Acer washingtonense[68]

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

†Acer wehri[68]

Wolfe & Tanai

A maple

Aesculus

Undescribed[26][69]

|  |

A horse chestnut
Not described to species.

Cf. Boniodendron

†"Koelreuteria" arnoldii[16][70]

Becker

A sapindaceous species
first described as a Koelreuteria species,
considered Cf. Boniodendron by Wang et al. (2012).

"Koelreuteria" arnoldii

†Bohlenia

†Bohlenia americana[16]

(Brown) Wolf & Wehr

An extinct sapindalean species

Bohlenia americana

Dipteronia

†Dipteronia brownii[71]

McClain & Manchester

A Dipteronia

Dipteronia brownii

Koelreuteria

†Koelreuteria dilcheri[70]

Wang et al.

A Koelreuteria species

Koelreuteria dilcheri

Schisandraceae

Kadsura

Undescribed[20]

|  |

A kadsura species.
Not described to species

Schoepfiaceae

Schoepfia

†Schoepfia republicensis[16]

(LaMotte) Wolfe & Wehr

A possible Schoepfia relative,
First described as "Cornus acuminata.

Schoepfia republicensis

Theaceae |

†Ternstroemites

"Species A"[16]

|  |

A theaceous species similar to Gordonia
Not described to species

†Ternstroemites

"Species B"[16]

|  |

A theaceous species similar to Cleyera
Not described to species

Trochodendraceae?

†Nordenskioldia

Undescribed[57]

|  |

A trochodendroid of uncertain placement.[56]
Fruits of the leaf taxon Zizyphoides
Not described to species.

Trochodendraceae |

†Paraconcavistylon

†Paraconcavistylon wehrii[55][56]

(Manchester et al.)

A Trochodendrale
first described as "Concavistylon" wehrii
moved to a new genus in 2020.

†Pentacentron

†Pentacentron sternhartae[55]

Manchester et al.

A Trochodendrale

Pentacentron sternhartae

Tetracentron

†Tetracentron hopkinsii[55]

Pigg et al.

A Trochodendrale,
possibly the leaves of Pentacentron sternhartae

Tetracentron hopkinsii

Trochodendron

†Trochodendron nastae[72]

Pigg, Wehr, & Ickert-Bond

A Trochodendron
Possibly the leaves of Trochodendron drachukii

Trochodendron nastae

†Zizyphoides

Undescribed[26]

|  |

A trochodendroid of uncertain placement.[56]
Leaves of the fruit taxon Nordenskioldia
Not described to species.

File:Zizyphoides species leaf SRIC SR 02-28-23 img1.jpg

Zizyphoides species

Ulmaceae |

†Cedrelospermum

Undescribed[38]

|  |

An elm relative
Not described to species

Ulmus |

†Ulmus chuchuanus[73]

(Berry) LaMotte

An elm species
Leaves with features of Ulmus subg. Ulmus
fruits with features of Ulmus subg. Oreoptelea

Ulmus chuchuanus

†Ulmus okanaganensis

Denk & Dillhoff

An elm species,
the fruits were first identified as Ulmus section Chaetoptelea.

Ulmus okanaganensis

Vitaceae

Vitis

Undescribed[41][57]

|  |

Grape seeds[57] and leaves[41]
Not described to species

Incertae sedis |

†Averrhoites

Undescribed[26]

|  |

A leaf morphotype of uncertain affiliation.
Not described to species.

†Calycites

†Calycites ardtunensis[57]

Crane

A winged fruit of unidentified affinities

File:Calycites ardtunensis fruit SRIC SR 04-12-14 img1.tif

Calycites ardtunensis

†Pteronepelys

†Pteronepelys wehrii[74]

Manchester

A samara of uncertain affinities.

Pteronepelys wehrii

†Republica

†Republica hickeyi[16]

Wolfe & Wehr

An incertae sedis angiosperm
possibly of Hamamelididae affiliations

Republica hickeyi

## Arthropods

The insect fauna of the Klondike Mountain Formation includes representatives from over 13 orders, based on a 1992 estimate, including immature though adult specimens and both terrestrial and aquatic taxa.[75] The most prevalent orders are Diptera and Hemiptera, each making up approximately 30% of the fossil insects known in 1992.

### Blattodea

Family  | Genus  | species  | Authors  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Blaberidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[18]

|  |

A Diplopterine cockroach
Not described to genus/species

Blattoidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[75]

|  |

A blattoidean cockroach
Not described to genus/species

Undescribed Blattoidea

Isoptera

Undescribed

Undescribed[75]

|  |

Undescribed termites of uncertain affiliation

thumb|center|upright|undescribed isopteran

### Coleoptera

A list of Coleopteran families identified by 1992 included Carabidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Dytiscidae, Elateridae and Lucanidae,[75] but the beetle fauna has not been described in depth yet, with only two weevil species having been fully described.[76][77] A third beetle group belonging to the bean beetle tribe Pachymerini has been identified as palm beetles of the Caryobruchus–Speciomerus genus group.[78]

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Brentidae |

†Eoceneithycerus

†Eoceneithycerus carpenteri[76]

Legalov, 2013

An Ithycerinae weevil

Eoceneithycerus carpenteri

†Ithyceroides

†Ithyceroides klondikensis[77]

Legalov, 2015

An Ithycerinae weevil

Carabidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[75]

|  |

A ground beetle
Not described to genus/species

Unidentified Carabidae

Cerambycidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[75]

|  |

A long-horn beetle
Not described to genus/species

Chrysomelidae

Caryobruchus–Speciomerus genus group

Undescribed[78]

|  |

palm beetles in the tribe Pachymerini.
Not described to genus/species

Dytiscidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[75]

|  |

A diving beetle
Not described to genus/species

Elateridae

Undescribed

Undescribed[75]

|  |

A click beetle
Not described to genus/species

Lucanidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[75]

|  |

A stag beetle
Not described to genus/species

### Dermaptera

The order Dermaptera was first reported in 1992[75] and is known from a series of isolated partial specimens, mostly abdominal sections with the distinct anal forceps attached. Based on the forceps structuring the specimens were tentatively assigned to the modern family Forficulidae, as the oldest North American representatives of the family known at that time.[79]

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Forficulidae?  | Unidentified  |

"Forficulid species 1"[79]

|  |

A possible forficulid earwig with long cerci
Not described to genus/species

thumb|center|upright|"Forficulid species 1"

"Forficulid species 2"[79]

|  |

A possible forficulid earwig with short cerci
Not described to genus/species

### Diptera

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Bibionidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[75]

|  |

A march fly
Not described to genus/species

thumb|center|upright|unidentified Bibionidae

Mycetophilidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[75]

|  |

A fungus gnat
Not described to genus/species

Pipunculidae

†Metanephrocerus

†Metanephrocerus belgardeae[80]

Archibald, Kehlmaier, & Mathewes, 2014

A pipunculid big-headed fly

Metanephrocerus belgardeae

Tipulidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[75]

|  |

A crane fly
Not described to genus/species

Undescribed Tipulidae

### Ephemeroptera

Lewis (1992) listed one species of Heptageniidae mayflies and three specimens that he did not place to family.[75] The Heptageniidae specimen was later described as a squaregill mayfly by Sinitchenkova (1999) and the oldest member of the genus Neoephemera.[81]

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Neoephemeridae

Neoephemera

†Neoephemera antiqua[81]

Sinitchenkova, 1999

A squaregill mayfly,
first tentatively identified as a flat headed mayfly.[75]

Neoephemera antiqua

### Hemiptera

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Aphididae

Undescribed

Undescribed[75]

|  |

An aphid
Not described to genus/species.

Aphrophoridae |

Aphrophora

Undescribed[75]

|  |

An aphrophorid spittlebug
Not described to species.

Aphrophora species

†Petrolystra

Undescribed[75]

|  |

An aphrophorid spittlebug
Not described to species.

Cercopidae |

†Palecphora

Undescribed[75]

|  |

A cercopid froghopper
Not described to species.

Undescribed

Undescribed[75]

|  |

A cercopid froghopper
Not described to genus/species.

thumb|center|upright|undescribed Cercopidae

Fulgoroidea

Undescribed

Undescribed[75]

|  |

A frog hopper
Not described to genus/species.

Pentatomidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[75]

|  |

A Shield or stink bug
Not described to genus/species

thumb|center|upright|undescribed Pentatomidae

### Hymenoptera

A review of the Okanagan highlands hymenoptera published in 2018 identified four "Symphyta" families in the formation Cimbicidae, Pamphiliidae, Siricidae, and Tenthredinidae. Of the "Apocrita" families thirteen are represented, the "Parasitica" families are Braconidae, Diapriidae Ichneumonidae, Proctotrupidae, and Roproniidae while the Vespoidea families are Formicidae, Pompilidae, Scoliidae and Vespidae. Within Apoidea the "Spheciformes" families include Angarosphecidae and Sphecidae while Halictidae is the sole "Apiformes" family known from body fossils. Prunus and Ulmus leaves have been found having damage that is consistent with the damage pattern left by Megachilidae species bees when they remove sections of tissue for nest lining. There are several additional Apoidea fossils that were left as incertae sedis in the group based on the similarity between them and Paleorhopalosoma menatensis, a Paleocene species described from the Menat Formation Auvergne, France. The placement of P. menatensis is uncertain, having been initially described as a member of Rhopalosomatidae, but is possibly an Angarosphecidae or closely related taxon, based on the wing and body morphology.[82]

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Angarosphecidae |

†Eosphecium

Undescribed[82]

|  |

An angarosphecid spheciform wasp.
Not described to species

Undescribed

Undescribed[82]

|  |

An angarosphecid spheciform wasp
Likely not Eosphecium.
Not described to species

Braconidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[75][82]

|  |

braconid parasitic wasps
Not described to genus/species.

thumb|center|upright|Unidentified Braconidae

Cimbicidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[82]

|  |

A cimbicid sawfly.
Not Described to genus/species

thumb|center|upright|Unidentified Cimbicidae

Diapriidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[82]

|  |

A diapriid diaprioid wasp
Not described to species

Formicidae |

†Klondikia

†Klondikia whiteae[83]

Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003

An ant of uncertain subfamily affiliation

Myrmeciites

"Indesterminate"[84]

Archibald, Cover, & Moreau, 2006

A bulldog ant form genus

Myrmeciities sp.

Oecophylla

†Oecophylla kraussei[85]

(Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 1999)

An ant, described as Camponotites kraussei,
Moved to Oecophylla kraussei in 2017[86]

†Propalosoma

†Propalosoma gutierrezae[85]

Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 1999

A bulldog ant, first described as a Rhopalosomatidae wasp,
moved to myrmeciinae in 2018[87]

Propalosoma gutierrezae

Undescribed

Undescribed[82]

|  |

Ants of uncertain subfamily placement.[82]

Unidentified formicidae

Halictidae (?)

Undescribed

Undescribed[82]

|  |

A possible sweat bee
Not described to genus/species

Ichneumonidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[82]

|  |

ichneumonid parasitic wasps unplaced to subfamily
Not described to genus/species

Undescribed Ichneumonidae

Megachilidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[82]

|  |

Megachilid leaf-cutter bee herbivory trace fossils on leaves
Not described to genus/species

Pamphiliidae

†Ulteramus

†Ulteramus republicensis[88]

Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2015

A parasitic wasp

Pompilidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[82]

|  |

A pompilid spider wasp
Not described to genus/species

Proctotrupidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[82]

|  |

A proctotrupid parasitic wasp
Not described to genus/species

Roproniidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[82]

|  |

A roproniid (sensu lato) proctotrupoid wasp
Not described to genus/species

Siricidae

†Eourocerus

†Eourocerus anguliterreus[89]

Archibald & Rasnitsyn, 2022

A siricine horntail.

Eourocerus anguliterreus

Scoliidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[82]

|  |

An archaeoscoliine scoliid wasps
Not described to genus/species

Sphecidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[82]

|  |

A sphecid (sensu stricto) wasp
Not described to genus/species

Tenthredinidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[82]

|  |

A Tenthredinid sawfly
Not described to genus/species

Vespidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[82]

|  |

A vespid wasp
Not described to genus/species

### Lepidoptera

A solitary lepidopteran fossil has been recovered, but no full descriptive work has been made on the specimen, aside from a single PhD dissertation. Early examination placed the moth in the family Geometridae, but later work has identified it as the oldest member of the tiger moth subfamily Arctiinae.[90]

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Year  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|

Erebidae

Undescribed

Undescribed[90]

|  |

1986

An arctiine tiger moth
Not described

File:Arctiinae Sp. SRIC SRxx-xx-xx Img1.jpg

Arctiinae
undescribed

### Mecoptera

A number of mecopteran species belonging to the families Cimbrophlebiidae, Dinopanorpidae, Eorpidae, and Panorpidae are also known.[91]

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Year  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|

†Cimbrophlebiidae | †Cimbrophlebia |

†Cimbrophlebia brooksi[91]

Archibald, 2009

2009

A Cimbrophlebiid scorpionfly

Cimbrophlebia brooksi

†Cimbrophlebia westae[91]

Archibald, 2009

2009

A Cimbrophlebiid scorpionfly

Cimbrophlebia westae

†Dinopanorpidae | †Dinokanaga |

†Dinokanaga andersoni[92]

Archibald, 2005

2005

A scorpion fly species

Dinokanaga andersoni

†Dinokanaga dowsonae[92]

Archibald, 2005

2005

A scorpion fly species

File:Dinokanaga dowsonae SRIC SR xx-xx-xx Img1.jpg

Dinokanaga dowsonae

†Dinokanaga sternbergi[92]

Archibald, 2005

2005

A scorpion fly species

†Eorpidae | †Eorpa |

†Eorpa elverumi[93]

Archibald, Mathewes, & Greenwood, 2013

2013

A mecopteran scorpionfly

Eorpa elverumi

?†Eorpa ypsipeda[93]

Archibald, Mathewes, & Greenwood, 2013

2013

A mecopteran scorpionfly, tentatively identified

Possible E. ypsipeda[93]

### Neuroptera

The neuropteran insects (lacewings and their allies) identified as of 2014 include species from the families Berothidae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae, Ithonidae (including Polystoechotidae), Nymphidae, Osmylidae, and Psychopsidae.[5]

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Year  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|

Chrysopidae

†Adamsochrysa

†Adamsochrysa wilsoni[94]

Makarkin & Archibald, 2013

2013

A nothochrysine green lacewing

File:Adamsochrysa wilsoni holotype SRIC SR 06-23-01 img1.jpg

Adamsochrysa wilsoni

Hemerobiidae

†Proneuronema

†Proneuronema wehri[95][96]

(Makarkin, Archibald, & Oswald, 2003)

2003

A hemerobiid lacewing
originally placed in †Cretomerobius
Moved to †Proneuronema in 2016

Ithonidae |

†Allorapisma

†Allorapisma chuorum[97]

Makarkin & Archibald, 2009

2009

A moth lacewing

Allorapisma chuorum

†Palaeopsychops |

†Palaeopsychops marringerae[98]

Archibald & Makarkin, 2006

2006

A polystechotid group[99] moth lacewing

Palaeopsychops marringerae

†Palaeopsychops timmi[98]

Archibald & Makarkin, 2006

2006

A polystechotid group[99] moth lacewing

Palaeopsychops timmi

†Polystoechotites |

†Polystoechotites barksdalae[98]

Archibald & Makarkin, 2006

2006

A polystechotid group[99] moth lacewing

Polystoechotites barksdalae

†Polystoechotites falcatus[98]

Archibald & Makarkin, 2006

2006

A polystechotid group[99] moth lacewing

Polystoechotites falcatus

†Polystoechotites lewisi[98]

Archibald & Makarkin, 2006

2006

A polystechotid group[99] moth lacewing

Polystoechotites lewisi

Nymphidae

?Nymphes

†Nymphes? georgei[100]

Archibald, Makarkin, & Ansorge, 2009

2009

A nymphid lacewing, possibly a species of †Epinesydrion[101]

Nymphes georgei

Osmylidae

†Osmylidia

†Osmylidia glastrai[102]

Makarkin, Archibald, & Mathewes, 2021

2021

A protosmyline osmylid lacewing

Psychopsidae?

†Ainigmapsychops

†Ainigmapsychops inexspectatus[5]

Makarkin & Archibald, 2014

2014

A possible psychopsid lacewing

Ainigmapsychops inexspectatus

### Odonata

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Year  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|

Aeshnidae |

†Antiquiala

†Antiquiala snyderae[103]

Archibald & Cannings, 2019

2019

A darner dragonfly

File:Antiquiala snyderae holotype SRIC SR 08-10-08 B (counterpart) img1.tif

Antiquiala snyderae

†Idemlinea

†Idemlinea versatilis[103]

Archibald & Cannings, 2019

2019

A darner dragonfly

File:Idemlinea versatilis Holotype SRIC SR 07-05-14 A (part) img1.tif

Idemlinea versatilis

†Ypshna

†Ypshna brownleei[103]

Archibald & Cannings, 2019

2019

A darner dragonfly

File:Ypshna brownleei on display SRIC SR 01-06-13 img1.jpg

Ypshna brownleei

†Dysagrionidae  |

†Dysagrion

†Dysagrion pruettae[104]

Archibald & Cannings, 2021

2021

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

File:Dysagrion pruettae holotype SRIC SR 13-005-012 A.tif

Dysagrion pruettae

†Dysagrionites

†Dysagrionites delinei[104]

Archibald & Cannings, 2021

2021

A dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

File:Dysagrionites delinei holotype SR 06-01-46 A (part) img1.tif

Dysagrionites delinei

†Okanagrion |

†Okanagrion dorrellae[104]

Archibald & Cannings, 2021

2021

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

Okanagrion dorrellae

†Okanagrion hobani[104]

Archibald & Cannings, 2021

2021

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

File:Okanagrion hobani paratype-1 SR 11-21-33 A (part) img1.tif

Okanagrion hobani

†Okanagrion liquetoalatum[104]

Archibald & Cannings, 2021

2021

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

File:Okanagrion liquetoalatum holotype SR 06-69-17 A (part) img1.tif

Okanagrion liquetoalatum

†Okanagrion threadgillae[104]

Archibald & Cannings, 2021

2021

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

File:Okanagrion threadgillae holotype SRIC SR 98-12-10.tiff

Okanagrion threadgillae

†Okanagrion worleyae[104]

Archibald & Cannings, 2021

2021

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

File:Okanagrion worleyae holotype SR 99-14-02 img1.tif

Okanagrion worleyae

†Okanopteryx

†Okanopteryx jeppesenorum[104]

Archibald & Cannings, 2021

2021

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

File:Okanopteryx jeppesenorum paratype-1 SR 11-43-09 img1.tif

Okanopteryx jeppesenorum

†Stenodiafanus

†Stenodiafanus westersidei[104]

Archibald & Cannings, 2021

2021

A Dysagrionine cephalozygopteran odonate

File:Stenodiafanus westersidei holotype SR 06-01-42 A (part) img1.tif

Stenodiafanus westersidei

Euphaeidae

†Republica

†Republica weatbrooki[105]

Archibald & Cannings, 2021

2021

A gossamerwing damselfly.
Not to be confused with the plant Republica,
also from the formation

File:Republica weatbrooki holotype SR 06-59-08 img1.tif

Republica weatbrooki

†Whetwhetaksidae

†Whetwhetaksa

†Whetwhetaksa millerae[104]

Archibald & Cannings

2021

A cephalozygopteran odonate

File:Whetwhetaksa millerae holotype SR 06-01-38 img1.tif

Whetwhetaksa millerae

### Orthoptera

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Year  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|

Palaeorehniidae

†Republicopteron

†Republicopteron douseae[106]

Archibald, Gu, & Mathewes

2022

A grasshopper/hump-back grig relative

File:Republicopteron douseae holotype SRIC SR 21-005-001 img1.jpg

Republicopteron douseae

### Phasmatodea

Fossil wings first described in 2015 were identified as being from Susumanioidea stick-insects, a group that had previously been known from the Jurassic to the Paleocene only.[107] Archibald and Bradler (2015) did not place Eoprephasma into Susumaniidae family, maintaining that known characters of the describe specimens did not match taxa in the family, they instead kept the genus as Susumanioidea incertae sedis. Phylogenetic analysis of Susumanioidea published by Yang et al. (2021) resulted in placement of Eoprephasma as the sister group to Renphasma deep within the Susumaniidae subfamily Susumaniinae. The phylogeny produced by Yang et al. indicated a sister group state with the Cretaceous genus Renphasma of China, and placed both as the most derived of the Susumaniinae taxa.[108]

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Year  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|

†Susumaniidae

†Eoprephasma

†Eoprephasma hichensi[107]

Archibald & Bradler, 2015

2015

A Susumaniinae stick insect species

### Raphidioptera

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Year  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|

Raphidiidae

†Megaraphidia

†Megaraphidia klondika[109]

Archibald & Makarkin, 2021

2021

A raphidiid snakefly

### Trichoptera

Trichopterans are known mainly from laraval cases and occasional isolated wings.[110]

Family  | Genus  | species  | Authors  | Year  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|

Phryganeidae

Unidentified

Unidentified[75][110]

|  |  |

giant caddisflies
Not described to genus/species

Limnephilidae

Unidentified

unidentified[75]

|  |  |

northern caddisflies
Not described to genus/species

## Vertebrates

Five species of fish have been identified from the formation, four of which are known from skeletal elements, while the fifth is only known from isolated scales.[111] Of the five species, two are unique to the formation, Hiodon woodruffi and Libotonius pearsoni were both described by paleoichthyologist Mark V. H. Wilson in 1978 and 1979 respectively. The other three species, "Amia" hesperia, Amyzon aggregatum, and Eosalmo driftwoodensis, were first described from Okanagan Highlands formations in British Columbia and subsequently also identified from Ferry County fossils. The first notation of fish fossils in the Republic area was by Joseph Umpleby in his 1910 visit to the area, who collected fish near the Tom Thumb Mine, and sent them to the National Museum of Natural History. After examining the fossils, Charles R. Eastman listed the specimens as belonging to the extinct species Amyzon brevipinne in his Fossil fishes in the collection of the United States National Museum.[112] Research tapered off until a series of fish were collected in the Toroda Creek Graben northwest of Republic by R. C. Pearson during his compilation of the Geologic map of the Bodie Mountain quadrangle, Ferry and Okanogan Counties, Washington. The fossils were tentatively identified by paleoichthyologist David Dunkle as members of the genera Amyzon, Tricophanes, Erismatopterus and an undefined salmonid.[113] Pearson sent almost all of the specimens collected to the Smithsonian, but the fossils were never accessioned into the collections there and are now considered lost. He did retain one fossil from the initial collection which was later donated to the USGS collections. The largest single work on the fish of the Okanagan Highlands was published by Mark Wilson in 1977 and covered fossils collected from the known British Columbian Okanagan Highlands fossil sites of the time.[114] While not covering the Washington State fossils, Wilson named two of the species that are currently recognized from the Klondike Mountain Formation Amyzon aggregatum and Eosalmo driftwoodensis. Additionally scales attributed to the genus Amia were discussed and the genus Libotonius was named from fossils in the Allenby Formation.[115][116] In the late 1960s a collection of fish from near the Tom Thumb Mine in Republic was compiled by resident R. Woodward. During the summers of 1976 and 1977 the University of Alberta conducted field collecting in both the Republic and Toroda Creek areas, along with the donation of the Woodward collection, yielded a number of fossil catostomids, along with a single percopsid, a salmonid, a hiodontid, and an Amia scale. The hiodontids were subsequently described as the species Eohiodon woodruffi in 1978 based on differences between the Tom thumb Tuff fossils and those found in British Columbian sites.[113] A year later the percopsid fossils were also described as Libotonius pearsoni, extending the range of the genus south from the Allenby Formation.[115]

Bird fossils are limited to mostly isolated feathers that are preserved in the finer grained strata of the lake bed, though one partial bird skeleton has also been recovered.

Family  | Genus  | Species  | Authors  | Year  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|
|

Amiidae

Amia

†"Amia" hesperia

Wilson, 1977

1977

A bowfin, known from isolated scales

"Amia" hesperia scale

Catostomidae

†Amyzon

†Amyzon aggregatum

Wilson, 1977

1977

A sucker

File:Amyzon aggregatum 01.jpg

Amyzon aggregatum

Catostomidae

†Amyzon

Unidentified[117]

(Wilson, 1977)

1977

A sucker, originally identified as Amyzon aggregatum

Salmonidae

†Eosalmo

†Eosalmo driftwoodensis[118]

Wilson, 1977

1999

A Salmon

Eosalmo driftwoodensis

Hiodontidae

Hiodon

†Hiodon woodruffi[113]

Wilson, 1978

1978

A mooneye, first described as "Eohiodon" woodruffi.[113]

Hiodon woodruffi

†Libotoniidae

†Libotonius

†Libotonius pearsoni[115]

Wilson, 1979

1979

A sand roller relative.

Libotonius pearsoni

incertae sedis (Aves)

Unidentified

"Unnamed"[119]

|  |

2019

indeterminate feathers and a skeleton

Unidentified feather

## References

1. ↑ Muessig, Siegfried (1962). "Tertiary volcanic and related rocks of the Republic area, Ferry County, Washington". Geological Survey Research 1962 450 D: D56–58.
2. ↑ Gaylord, DR; Suydam, JD; Price, SM; Matthews, JM; Lindsey, KA (1996). "Depositional history of the uppermost Sanpoil Volcanics and Klondike Mountain Formation in the Republic basin". Washington Geology 24 (2): 15–18.
3. ↑ Cheney, ES; Rasmussen, MG (1996). "Regional geology of the Republic area". Washington Geology 24 (2): 3–7.
4. ↑ Suydam, J.; Gaylord, D.R. (1997). "Toroda Creek half graben, northeast Washington: Late-stage sedimentary infilling of a synextensional basin". Geological Society of America Bulletin 109 (10): 1333–1348. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<1333:tchgnw>2.3.co;2. Bibcode: 1997GSAB..109.1333S.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Makarkin, V.; Archibald, S.B. (2014). "An unusual new fossil genus probably belonging to the Psychopsidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands, western North America". Zootaxa 3838 (3): 385–391. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3838.3.8. PMID 25081783.
6. ↑ Höy, T.; Friedman, R.; Gabites, J.. ﻿Paleogene Penticton Group, Boundary area, Southern British Columbia (Parts of NTS 082E): Geochronology and Implications for Precious Metal Mineralization﻿ (Report). Geoscience BC Summary of Activities 2020: Minerals, Geoscience BC, Report 2021-01. Geoscience BC. pp. 55–66. https://www.geosciencebc.com/i/pdf/SummaryofActivities2020/Minerals/Project 2018-011_MineralsSOA2020.pdf.
7. ↑ Umpleby, J. B. (1910). "Geology and ore deposits of Republic mining district". Washington Geological Survey 1.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Berry, E.W. (1929). ﻿A revision of the flora of the Latah Formation﻿ (Report). Professional Paper. United States Geological Survey. pp. 225–265. doi:10.3133/pp154h. 154-H.
9. ↑ Brown, R. W. (1937). ﻿Additions to some fossil floras of the Western United States﻿ (Report). Professional Paper. 186. United States Geological Survey. pp. 163–206. doi:10.3133/pp186J. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0186j/report.pdf.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Parker, RL; Calkins, JA (1964). "Geology of the Curlew Quadrangle, Ferry County, Washington". Geological Survey Bulletin 1169. https://books.google.com/books?id=D7cPAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA4-PA44.
11. ↑ Wolfe, J.; Wehr, W. (1991). "Significance of the Eocene fossil plants at Republic, Washington". Washington Geology 19 (3): 18–24. https://www.dnr.wa.gov/Publications/ger_washington_geology_1991_v19_no3.pdf.
12. ↑ Rubino, E.; Leier, A.; Cassel, E.; Archibald, S.; Foster-Baril, Z.; Barbeau, D. Jr (2021). "Detrital zircon UPb ages and Hf-isotopes from Eocene intermontane basin deposits of the southern Canadian Cordillera". Sedimentary Geology 105969 (online).
13. ↑ Boleneus, DE; Raines, GL; Causey, JD; Bookstrom, AA; Frost, TP; Hyndman, PC (2001). "Assessment method for epithermal gold deposits in northeast Washington State using weights-of-evidence GIS modeling". USGA Open File Report 01-501: 1–52. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/of01-501/of01-501.pdf.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lasmanis, R (1996). "A historical perspective on ore formation concepts, Republic Mining District, Ferry County, Washington". Washington Geology 24 (2): 8–11.
15. ↑ Gaylord, DR; Price, SM; Suydam, JD (2001). Volcanic and hydrothermal influences on middle Eocene lacustrine sedimentary deposits. Republic Basin, northern Washington, USA. 199–222. ISBN 9781444304268. https://books.google.com/books?id=BM26NH2mt1YC.
16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16 16.17 16.18 16.19 16.20 16.21 16.22 16.23 16.24 16.25 16.26 Wolfe, J.A.; Wehr, W.C. (1987). ﻿Middle Eocene dicotyledonous plants from Republic, northeastern Washington﻿ (Report). Bulletin. 1597. United States Geological Survey. pp. 1–25. doi:10.3133/b1597.
17. ↑ Archibald, S.; Greenwood, D.; Smith, R.; Mathewes, R.; Basinger, J. (2011). "Great Canadian Lagerstätten 1\. Early Eocene Lagerstätten of the Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia and Washington State)". Geoscience Canada 38 (4): 155–164.
18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 18.16 18.17 18.18 18.19 18.20 18.21 Greenwood, D.R.; Archibald, S.B.; Mathewes, R.W; Moss, P.T. (2005). "Fossil biotas from the Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42 (2): 167–185. doi:10.1139/e04-100. Bibcode: 2005CaJES..42..167G.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Dillhoff, R.M.; Dillhoff, T.A.; Greenwood, D.R.; DeVore, M.L.; Pigg, K.B. (2013). "The Eocene Thomas Ranch flora, Allenby Formation, Princeton, British Columbia, Canada". Botany 91 (8): 514–529. doi:10.1139/cjb-2012-0313.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9 Wehr, W.. "Middle Eocene insects and plants of the Okanogan Highlands". Contributions to the Paleontology and Geology of the West Coast. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press. pp. 99–109.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Pigg, K. B.; DeVore, M. L.; Greenwood, D. R.; Sundue, M. A.; Schwartsburd, P.; Basinger, J. F. (2021). "Fossil Dennstaedtiaceae and Hymenophyllaceae from the Early Eocene of the Pacific Northwest". International Journal of Plant Sciences 182 (9): 793–807. doi:10.1086/715633.
22. ↑ Joseph, N. L. (1988). "Important Eocene Flora and Fauna Unearthed at Republic, Washington". Rocks & Minerals 63 (2): 146–151. doi:10.1080/00357529.1988.11761830.
23. ↑ Arnold, C. A. (1955). "A Tertiary Azolla from British Columbia". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 12 (4): 37–45. http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48289/2/ID129.pdf.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Greenwood, D.R.; Pigg, K.B.; Basinger, J.F.; DeVore, M.L. (2016). "A review of paleobotanical studies of the Early Eocene Okanagan (Okanogan) Highlands floras of British Columbia, Canada, and Washington, U.S.A.". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53 (6): 548–564. doi:10.1139/cjes-2015-0177. Bibcode: 2016CaJES..53..548G.
25. ↑ Hopkins, D.; Johnson, K. (1997). "First Record of cycad leaves from the Eocene Republic flora". Washington Geology 25 (4): 37. https://www.dnr.wa.gov/Publications/ger_washington_geology_1997_v25_no4.pdf. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 26.12 26.13 26.14 26.15 26.16 26.17 26.18 26.19 26.20 Dillhoff, R.M.; Leopold, E.B.; Manchester, S.R. (2005). "The McAbee flora of British Columbia and its relations to the Early-Middle Eocene Okanagan Highlands flora of the Pacific Northwest". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42 (2): 151–166. doi:10.1139/e04-084. Bibcode: 2005CaJES..42..151D. http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/mcabee/mcabeefossils.pdf.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Mustoe, G.E. (2002). "Eocene Ginkgo leaf fossils from the Pacific Northwest". Canadian Journal of Botany 80 (10): 1078–1087. doi:10.1139/b02-097.
28. ↑ Mathewes, R. W.; Greenwood, D. R.; Archibald, S. B. (2016). "Paleoenvironment of the Quilchena flora, British Columbia, during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53 (6): 574–590. doi:10.1139/cjes-2015-0163. Bibcode: 2016CaJES..53..574M. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/71979/1/cjes-2015-0163.pdf.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7 29.8 29.9 Schorn, H. E.; Wehr, W. C. (1996). "The conifer flora from the Eocene uplands at Republic, Washington". Washington Geology 24 (2): 22–24.
30. ↑ Terry, R.; Pyne, M.; Bartel, J.; Adams, R. (2016). "A molecular biogeography of the New World cypresses (Callitropsis, Hesperocyparis; Cupressaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution 302 (7): 921–942. doi:10.1007/s00606-016-1308-4.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Chaney, R.W. (1951). "A revision of fossil Sequoia and Taxodium in western North America based on the recent discovery of Metasequoia". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 40 (3): 231.
32. ↑ Schorn, H.; Wehr, W. (1986). "Abies milleri, sp. nov., from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain Formation, Republic, Ferry County, Washington". Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History (1): 1–7.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Gooch, N. L. (1992). "Two new species of Pseudolarix Gordon (Pinaceae) from the middle Eocene of the Pacific Northwest". PaleoBios 14: 13–19.
34. ↑ LaMotte, R.S. (1944). "Supplement to catalogue of Mesozoic and Cenozoic plants of North America, 1919–37.". United States Geological Survey Bulletin 924: 307.
35. ↑ Jiao, Y et al. (2011). "Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms". Nature 473 (7345): 97–100. doi:10.1038/nature09916. PMID 21478875. Bibcode: 2011Natur.473...97J.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 DeVore, ML; Taylor, W; Pigg, KB (2015). "Nuphar carlquistii sp. nov. (Nymphaeaceae): A Water Lily from the Latest Early Eocene, Republic, Washington". International Journal of Plant Sciences 176 (4): 365–377. doi:10.1086/680482.
37. ↑ Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R.; Stockey, R. A. (1989). "Permineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Nymphaeaceae". Botanical Gazette 150 (2): 207–217. doi:10.1086/337765.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 Wehr, W.C. (1995). "Paleobotanical Significance of Eocene Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds from Republic, Washington". Washington Geology 24 (2): 25–2.
39. ↑ Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R.; Stockey, R. A. (1990). "Vegetative remains of the Magnoliaceae from the Princeton chert (middle Eocene) of British Columbia". Canadian Journal of Botany 68 (6): 1327–1339. doi:10.1139/b90-169.
40. ↑ Smith, S. Y.; Stockey, R. A. (2007). "Establishing a fossil record for the perianthless Piperales: Saururus tuckerae sp. nov.(Saururaceae) from the Middle Eocene Princeton Chert.". American Journal of Botany 94 (10): 1642–1657. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.10.1642. PMID 21636361.
41. ↑ 41.00 41.01 41.02 41.03 41.04 41.05 41.06 41.07 41.08 41.09 41.10 41.11 41.12 41.13 41.14 41.15 41.16 41.17 41.18 Wehr, W. C.; Hopkins, D. Q. (1994). "The Eocene orchards and gardens of Republic, Washington". Washington Geology 22 (3): 27–34.
42. ↑ Manchester, S.; Pigg, K. (2008). "The Eocene mystery flower of McAbee, British Columbia". Botany 86 (9): 1034–1038. doi:10.1139/B08-044.
43. ↑ Erwin, D.M.; Stockey, R.A. (1994). "Permineralized monocotyledons from the middle Eocene Princeton chert (Allenby Formation) of British Columbia: Arecaceae". Palaeontographica Abteilung B 234: 19–40.
44. ↑ Erwin, D. M.; Stockey, R. A. (1991). "Silicified monocotyledons from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert (Allenby Formation) of British Columbia, Canada". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 70 ((1-2)): 147–162. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(91)90083-F.
45. ↑ Cevallos-Ferriz, S. R.; Stockey, R. A. (1988). "Permineralized fruits and seeds from the Princeton chert (Middle Eocene) of British Columbia: Araceae". American Journal of Botany 75 (8): 1099–1113. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1988.tb08822.x.
46. ↑ Hesse, M.; Zetter, R. (2005). "Ultrastructure and diversity of recent and fossil zona-aperturate pollen grains". Plant Systematics and Evolution 255 (3): 145–176. doi:10.1007/s00606-005-0358-9.
47. ↑ Erwin, D. M.; Stockey, R. A. (1991). "Soleredera rhizomorpha gen. et sp. nov., a permineralized monocotyledon from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia, Canada". Botanical Gazette 152 (2): 231–247. doi:10.1086/337885.
48. ↑ Erwin, D. M.; Stockey, R. A. (1992). "Vegetative body of a permineralized monocotyledon from the Middle Eocene Princeton chert of British Columbia". Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 147: 309–327.
49. ↑ Pigg, K. B.; Bryan, F. A.; DeVore, M. L. (2018). "Paleoallium billgenseli gen. et sp. nov.: fossil monocot remains from the latest Early Eocene Republic Flora, northeastern Washington State, USA". International Journal of Plant Sciences 179 (6): 477–486. doi:10.1086/697898.
50. ↑ Bogner, J.; Johnson, K. R.; Kvacek, Z.; Upchurch, G. R. (2007). "New fossil leaves of Araceae from the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene of western North America". Zitteliana A (47): 133–147. ISSN 1612-412X. https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/2570/fulltext.pdf?sequence=1.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Benedict, JC; DeVore, ML; Pigg, KB (2011). "Prunus and Oemleria (Rosaceae) Flowers from the Late Early Eocene Republic Flora of Northeastern Washington State, U.S.A.". International Journal of Plant Sciences 172 (7): 948–958. doi:10.1086/660880.
52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 52.5 52.6 DeVore, M. L.; Pigg, K. B. (2007). "A brief review of the fossil history of the family Rosaceae with a focus on the Eocene Okanogan Highlands of eastern Washington State, USA, and British Columbia, Canada". Plant Systematics and Evolution 266 (1–2): 45–57. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0540-3.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Oh, S.-H.; Potter, D. (2005). "Molecular phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of tribe Neillieae (Rosaceae) using DNA sequences of cpDNA, rDNA, and LEAFY". American Journal of Botany 92 (1): 179–192. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.1.179. PMID 21652396.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 Flynn, S.; DeVore, M. L.; Pigg, K. B. (2019). "Morphological Features of Sumac Leaves (Rhus, Anacardiaceae), from the Latest Early Eocene Flora of Republic, Washington". International Journal of Plant Sciences 180 (6): 464–478. doi:10.1086/703526.
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 Manchester, S.; Pigg, K. B.; Kvaček, Z; DeVore, M. L.; Dillhoff, R. M. (2018). "Newly recognized diversity in Trochodendraceae from the Eocene of western North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences 179 (8): 663–676. doi:10.1086/699282.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 Manchester, S. R.; Kvaček, Z.; Judd, W. S. (2020). "Morphology, anatomy, phylogenetics and distribution of fossil and extant Trochodendraceae in the Northern Hemisphere". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 195 (3): 467–484. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/boaa046.
57. ↑ 57.00 57.01 57.02 57.03 57.04 57.05 57.06 57.07 57.08 57.09 57.10 57.11 57.12 Wehr, W.C. (1995). "Early Tertiary flowers, fruits and seeds of Washington State and adjacent areas". Washington Geology 23 (3): 3–16.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 Pigg, K.B.; Manchester S.R.; Wehr W.C. (2003). "Corylus, Carpinus, and Palaeocarpinus (Betulaceae) from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain and Allenby Formations of Northwestern North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences 164 (5): 807–822. doi:10.1086/376816.
59. ↑ Forest, F.; Savolainen, V.; Chase, M. W.; Lupia, R.; Bruneau, A.; Crane, P. R. (2005). "Teasing apart molecular-versus fossil-based error estimates when dating phylogenetic trees: a case study in the birch family (Betulaceae)". Systematic Botany 30 (1): 118–133. doi:10.1600/0363644053661850.
60. ↑ Crane, P.; Stockey, R. (1987). "Betula leaves and reproductive structures from the Middle Eocene of British Columbia, Canada". Canadian Journal of Botany 65 (12): 2490–2500. doi:10.1139/b87-338.
61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 Pigg, K.; Wehr, W.C. (2002). "Early Tertiary flowers, fruits and seeds of Washington State and adjacent areas Part-III". Washington Geology 30 (3–4): 3–16.
62. ↑ Call, V.B.; Dilcher, D.L. (1997). "The fossil record of Eucommia (Eucommiaceae) in North America". American Journal of Botany 84 (6): 798–814. doi:10.2307/2445816. PMID 21708632. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/84/6/798.pdf.
63. ↑ Manchester, S. R.; Dillhoff, R. M. (2004). "Fagus (Fagaceae) fruits, foliage, and pollen from the Middle Eocene of Pacific Northwestern North America". Canadian Journal of Botany 82 (10): 1509–1517. doi:10.1139/b04-112.
64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Radtke, M.G.; Pigg, K.B.; Wehr, W.C. (2005). "Fossil Corylopsis and Fothergilla Leaves (Hamamelidaceae) from the Lower Eocene Flora of Republic, Washington, U.S.A., and Their Evolutionary and Biogeographic Significance". International Journal of Plant Sciences 166 (2): 347–356. doi:10.1086/427483.
65. ↑ Manchester, S. R. (1991). "Cruciptera, a new Juglandaceous winged fruit from the Eocene and Oligocene of western North America". Systematic Botany 16 (4): 715–725. doi:10.2307/2418873.
66. ↑ Manchester, S.R. (1992). "Flowers, fruits and pollen of Florissantia, an extinct malvalean genus from the Eocene and Oligocene of western North America". American Journal of Botany 79 (9): 996–1008. doi:10.2307/2444909. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250270253.
67. ↑ Huegele, I. B.; Manchester, S. R. (2022). "Newly Recognized Reproductive Structures Linked with Langeria from the Eocene of Washington, USA, and their Affinities with Platanaceae". International Journal of Plant Sciences In press.
68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.5 68.6 68.7 Wolfe, J.A.; Tanai, T. (1987). "Systematics, Phylogeny, and Distribution of Acer (maples) in the Cenozoic of Western North America". Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and Mineralogy 22 (1): 1–246. http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2115/36747?mode=full&submit_simple=Show+full+item+record.
69. ↑ Harris, A. J.; Papes, M.; Gao, Y. D.; Watson, L. (2014). "Estimating paleoenvironments using ecological niche models of nearest living relatives: A case study of Eocene Aesculus L.". Journal of Systematics and Evolution 52 (1): 16–34. doi:10.1111/jse.12053.
70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Wang, Q.; Manchester, S. R.; Gregor, H. J.; Shen, S.; Li, Z. Y. (2013). "Fruits of Koelreuteria (Sapindaceae) from the Cenozoic throughout the northern hemisphere: their ecological, evolutionary, and biogeographic implications". American Journal of Botany 100 (2): 422–449. doi:10.3732/ajb.1200415. PMID 23360930.
71. ↑ McClain, A. M.; Manchester, S. R. (2001). "Dipteronia (Sapindaceae) from the Tertiary of North America and implications for the phytogeographic history of the Aceroideae". American Journal of Botany 88 (7): 1316–25. doi:10.2307/3558343. PMID 11454632.
72. ↑ Pigg, K.B.; Wehr, W.C.; Ickert-Bond, S.M. (2001). "Trochodendron and Nordenskioldia (Trochodendraceae) from the Middle Eocene of Washington State, U.S.A.". International Journal of Plant Sciences 162 (5): 1187–1198. doi:10.1086/321927.
73. ↑ Denk, T.; Dillhoff, R.M. (2005). "Ulmus leaves and fruits from the Early-Middle Eocene of northwestern North America: systematics and implications for character evolution within Ulmaceae". Canadian Journal of Botany 83 (12): 1663–1681. doi:10.1139/b05-122. http://www.evolvingearth.org/learnearthscience/ulmus2005.pdf.
74. ↑ Manchester, S.R. (1994). "Fruits and Seeds of the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora, Clarno Formation, Oregon". Palaeontographica Americana 58: 30–31.
75. ↑ 75.00 75.01 75.02 75.03 75.04 75.05 75.06 75.07 75.08 75.09 75.10 75.11 75.12 75.13 75.14 75.15 75.16 75.17 75.18 75.19 75.20 75.21 75.22 75.23 75.24 Lewis, S.E. (1992). "Insects of the Klondike Mountain Formation, Republic, Washington". Washington Geology 20 (3): 15–19.
76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 Legalov, A. A. (2013). "New and little known weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) from the Paleogene and Neogene". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 25 (1): 59–80. doi:10.1080/08912963.2012.692681.
77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Legalov, A. A. (2015). "Fossil Mesozoic and Cenozoic weevils (Coleoptera, Obrienioidea, Curculionoidea)". Paleontological Journal 49 (13): 1442–1513. doi:10.1134/S0031030115130067.
78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Archibald, S.B.; Morse, G.; Greenwood, D.R.; Mathewes, R.W. (2014). "Fossil palm beetles refine upland winter temperatures in the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (22): 8095–8100. doi:10.1073/pnas.1323269111. PMID 24821798. Bibcode: 2014PNAS..111.8095A.
79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 Lewis, S.E. (1994). "Fossil earwigs (Dermaptera) from the Klondike Mountain Formation (middle Eocene) of Republic, Washington". Washington Geology 22 (1): 39–40.
80. ↑ Archibald, SB; Kehlmaier, C; Mathewes, RW (2014). "Early Eocene big headed flies (Diptera: Pipunculidae) from the Okanagan Highlands, western North America". The Canadian Entomologist 146 (4): 429–443. doi:10.4039/tce.2013.79.
81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Sinitchenkova, N. D. (1999). "A new mayfly species of the extant genus Neoephemera from the Eocene of North America (Insecta: Ephemerida=Ephemeroptera)". Paleontological Journal 33 (4): 403–405.
82. ↑ 82.00 82.01 82.02 82.03 82.04 82.05 82.06 82.07 82.08 82.09 82.10 82.11 82.12 82.13 82.14 82.15 82.16 82.17 Archibald, S. B.; Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Brothers, D. J.; Mathewes, R. W. (2018). "Modernisation of the Hymenoptera: ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies of the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands of western North America". The Canadian Entomologist 150 (2): 205–257. doi:10.4039/tce.2017.59. ISSN 0008-347X.
83. ↑ Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. (2003). "Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Formation Green River and some other Middle Eocene deposits of North America.". Russian Entomological Journal 11 (4): 411–436.
84. ↑ Archibald, S.B.; Cover, S. P.; Moreau, C. S. (2006). "Bulldog Ants of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands and History of the Subfamily (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae)". Annals of the Entomological Society of America 99 (3): 487–523. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)99[487:BAOTEO2.0.CO;2]. http://antbase.org/ants/publications/21067/21067.pdf.
85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. (1999). "Two new species of aculeate hymenopterans (Vespida=Hymenoptera) from the Middle Eocene of the United States". Paleontological Journal 33: 546–549.
86. ↑ Perfilieva, K. S.; Dubovikoff, D. A.; Dlussky, G. M. (2017). "Miocene ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Crimea". Paleontological Journal 51 (4): 391–401. doi:10.1134/S0031030117040098.
87. ↑ Archibald, S. B.; Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Brothers, D. J.; Mathewes, R. W. (2018). "Modernisation of the Hymenoptera: ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies of the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands of western North America". The Canadian Entomologist 150 (2): 205–257. doi:10.4039/tce.2017.59.
88. ↑ Archibald, S.B.; Rasnitsyn, A.P. (2015). "New early Eocene Siricomorpha (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Pamphiliidae, Siricidae, Cephidae) from the Okanagan Highlands, western North America". The Canadian Entomologist 148 (2): 209–228. doi:10.4039/tce.2015.55.
89. ↑ Archibald, S. B.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. (2022). "The early Eocene Eourocerus anguliterreus gen. et sp. nov (Hymenoptera, Siricidae) from Republic, Washington". Zootaxa 5105 (2): 289–295. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5105.2.8. PMID 35391300.
90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 Toussaint, E. F.; Condamine, F. L.; Kergoat, G. J.; Capdevielle-Dulac, C.; Barbut, J.; Silvain, J. F.; Le Ru, B. P. (2012). "Palaeoenvironmental shifts drove the adaptive radiation of a noctuid stemborer tribe (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Apameini) in the Miocene". PLOS ONE 7 (7): e41377. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041377. PMID 22859979. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...741377T.
91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 Archibald, S. B. (2009). "New Cimbrophlebiidae (Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Early Eocene at McAbee, British Columbia, Canada and Republic, Washington, USA". Zootaxa 2249: 51–62. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2249.1.5. http://www.mapress.com./zootaxa/2009/f/zt02249p062.pdf.
92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 Archibald, S.B. (2005). "New Dinopanorpidae (Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Eocene Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, USA)". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42 (2): 119–136. doi:10.1139/e04-073. Bibcode: 2005CaJES..42..119A.
93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 Archibald, SB; Mathewes, RW; Greenwood, DR (2013). "The Eocene apex of panorpoid scorpionfly family diversity". Journal of Paleontology 87 (4): 677–695. doi:10.1666/12-129.
94. ↑ Makarkin, V.; Archibald, S.B. (2013). "A Diverse New Assemblage of Green Lacewings (Insecta, Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) from the Early Eocene Okanagan Highlands, Western North America". Journal of Paleontology 87 (1): 123–146. doi:10.1666/12-052R.1.
95. ↑ Makarkin, VN; Archibald, SB; Oswald, JD (2003). "New Early Eocene brown lacewings (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) from western North America". The Canadian Entomologist 135 (5): 637–653. doi:10.4039/n02-122.
96. ↑ Vladimir N. Makarkin; Sonja Wedmann; Thomas Weiterschan (2016). "A new genus of Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber, with a critical review of the Cenozoic Megalomus-like taxa and remarks on the wing venation variability of the family". Zootaxa 4179 (3): 345–370. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4179.3.2. PMID 27811679.
97. ↑ Makarkin, V. N.; Archibald, S. B. (2009). "A new genus and first Cenozoic fossil record of moth lacewings (Neuroptera: Ithonidae) from the Early Eocene of North America". Zootaxa 2063: 55–63. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2063.1.3. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/zt02063p063.pdf.
98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 98.3 98.4 Archibald, S.B.; Makarkin V.N. (2006). "Tertiary Giant Lacewings (Neuroptera: Polystechotidae): Revision and Description of New Taxa From Western North America and Denmark". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4 (2): 119–155. doi:10.1017/S1477201906001817. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=438987. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.4 Winterton, SL; Makarkin, VN (2010). "Phylogeny of Moth Lacewings and Giant Lacewings (Neuroptera: Ithonidae, Polystoechotidae) Using DNA Sequence Data, Morphology, and Fossils". Annals of the Entomological Society of America 103 (4): 511–522. doi:10.1603/an10026.
100. ↑ Archibald, S. B.; Makarkin, V. N.; Ansorge, J. (2009). "New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe". Zootaxa 2157: 59–68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2157.1.4. http://www.mapress.com./zootaxa/2009/f/zt02157p068.pdf.
101. ↑ Archibald, S.B.; Makarkin, V.N. (2020). "A new genus and species of split-footed lacewings (Neuroptera) from the early Eocene of western Canada and revision of the subfamily affinities of Mesozoic Nymphidae". The Canadian Entomologist 152 (3): 269–287. doi:10.4039/tce.2020.10.
102. ↑ Makarkin, V.N.; Archibald, S.B.; Mathewes, R.W. (2021). "New Protosmylinae (Neuroptera: Osmylidae) from the early Eocene of western North America, with taxonomic remarks". Zootaxa 4980 (1): 142–156. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4980.1.9. PMID 34186986.
103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 Archibald, S. B.; Cannings, R. A. (2019). "Fossil dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) from the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands, western North America". The Canadian Entomologist 151 (6): 783–816. doi:10.4039/tce.2019.61.
104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 104.3 104.4 104.5 104.6 104.7 104.8 104.9 Archibald, S. B.; Cannings, R. A.; Erickson, R. J.; Bybee, S. M.; Mathewes, R. W. (2021). "The Cephalozygoptera, a new, extinct suborder of Odonata with new taxa from the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands, western North America". Zootaxa 4934 (1): zootaxa.4934.1.1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4934.1.1. PMID 33756770.
105. ↑ Archibald, S. B.; Cannings, R. A. (2021). "A new genus and species of Euphaeidae (Odonata, Zygoptera) from the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands locality at Republic, Washington, U.S.A.". Zootaxa 4966 (3): 392–400. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4966.3.11. PMID 34186607.
106. ↑ Archibald, S. B.; Gu, J.-J.; Mathewes, R. W. (2022). "The Palaeorehniidae (Orthoptera, Ensifera, "Zeuneropterinae"), and new taxa from the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands, western North America". Zootaxa 5100 (4): 559–572. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5100.4.6. PMID 35391059.
107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 Archibald, SB; Bradler, S (2015). "Stem-group stick insects (Phasmatodea) in the early Eocene at McAbee, British Columbia, Canada, and Republic, Washington, United States of America". Canadian Entomologist 147 (6): 744. doi:10.4039/tce.2015.2.
108. ↑ Yang, H.; Shi, C.; Engel, M. S.; Zhao, Z.; Ren, D.; Gao, T. (2021). "Early specializations for mimicry and defense in a Jurassic stick insect.". National Science Review 8 (1): nwaa056. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa056. ISSN 2095-5138. PMID 34691548. PMC 8288419. https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/8/1/nwaa056/5815108.
109. ↑ Archibald, S. B.; Makarkin, V. N. (2021). "Early Eocene snakeflies (Raphidioptera) of western North America from the Okanagan Highlands and Green River Formation". Zootaxa 4951 (1): 41–79. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4951.1.2. PMID 33903413.
110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 Archibald, S.B.; Mathewes, R.W. (2000). "Early Eocene insects from Quilchena, British Columbia, and their paleoclimatic implications". Canadian Journal of Zoology 78 (8): 1441–1462. doi:10.1139/cjz-78-8-1441. http://ag.udel.edu/delpha/6620.pdf.
111. ↑ Wilson, M. V. (1996). "The Eocene fishes of Republic, Washington". Washington Geology 24 (2): 30–31.
112. ↑ Eastman, C.R. (1917). "Fossil fishes in the collection of the United States National Museum". Proceedings of the United States National Museum 52 (2177): 235–304. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.52-2177.235. http://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/14649/1/USNMP-52_2177_1917.pdf.
113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 113.2 113.3 Wilson, M. V. (1978). "Eohiodon woodruffi n. sp.(Teleostei, Hiodontidae), from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain Formation near Republic, Washington.". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 15 (5): 679–686. doi:10.1139/e78-075. Bibcode: 1978CaJES..15..679W.
114. ↑ Wilson, M.V. (1977). "Middle Eocene freshwater fishes from British Columbia". Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum 113: 1–66.
115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 115.2 Wilson, M.V.H. (1979). "A second species of Libotonius (Pisces: Percopsidae) from the Eocene of Washington State". Copeia 1979 (3): 400–405. doi:10.2307/1443214.
116. ↑ Wilson, M. V. (1996). "Fishes from Eocene lakes of the interior". in R. Ludvigsen. Life in stone: a natural history of British Columbia's fossils. Vancouver, BC: The University of British Columbia Press. pp. 212–224.
117. ↑ Liu, J. (2021). "Redescription of Amyzon'brevipinne and remarks on North American Eocene catostomids (Cypriniformes: Catostomidae)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 19 (9): 677–689. doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.1968966.
118. ↑ Wilson, M.V.H.; Li, Guo-Qing (1999). "Osteology and systematic position of the Eocene salmonid †Eosalmo driftwoodensis Wilson from western North America". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 99 (125): 279–311. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1999.tb00594.x. http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/eemb/labs/oakley/research/WilsonLi.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
119. ↑ Mayr, G.; Archibald, S.B.; Kaiser, G.W.; Mathewes, R.W. (2019). "Early Eocene (Ypresian) birds from the Okanagan Highlands, British Columbia (Canada) and Washington State (USA)". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56 (8): 803–813. doi:10.1139/cjes-2018-0267. Bibcode: 2019CaJES..56..803M.

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