Massif

Short description: The principal mass of a mountain

A massif in Ukraine.

A massif ( /mæˈsiːf/ or /ˈmæsɪf/) is a principal mountain mass,[1] for example, a compact portion of a mountain range, containing one or more summits (See for example, France's Massif Central.). In mountaineering literature, a massif is frequently used to denote the main mass of an individual mountain.

As a purely scientific term in geology, however, a "massif" is separately and more specifically defined as a section of a planet's crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. In the movement of the crust, a massif tends to retain its internal structure while being displaced as a whole. A massif is a smaller structural unit than a tectonic plate and is considered the fourth-largest driving force in geomorphology.[2]

The word "massif" originates from French (in which the word also means "massive"), where it is used to refer to a large mountain mass or compact group of connected mountains forming an independent portion of a range. The Face on Mars is an example of an extraterrestrial massif.[3] Massifs may also form underwater, as with the Atlantis Massif.[4]

## Contents

* 1 List
* 1.1 Africa
* 1.1.1 Algeria
* 1.2 Antarctica
* 1.3 Asia
* 1.3.1 India
* 1.3.2 Iran
* 1.3.3 Kazakhstan
* 1.4 Europe
* 1.4.1 France
* 1.4.2 Italy
* 1.4.3 United Kingdom
* 1.5 North America
* 1.5.1 Canada
* 1.5.2 United States
* 1.6 Oceania
* 1.7 Caribbean
* 1.8 South America
* 1.9 Submerged
* 2 References

## List

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

### Africa

* Adrar des Ifoghas – Mali
* Aïr Massif – Niger
* Ambohiby Massif – Madagascar
* Benna Massif – Guinea
* Bongo Massif – Central African Republic
* Ennedi Plateau – Chad
* Kilimanjaro Massif – Kenya–Tanzania
* Oban Massif – Nigeria
* Marojejy Massif – Madagascar
* Mulanje Massif – Malawi
* Virunga Massif – Uganda–Rwanda–DR Congo
* Waterberg Biosphere – South Africa

#### Algeria

* Collo Massif
* Edough Massif
* Khachna Massif

### Antarctica

* Borg Massif
* Craddock Massif
* Cumpston Massif
* Vinson Massif
* Otway Massif

### Asia

* Annapurna – Nepal
* Bromo-Tengger-Semeru – Indonesia
* Chu Pong Massif – Vietnam
* Dhaulagiri – Nepal
* Gasherbrum – China -Pakistan
* Kangchenjunga – Nepal–India
* Knuckles Massif – Sri Lanka
* Kondyor Massif – Russia
* Kugitangtau Ridge – Turkmenistan
* Kumgangsan – North Korea
* Logar ultrabasite massif – Afghanistan
* Mount Ararat – Turkey
* Mount Everest massif (including Lhotse) – Nepal–Tibet (China)
* Mount Kinabalu – Malaysia
* Mount Tomuraushi – Japan
* Nanga Parbat – Pakistan

#### India

* Bundelkhand
* Nun Kun
* Panchchuli
* Shillong

#### Iran

* Dena
* Hazaran
* Kheru-Naru (Chekel)
* Kholeno
* Mount Damavand
* Sabalan
* Takht-e Suleyman Massif
* Zard-Kuh

#### Kazakhstan

* Degelen
* Kokshetau Massif
* Mount Ku
* Myrzhyk
* Semizbughy

### Europe

Aerial view of Mont Blanc massif, an example of a massif and also the highest summit in the Alps.[5] Panorama of Pirin Mountain massif, Bulgaria Gran Sasso d'Italia massif seen from an airplane. Part of the Apennine Mountains, it is located in the Abruzzo region of Italy.

* Aarmassif – Switzerland
* Ardennes Massif – France–Belgium–Luxembourg
* Åreskutan – Sweden
* Arlberg – Austria
* Bohemian Massif – Czech Republic
* Ceahlău Massif – Romania
* Gotthard Massif – Switzerland
* Hesperian Massif – Iberian Peninsula
* Jungfrau Massif – Switzerland
* Mangerton Mountain – Ireland
* Montgris – Spain
* Montserrat – Spain
* Mont Blanc massif – Italy–France–Switzerland
* Rhenish Massif – Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and France
* Rila – Rhodope Massif – Bulgaria–Greece
* Troodos – Cyprus
* Untersberg – Germany–Austria
* Vitosha Massif – Bulgaria

#### France

* Alpilles
* Aravis Range
* Armorican Massif
* Bauges Massif
* Beaufortain Massif
* Belledonne massif
* Bornes Massif
* Calanques Massif
* Cerces Massif
* Chablais Massif
* Chartreuse Massif
* Dévoluy Massif
* Massif des Écrins
* Jura Mountains
* Lauzière massif
* Luberon
* Massif Central
* Massif de l'Esterel
* Mercantour
* Monte Cinto massif
* Taillefer Massif
* Queyras Massif
* Vanoise Massif
* Vercors Plateau
* Vosges Mountains

#### Italy

* Gran Sasso d'Italia
* Grappa Massif
* Massiccio del Matese
* Massiccio del Pollino
* Monte Ermada
* Sila Massif
* Speikboden (South Tyrol)

#### United Kingdom

* Ben Nevis massif
* Cornubian Massif
* Long Mynd
* Snowdon Massif
* Ben Klibreck
* Cairngorms massifs

### North America

#### Canada

* Laurentian Massif
* Le Massif de Charlevoix
* Mount Logan
* Mount Cayley
* Level Mountain
* Mount Edziza
* Mount Meager massif
* Mount Septimus

#### United States

* Adirondack Massif
* Denali
* Grandfather Mountain
* Mount Juneau
* Mount Katahdin
* Mount Le Conte
* Mount Shuksan
* Mount Timpanogos
* Shenandoah[6]
* French Broad[7]
* Teton Range

### Oceania

* Big Ben – Heard Island
* Ahipara Gumfields – New Zealand

### Caribbean

* Massif de la Hotte – Haiti
* Valle Nuevo Massif – Dominican Republic

### South America

* Brasilia Massif – Brazil , Argentina , Paraguay, Uruguay.
* Neblina Massif – Venezuela–Brazil
* Colombian Massif – Colombia
* North Patagonian Massif – Argentina
* Deseado Massif – Argentina

### Submerged

* Atlantis Massif – part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the North Atlantic Ocean
* Tamu Massif — the largest volcano on Earth

## References

1. ↑ "Definition of MASSIF". 21 June 2023. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/massif.
2. ↑ Allen, 2008, Time scales of tectonic landscapes and their sediment routing systems, Geol. Soc. Lon. Sp. Pub., v. 296, p. 7–28.
3. ↑ Britt, Robert Roy (2006-09-21). "Mars Face Makeover: Controversial Formation Observed from New Angles". Space.com. http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/060921_mars_images.html.
4. ↑ Blackman, Donna (2002). "Geology of the Atlantis Massif (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 30°N): Implications for the evolution of an ultramafic oceanic core complex". Marine Geophysical Researches 23 (5): 443–469. doi:10.1023/b:mari.0000018232.14085.75. Bibcode: 2002MarGR..23..443B.
5. ↑ "The Sydney Morning Herald, November 6, 2009". 2009-11-06. http://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html.
6. ↑ Tollo, Richard (June 16, 2023). "Mesoproterozoic Geology of the Blue Ridge Province in North-Central Virginia: Petrologic and Structural Perspectives on Grenvillian Orogenesis and Paleozoic Tectonic Processes". https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/1264/html/trip2/.
7. ↑ Tollo, Richard (June 16, 2023). "Mesoproterozoic Geology of the Blue Ridge Province in North-Central Virginia: Petrologic and Structural Perspectives on Grenvillian Orogenesis and Paleozoic Tectonic Processes". https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/1264/html/trip2/.

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