Mount Marapi

Short description: Active volcano in West Sumatra, Indonesia

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Marapi

Marapi in 2017

Highest point
Elevation| 2,891 m (9,485 ft) [1]
Prominence| 2,116 m (6,942 ft)
Listing| Ultra
Ribu
Coordinates|  [ ⚑ ] : 00°22′48″S 100°28′27″E﻿ / ﻿0.38°S 100.47417°E﻿ / -0.38; 100.47417 [1]
Geography

Marapi

West Sumatra, Indonesia

Parent range| Barisan Mountains
Geology
Mountain type| Complex volcano
Volcanic arc| Sunda Arc
Last eruption| 04 January 2025
Mount Marapi and Bukittinggi

The Marapi (Jawi: ماراڤي), or Mount Marapi (Indonesian: Gunung Marapi, Minangkabau: Gunuang Marapi, Jawi: ڬونوواڠ ماراڤي), is a complex volcano in West Sumatra, Indonesia, and is the most active volcano in Sumatra. Like that of its quasi-homonym on Java, its name means "Mountain of Fire". Its elevation is 2,885 metres (9,465.2 ft). Several cities and towns are situated around the mountain including Bukittinggi, Padang Panjang, and Batusangkar. The volcano is also popular among hikers.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Mythology
* 2 Eruptions
* 2.1 2023 eruption
* 2.2 2025 eruption
* 3 Lahar flows
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Mythology

According to legend, the mountain is the site first settled by the Minangkabau people after their ship landed on the mountain when it was the size of an egg and surrounded by water.[3] There are large numbers of upright burial stones in the region which are oriented in the direction of the mountain, indicating its cultural significance.[4][5]

## Eruptions

The volcano has a known history of eruptions. Marapi underwent a significant eruption in September 1830. In January 1975 an eruption occurred with mudflows and lahars that caused fatalities in the surrounding area. A significant eruption occurred in 1979,[6] which killed 60 people.[7] At least one person was killed during an eruption in 1996.[8] In April–May 2018 ashfalls to the southeast occurred.[9]

Since 2011, the volcano has been at the second level of a four-tier alert system set up by the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia.[10] Predicting the volcano's behavior is described as difficult as the source of its sudden eruptions are shallow and near its peak, while its eruptions are not caused by a deep movement of magma that can be detected as volcanic earthquakes on seismic monitors. Nevertheless, there are about 1,400 people living on its slopes in the villages of Rubai and Gobah Cumantiang, about 5 to 6 kilometers from the summit.[11]

### 2023 eruption

On 3 December 2023, the volcano erupted, leaving 23 climbers dead.[12] Three people were injured and rescued.[13] The ash reached to a height of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) and fell in nearby regions. A three-kilometre (1.9-mile) exclusion zone was announced.[14][15] The Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation stated that the eruption occurred suddenly. At the time, there had been no recorded increase in seismic activity since the beginning of 2023.[16]

On 22 December, the volcano erupted again, emitting volcanic ash that forced the cancellation of flights at Minangkabau International Airport.[17]

As of January 2024, at least 113 eruptions have occurred on Marapi since its initial activity in December,[18] with the latest eruption occurring on 23 January.[19] Ash has risen at least 1300 meters into the air and residents within a radius of 4.5 kilometers have been urged to evacuate their homes.[20]

At 12:13 a.m. local time on 27 March, Marapi erupted again, emitting a volcanic ash column with a height of 1.5 kilometers.[21] Flights at Minangkabau International Airport were cancelled again due to the eruption.[22]

### 2025 eruption

At 9:43 a.m. local time on 04 January, Marapi erupted, emitting a volcanic ash column with a height of 1 kilometers.[23]

Throughout July 2025, Mount Marapi has experienced seven eruptions and eleven ash emissions. Eruptions occurred on July 6 (once), July 11 (twice), July 14 (twice), July 15 (once), and July 16 (once). Of the seven eruptions, only the one on Wednesday, July 16, 2025, at 10:42 AM local time had its eruption height observed, reaching an ash column approximately 1.2 kilometers above the summit. The other eruptions were not visible due to being obscured by fog.[16]

## Lahar flows

On 11 May 2024, heavy rain triggered mudslides and lahar flows from the volcano, killing at least 67 people and leaving 20 others missing.[24]

## See also

* List of ultras of the Malay Archipelago
* List of volcanoes in Indonesia

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Marapi". Smithsonian Institution. https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=261140.
2. ↑ "Mount Marapi: Indonesia volcano death toll rises to 22" (in en-GB). 2023-12-05. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67621787.
3. ↑ Summerfield, Anne; Summerfield, John (1999). Walk in Splendor: Ceremonial Dress and the Minangkabau. UCLA. ISBN 0-930741-73-0.
4. ↑ Miksic, John (2004). "From megaliths to tombstones: the transition from pre-history to early Islamic period in highland West Sumatra.". Indonesia and the Malay World 32 (93): 191–210. doi:10.1080/1363981042000320134.
5. ↑ Marapi, Mangaraja Gunung Sorik; Mangaraja Gunung Sorik Marapi; Proyek Penerbitan Buku Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah (1979), Turi-turian ni Raja Gorga di Langit dohot Raja Suasa di Portibi, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Proyek Penerbitan Buku Bacaan dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah, https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/27005633, retrieved 4 December 2023
6. ↑ Pusat Meteorologi dan Geofisika (1979), Laporan bencana alam Gunung Marapi, Sumatera Barat, tanggal 30 April 1979, [s.n.], https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/10060521, retrieved 4 December 2023
7. ↑ "Death toll rises to 13 after Mount Marapi eruption, climbers still missing". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/5/death-toll-rises-to-13-after-mount-marapi-eruption-climbers-still-missing.
8. ↑ "Marapi eruption: Hikers recount escape from 'Mountain of Fire'" (in en-GB). BBC. 9 December 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67656848.
9. ↑ Global Volcanism Program, 2018. Report on Marapi (Indonesia) (Venzke, E., ed.). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 43:6. Smithsonian Institution. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201806-261140
10. ↑ "Indonesian rescuers race to find 12 missing after eruption" (in en). France 24. 5 December 2023. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231205-indonesian-rescuers-race-to-find-12-missing-after-eruption.
11. ↑ "More bodies found after sudden eruption of Indonesia's Mount Marapi, raising confirmed toll to 22" (in en). Associated Press. 5 December 2023. https://apnews.com/article/mount-marapi-eruption-climbers-fe1ec3fff730eb19a4940e55e85300cb.
12. ↑ Wirawan, Jerome; Wright, George (6 December 2023). "Mount Marapi: Indonesia rescuers find last missing hiker on volcano" (in en-GB). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67634503.
13. ↑ "Mount Marapi eruption: 11 hikers found dead on Indonesian volcano" (in en-GB). The Guardian. 4 December 2023. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/04/mount-marapi-eruption-indonesia-hikers-found-dead.
14. ↑ "Indonesia's Marapi volcano erupts, spewing ash" (in en). 3 December 2023. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesias-marapi-volcano-erupts-spewing-ash-2023-12-03/.
15. ↑ "Climbers killed survivors found Marapi Indonesia volcano erupt" (in en). ABC Australia. 4 December 2023. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-12-04.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 JOL (17 Juli 2025) "Marapi Erupsi Lagi" Kompas. hal 11
17. ↑ Nurjana, Rahma (22 December 2023). "Ash from Indonesia's Marapi volcano forces airport to close and stops flights". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-marapi-volcano-eruption-airport-1367ed215ea7190c1a85e14161b7ed0a.
18. ↑ "Mount Marapi erupts again, releasing roaring sounds". Antara. 7 January 2024. https://en.antaranews.com/news/302547/mount-marapi-erupts-again-releasing-roaring-sounds.
19. ↑ "Gunung Marapi Kembali Mengalami Peningkatan Erupsi". JPNN Sumbar. 23 January 2024. https://sumbar.jpnn.com/sumbar-terkini/3769/gunung-marapi-kembali-mengalami-peningkatan-erupsi.
20. ↑ "Indonesia's Mount Marapi erupts again, leading to evacuations but no reported casualties" (in en). https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/indonesias-mount-marapi-erupts-leading-evacuations-reported-casualties-106358667.
21. ↑ "Mount Marapi Erupts at Midnight, Spewing Ash 1.5km High". Tempo. 27 March 2024. https://en.tempo.co/read/1850011/mount-marapi-erupts-at-midnight-spewing-ash-1-5km-high.
22. ↑ "Minangkabau Airport Suspends Operations as Mount Marapi Erupts". Tempo. 28 March 2024. https://en.tempo.co/read/1850555/minangkabau-airport-suspends-operations-as-mount-marapi-erupts.
23. ↑ "Gunung Marapi Erupsi, Tinggi Kolom Abu Capai 1 KM, Warga Mengira Cuma Suara Ban Truk yang Meletus" (in id-ID). https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2025/01/04/gunung-marapi-erupsi-tinggi-kolom-abu-capai-1-km-warga-mengira-cuma-suara-ban-truk-yang-meletus.
24. ↑ "Indonesia seeds clouds to block rainfall after floods killed at least 67 people while 20 are missing". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-mount-marapi-flash-floods-cloud-seeding-f19bf53a1192ef9757c60e18619b0a8c. Retrieved 16 May 2024.

## External links

* Indonesian Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation entry

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