Mud

Mud (from gml mudde, mod(de) 'thick mud', or Middle Dutch)[1] is loam, silt or clay mixed with water. Mud is usually formed after rainfall or near water sources. Ancient mud deposits hardened over geological time to form sedimentary rock such as shale or mudstone (generally called lutites). When geological deposits of mud are formed in estuaries, the resultant layers are termed bay muds. Mud has also been used for centuries as a construction resource for mostly houses and also used as a binder. An Old English word for it was fen, now in most dialects referring to a type of wetland.

## Contents

* 1 Building and construction
* 1.1 Adhesive
* 1.2 Material
* 1.2.1 Mudbrick
* 1.2.2 Fired brick
* 1.2.3 Stabilized mud
* 2 Pottery
* 3 Habitat
* 3.1 Land
* 3.2 Marine life
* 4 Problems
* 5 As food
* 5.1 Foods named "mud"
* 6 Recreation
* 6.1 Mud bath
* 6.2 Mud wallow
* 6.3 Mud sports
* 6.4 Other uses
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links

## Building and construction

Mud plastered home in Pakistan The Arg-e Bam citadel in Iran, the largest adobe building in the world

### Adhesive

In the construction industry, mud is a semi-fluid material that can be used to coat, seal, or adhere materials.[2] The term "mud" can be used for various semi-fluid materials used in construction including slurry, mortar, plaster, stucco, and concrete.[2]

### Material

Mud, cob, adobe, clay, and many other names are historically used synonymously to mean a mixture of subsoil and water possibly with the addition of stones, gravel, straw, lime, and/or bitumen.[3] This material was used in a variety of ways to build walls, floors and even roofs.[4] For thousands of years it was common in most parts of the world to build walls using mudbricks or the wattle and daub, rammed earth or cob techniques and cover the surfaces with earthen plaster.[5]

#### Mudbrick

Main article: Engineering:Mudbrick

Mud house in 'Amran, Yemen

Mud can be made into mud bricks, also called adobe, by mixing mud with water, placing the mixture into moulds and then allowing it to dry in open air.[6] Straw is sometimes used as a binder within the bricks, as it makes them a composite. When the brick would otherwise break, the straw will redistribute the force throughout the brick, decreasing the chance of breakage.[7] Such buildings must be protected from groundwater, usually by building upon a masonry, fired brick, rock or rubble foundation, and also from wind-driven rain in damp climates, usually by deep roof overhangs. In extremely dry climates a well-drained flat roof may be protected with a well-prepared (puddled) and properly maintained dried mud coating, viable as the mud will expand when moistened and so become more water-resistant.[8] Adobe mudbricks were commonly used by the Pueblo Indians to build their homes and other necessary structures. In some countries there are entire cities made of mud brick houses. Cow dung and biomass are added to regulate indoor climate.[9]

#### Fired brick

Mud that is mostly clay, or a mixture of clay and sand may be used for ceramics, of which one form is the common fired brick.[10] Fired brick are more durable but consume much more energy to produce.[11]

#### Stabilized mud

Stabilized mud (earth, soil) is mud which has had a binder such as cement or bitumen added.[11] Examples are mudcrete, landcrete, and soil cement.[12]

## Pottery

Pottery is made by forming a clay body into objects of a required shape and heating them to high temperatures in a kiln which removes all the water from the clay, which induces reactions that lead to permanent changes including increasing their strength and hardening and setting their shape. A clay body can be decorated before or after firing. Prior to some shaping processes, clay must be prepared. Kneading helps to ensure an even moisture content throughout the body. Air trapped within the clay body needs to be removed. This is called de-airing and can be accomplished by a machine called a vacuum pug or manually by wedging. Wedging can also help produce an even moisture content. Once a clay body has been kneaded and de-aired or wedged, it is shaped by a variety of techniques. After shaping, it is dried and then fired.

In ceramics, the making of liquid mud (called slip) is a stage in the process of refinement of the materials, since larger particles will settle from the liquid.

## Habitat

Mud provides habitat for diverse species on land and in the sea.[13] Terrestrial mud environments, often found in riparian zones and wetlands, are essential for burrowing organisms, providing crucial shelter and moisture for many insects, worms, and amphibians during dry periods.[14] In marine and estuarine environments, the soft, fine-grained sediment of mudflats and benthic zones creates a unique, nutrient-rich habitat that supports dense communities of invertebrates, including various species of polychaete worms, bivalves (like clams), and crustaceans.[15] These infaunal species burrow deeply into the mud, which buffers them from extreme changes in temperature and salinity, and in turn, they serve as a critical food source for migratory shorebirds and bottom-feeding fish.[16]

### Land

Mud can provide a home for numerous types of animals, including varieties of worms, frogs, snails, clams, and crayfish. Other animals, such as hippopotamuses, pigs, rhinoceroses, water buffalo and elephants, bathe in mud in order to cool off and protect themselves from the sun. Submerged mud can be home to larvae of various insects.

### Marine life

Mud plays an important role in the marine ecosystem. The activities of burrowing animals and fish have a dramatic churning effect on muddy seabeds. This allows the exchange and cycling of oxygen, nutrients, and minerals between water and sediment.[17]

Below the surface, the burrows of some species form intricate lattice-like networks and may penetrate a meter or more downwards. This means that the burrowed mud is a productive habitat, providing food and shelter for many mud-dwellers and other animals that forage in and over the mud.[17]

## Problems

Mud can pose problems for motor traffic when moisture is present, because every vehicle function that changes direction or speed relies on friction between the tires and the road surface, so a layer of mud on the surface of the road or tires can cause the vehicle to hydroplane. People and cars can also become stuck in mud, as in quicksand.

Heavy rainfall, snowmelt, or high levels of groundwater may trigger a movement of soil or sediments, possibly causing mudslides, landslides, avalanches, or sinkholes. Mudslides in volcanic terrain (called lahars) occur after eruptions as rain remobilizes loose ash deposits.[18] Mudslides are also common in the western United States during El Niño years due to prolonged rainfall.

* A landslide on a railroad

* Vehicle in mud after heavy rainfall (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

* Mud was a decisive factor in the infamous Battle of Passchendaele in 1917.

## As food

Geophagia is the practice of eating earth or soil-like substances, also known as geophagy, and is practiced by some non-human primates and by humans in some cultures. In other human cultures, it is considered an eating disorder and classed as pica.[19][20]

### Foods named "mud"

Mississippi mud pie is a chocolate based dessert pie.[21] Mud cookies (baked from literal dirt mixed with oil, water, etc.) are also eaten in the poorest parts of Haiti. Children's recipes for "mud" also exist, which is generally a chocolate or cornstarch-based sludge used more for visual appeal than actual taste. However, it does not contain real mud.[22] "Mud" is also a colloquial slang word for coffee, especially when thick, strong, and/or dark.[23]

## Recreation

A buffalo wallowing File:Silek Lanyah 2020 - Two men performing martial art in a stream.jpgPeople doing martial arts in the mud File:White rhinoceros or square-lipped rhinoceros, Ceratotherium simum. (17349074222).jpgA rhinoceros wallowing

### Mud bath

Template:Unref section

Main article: Chemistry:Mud bath

A mud bath is a bath of mud, commonly from areas where hot spring water can combine with volcanic ash.[24] Mud baths have existed for thousands of years, and can be found now in high-end spas.

### Mud wallow

Template:Unref section Mud wallows are a common source of entertainment for children. Mud wallows can be any shape, size, depth and some can have water as well as mud. Usually, wallows are shallow dips in the ground that have been flooded and were full of dirt and those two have mixed to make a squishy mud wallow.

### Mud sports

Mud sports are sports that take place in, or heavily incorporate, mud.[25][26][27] Examples include:

* Mud bogging, an off-road motorsport popular in Canada and the United States in which the goal is to drive a vehicle through a pit of mud or a track of a set length.
* Mud runs, where contestants run and crawl through mud bogs and other obstacles.
* Dirt biking, biking through muddy tracks and courses.
* Mud wrestling, a form of wrestling that takes place in mud.

### Other uses

Template:Unref section

* Mud can be used in a dunk tank.
* Baseball rubbing mud is used to remove the sheen from new baseballs.
* Children often like to make mud pies, throw mud at each other and play barefoot and cover their bare feet in mud and squish it between their toes.
* Mud can be smeared across the skin as a repellent from mosquitoes.
* Many animals cover themselves in mud (wallowing) to cool off.

## See also

* Sludge
* Drilling mud
* Muck (soil)
* Mudcrack
* Mudcrete
* Mud flap
* Mud volcano
* Peloid
* Mudflat

## References

1. ↑ "mud | Etymology of mud by etymonline" (in en). https://www.etymonline.com/word/mud#etymonline_v_19211.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mahajan, Bhushan (2020-06-01). "15 Types Of Building Materials Used In Construction" (in en-GB). https://civiconcepts.com/blog/types-of-building-materials.
3. ↑ Minke, G. (2006). Building with Earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture (2nd ed.). Birkhäuser. pp. 10–13
4. ↑ Wang, S., Wang, H., & Wang, J. (2024). Properties of Sustainable Earth Construction Materials: A State-of-the-Art Review. Sustainability, 16(2), 670. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/2/670
5. ↑ Houben, H., & Guillaud, H. (1994). Earth Construction: A Comprehensive Guide. Intermediate Technology Publications. pp. 1–3
6. ↑ admin_666 (29 July 2013). "Mud brick". yourhome.gov.au. http://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/mud-brick.
7. ↑ Smith, Michael G. The Cobber’s Companion: How to Build Your Own Earthen Home. Cottage Grove: Cob Cottage, 1998. Print.
8. ↑ "Preservation Brief 5: Preservation of Historic Adobe Buildings". nps.gov. http://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/5-adobe-buildings.htm.
9. ↑ Bricks made out of mud and cow-dung to regulate indoor climate
10. ↑ Riaz, M., Tahir, M., Javed, M., Khurshid, H., & Khan, Z. (2021). Manufacturing of Clayey Bricks by Synergistic Use of Waste Brick and Ceramic Powders as Partial Replacement of Clay. Sustainability, 13(18), 10214. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/18/10214
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Moreno-Maroto, J. M., Alonso-Fariñas, B., & Alonso-Santurde, R. (2023). Unfired Bricks from Wastes: A Review of Stabiliser Technologies, Performance Metrics, and Circular Economy Pathways. Sustainability, 15(11), 1861. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/11/1861.
12. ↑ UNIDO. (n.d.). Mud Stabilized Blocks: Production and Use - Technical Manual. United Nations Industrial Development Organization. p. 4. https://downloads.unido.org/ot/48/56/4856020/ALIMDJANOV_TII_BCI_KYR_2016_140116_ENG.pdf
13. ↑ "Mud | The Wildlife Trusts" (in en). https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/habitats/marine/mud.
14. ↑ Kadlec, R. H., & Wallace, S. D. (2009). Treatment Wetlands (3rd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 31–32
15. ↑ Alongi, D. M. (2009). The Energetics of World Oceans: Benthic Ecosystems. In D. M. Alongi, The Energetics of World Oceans. Springer. pp. 33–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73895-7_2
16. ↑ McLusky, D. S., & Elliott, M. (2004). The Estuarine Ecosystem: Ecology, Threats and Management (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 101–103
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 A summary of the ‘Burrowed Mud’ MPA search feature. (n.d.). Retrieved January 13, 2015, from [1] &cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us
18. ↑ "Mud on the Move." Earth: The Definitive Visual Guide. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2013. 98. Print.
19. ↑ Ziegler, J. (1997). "Geophagia: a vestige of paleonutrition?". Tropical Medicine and International Health 2 (7): 609–611. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-359.x. PMID 9270727. Bibcode: 1997TMIH....2..609Z.
20. ↑ Fack, Vinciane; Shanee, Sam; Vercauteren Drubbel, Régine; Vercauteren, Martine; Meunier, Hélène (May 2020). "Geophagy in the yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda) at La Esperanza, Peru: site characterization and soil composition". Primates 61 (3): 507–518. doi:10.1007/s10329-020-00802-9. PMID 32095910.
21. ↑ "Mississippi mud pie" (in en). https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/mississippi-mud-pie.
22. ↑ "Magic mud food recipe – Magic mud ingredients & cooking". Cookadvice.com. 2 September 2012. http://www.cookadvice.com/recipes/magic_mud-36597-recipe.htm.
23. ↑ Team, Namesflare (2024-06-14). "Slang Names For Coffee" (in en-US). https://namesflare.com/slang-names-for-coffee/.
24. ↑ "A Volcanic Mud Bath in Colombia" (in en). 2010-03-08. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/colombia-1.
25. ↑ DeNizio, Jamie E.; Hewitt, David A. (2019-08-14). "Infection from Outdoor Sporting Events—More Risk than We Think?". Sports Medicine - Open (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 5 (1): 37. doi:10.1186/s40798-019-0208-x. ISSN 2199-1170. PMID 31414195.
26. ↑ Mai, Ann (2013-10-02). "Dirty never felt so good: Six reasons to play in the mud". https://www.theshorthorn.com/life_and_entertainment/dirty-never-felt-so-good-six-reasons-to-play-in-the-mud/article_e0c8bd2a-27e4-11e3-b948-001a4bcf6878.html.
27. ↑ "Details released for Rotorua's inaugural Mudtopia festival". 2017-03-27. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/rotorua-daily-post/news/rotoruas-mudtopia-mud-and-music-festival-details-revealed/ZEOFIAROTKTFAYY7UQVHGUJLTA/.

## Further reading

* P.J. Depetris; P.E. Potter; J.B. Maynard (2005). Mud and mudstones introduction and overview (1 ed.). Berlin [u.a.]: Springer. ISBN 3-540-27082-5.
* Wood, C.E. (2006). Mud a military history (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. ISBN 9781612343310.
* Carbonate Mud-Mounds Their Origin and Evolution.. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 1995. ISBN 1-4443-0412-7.
* Okonkwo, Festus (2009). Introductory Mud Engineering Handbook. Booksurge Publishing. ISBN 9781439227275.
* Rael, Ronald (2009). Earth architecture (1st ed.). New York, N.Y.: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 978-1-56898-767-5. https://archive.org/details/eartharchitectur0000rael.

## External links

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Soil classification

USDA soil taxonomy|

* Alfisols
* Andisols
* Aridisols
* Entisols
* Gelisols
* Histosols
* Inceptisols
* Mollisols
* Oxisols
* Spodosols
* Ultisols
* Vertisols

World Reference Base
for Soil Resources (1998–)|

* Acrisols
* Alisols
* Andosols
* Anthrosols
* Arenosols
* Calcisols
* Cambisols
* Chernozem
* Cryosols
* Durisols
* Ferralsols
* Fluvisols
* Gleysols
* Gypsisols
* Histosol
* Kastanozems
* Leptosols
* Lixisols
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* Phaeozems
* Planosols
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* Stagnosol
* Technosols
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* Vertisols

Other systems|

* FAO soil classification (1974–98)
* Unified Soil Classification System
* AASHTO Soil Classification System
* Référentiel pédologique (French classification system)
* Canadian system of soil classification
* Australian Soil Classification
* Polish Soil Classification
* 1938 USDA soil taxonomy
* List of U.S. state soils
* List of vineyard soil types

Non-systematic soil types|

* Sand
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* Clay
* Loam
* Topsoil
* Subsoil
* Soil crust
* Claypan
* Hardpan
* Gypcrust
* Caliche
* Parent material
* Pedosphere
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* Bulk soil
* Alkali soil
* Bay mud
* Blue goo
* Brickearth
* Brown earth
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* Dark earth
* Dry quicksand
* Eluvium
* Expansive clay
* Fill dirt
* Fuller's earth
* Hydrophobic soil
* Loess
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* Mud
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* Prime farmland
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* Terra preta
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* Tropical peat
* Yedoma

Types of soil

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