NISAR (satellite)

NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR)

Artist's concept of the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite in orbit.

Mission type| Radar imaging
Operator| NASA / ISRO
Website| nisar.jpl.nasa.gov
www.sac.gov.in/nisar/
Mission duration| 3 years[1][2]
Spacecraft properties
Bus| I-3K[3]
Manufacturer| ISRO
Launch mass| 2,800 kg (6,200 lb)[4]
Power| 6,500 W
Start of mission
Launch date| September 2022[5]
Rocket| GSLV Mk. II
(4 meter fairing)[3]
Launch site| Satish Dhawan Space Center
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Geocentric[1]
Regime| Low-Earth, Sun-synchronous[6]
Altitude| 747 kilometers (464 mi)
Inclination| 98.5° [6]
Transponders
Band| Ka band
L band

The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission is a joint project between NASA and ISRO to co-develop and launch a dual-frequency synthetic aperture radar on an Earth observation satellite. The satellite will be the first radar imaging satellite to use dual frequencies. It will be used for remote sensing, to observe and understand natural processes on Earth. For example, its right-facing instruments will study the Antarctic cryosphere.[7]

With a total cost estimated at US$1.5 billion, NISAR is likely to be the world's most expensive Earth-imaging satellite.[8]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Payload
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Overview

The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar, or NISAR satellite, will use advanced radar imaging to map the elevation of Earth's land and ice masses 4 to 6 times a month at resolutions of 5 to 10 meters.[9] It is designed to observe and measure some of the planet's most complex natural processes, including ecosystem disturbances, ice-sheet collapse, and natural hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and landslides.[10]

Under the terms of the agreement, NASA will provide the mission's L band synthetic aperture radar (SAR), a high-rate telecommunication subsystem for scientific data, GPS receivers, a solid-state recorder, and a payload data subsystem. ISRO will provide the satellite bus, an S band synthetic aperture radar, the launch vehicle, and associated launch services.[11]

All data from NISAR would be freely available 1 to 2 days after observation and within hours in case of emergencies like natural disasters.[9] Data collected from NISAR will reveal information about the evolution and state of Earth's crust, help scientists better understand our planet's natural processes and changing climate, and aid future resource and hazard management. The mission is a partnership between NASA and ISRO.[12]

The satellite will be three-axis stabilized. It will use a 12 m (39 ft) deployable mesh antenna and will operate on both the L and S microwave bands.[12] The aperture mesh reflector (antenna) will be supplied by Astro Aerospace, a Northrop Grumman company.[13]

The satellite will be launched from India aboard a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.[14][15][16] The orbit will be a Sun-synchronous, dawn-to-dusk type. The planned mission life is three years.[1] The project has passed the first stage of the design validation phase and has been reviewed and approved by NASA.[17]

ISRO's share of the project cost is about ₹788 crore (US$110 million), and NASA's share is about US$808 million.[15][16]

## Payload

* L band (1.25 GHz; 24 cm wavelength[3]) polarimetric SAR, to be produced by NASA.
* S band (3.20 GHz; 9.3 cm wavelength[3]) polarimetric SAR, to be produced by ISRO.[17]

## See also

* Earth observation satellite
* Indian Remote Sensing
* List of Indian satellites
* Seasat

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Satellite Programme: NASA ISRO-Synthetic Aperture Radar". World Meteorological Organization. http://www.wmo-sat.info/oscar/satelliteprogrammes/view/249. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
2. ↑ "Optimization of Debris Shields on the NISAR Mission's L-Band Radar Instrument". ESA Space Debris Office. https://conference.sdo.esoc.esa.int/proceedings/sdc7/paper/46/SDC7-paper46.pdf. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Overview of NISAR Mission and Airborne L & S SAR". Space Applications Centre, ISRO. https://vedas.sac.gov.in/vedas/downloads/ertd/SAR/L_1.pdf. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
4. ↑ Neeck, Steven. "The NASA Earth Science Program and Small Satellites". https://www.dlr.de/iaa.symp/Portaldata/49/Resources/dokumente/archiv10/pdf/IAA-10-0101_kl.pdf. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
5. ↑ Chaitanya, SV Krishna (4 August 2019). "Delighted that Chandrayaan-2 will explore moon's south pole: NASA chief scientist". The New Indian Express. http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/aug/04/delighted-that-chandrayaan-2-will-explore-moons-south-pole-nasa-chief-scientist-2013823.html. Retrieved 11 September 2019. "The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission is proceeding well. The NASA and ISRO teams are working closely together toward launch in 2022."
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "NISAR Mission". http://www.sac.gov.in/nisar/NisarMission.html.
7. ↑ Witze, Alexandra (2019-02-04). "Arctic scientists iced out by US–India radar mission" (in EN). Nature 566 (7742): 18. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00278-8. PMID 30723349. Bibcode: 2019Natur.566...18W.
8. ↑ "NASA, ISRO jointly working on project NISAR". NASA/JPL (Press release). SAR Journal. 26 May 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Landslide Hazards to Infrastructure". 2017. https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/files/nisar/NISAR_Applications_Landslides.pdf.
10. ↑ "NASA-ISRO SAR Mission (NISAR)". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. http://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov/. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
11. ↑ "U.S., India to Collaborate on Mars Exploration, Earth-Observing Mission". NASA. 30 September 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/us-india-to-collaborate-on-mars-exploration-earth-observing-mission/. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperature Radar". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/nasa-isro-synthetic-aperture-radar-nisar/. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
13. ↑ White, AnnaMaria (30 October 2015). "NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Selects Northrop Grumman's Astro Aerospace for NISAR Reflector" (Press release). Northrop Grumman Corporation. GlobeNewswire. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
14. ↑ Thakur, Vijainder K. (28 August 2015). "NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar Radar Satellite (NI-SAR)". Indian Space Projects. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151208074041/http://isp.justthe80.com/space-applications/cartography-mapping-surveillance-satellites/nasa-isro-radar-satellite. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Rajya Sabha Q. No.2223, Session:243 "JOINT PROJECT BETWEEN NASA AND ISRO"". Department of Space. 3 August 2017. http://164.100.158.235/question/annex/243/Au2223.pdf.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Joint Project between NASA and ISRO". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 3 August 2017. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=169570.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Isro's instrument design passes Nasa review". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Home/Science/Isros-instrument-design-passes-Nasa-review/articleshow/39369930.cms. Retrieved 2 July 2014.

* v
* t
* e

Indian space program

* Department of Space (DoS)

Organisations|

* Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
* Antrix Corporation
* Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)
* Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)
* Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS)
* National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)
* New Space India Limited
* Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)
* Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU)
* Integrated Space Cell
* Defence Space Agency

Programmes|

* Bhaskara
* GAGAN
* GSAT
* INSAT
* IRNSS
* IRS
* Cartosat
* RISAT
* Rohini
* SROSS
* Chandrayaan
* Human Spaceflight Programme

Satellites|

* APPLE
* Aryabhata
* HAMSAT
* IMS-1
* Megha-Tropiques
* NISAR
* SARAL
* South Asia Satellite
* SRE
* SRE II
* Kalpana-1
* CARE

Space observatories|

* Astrosat
* Aditya-L1 (planned)
* AstroSat-2 (planned)

Lunar and
planetary spacecraft|

* Chandrayaan-1
* Chandrayaan-2
* Chandrayaan-3 (planned, 2021)
* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (proposed)
* Mars Orbiter Mission
* Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (proposed)
* Shukrayaan-1 (proposed)

Crewed spacecraft|

* Gaganyaan (Under development)

Rockets|

* Engines
* CE-7.5
* CE-20
* Vikas
* Orbital
* SLV
* ASLV
* PSLV
* GSLV
* Mk I
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* Suborbital
* Rohini
* ATV
* Concepts
* ULV
* Under development
* RLV Technology Demonstration Programme
* RLV-TD
* HEX
* SSLV
* SCE-200

Facilities|

* Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN)
* ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC)
* ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC)
* Master Control Facility (MCF)
* Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC)
* Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS)
* ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment (ISITE)
* Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC)
* Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC)
* ISRO Propulsion Complex
* Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC)

Related|

* SAGA-220 (supercomputer)
* RESPOND

* List of Indian satellites
* List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches
* List of ISRO missions

* v
* t
* e

Indian spacecraft

* List of Indian satellites
* List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches
* List of ISRO missions

Satellites|

| Communication|

* GSAT
* 1
* 2
* 3 (EDUSAT)
* 4
* 5P
* 6
* 6A
* 7
* 7A
* 8
* 9 (South Asia Satellite)
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 29
* 31
* HAMSAT
* INSAT
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 2A
* 2B
* 2C
* 2D
* 2DT
* 2E
* 3A
* 3B
* 3C
* 3D
* 3DR
* 3DS
* 3E
* 4A
* 4B
* 4C
* 4CR
* 4E
* 4F
* 4G
* Planned: GSAT
* 20
* 22
* 23
* 24

|

Earth observation|

* Bhaskara
* I
* II
* Cartosat
* 1
* 2
* 2A
* 2B
* 2C
* 2D
* 2E
* 2F
* 3
* EMISAT
* HySIS
* IMS-1
* IRS
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 1E
* P1
* P2
* P3
* Megha-Tropiques
* Microsat
* Microsat-R
* Oceansat
* 1
* 2
* Resourcesat
* 1
* 2
* RISAT
* 1
* 2
* 2B
* 2BR1
* Rohini
* RS-D1
* RS-D2
* SARAL
* SCATSAT-1
* Technology Experiment Satellite (TESS)
* Planned: NISAR
* GISAT
* Oceansat-3
* Resourcesat-3
* RISAT-1A

Experimental|

* APPLE
* Aryabhata
* Rohini
* RS-1
* Rohini Technology Payload (RTP)

Navigation|

* IRNSS
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 1E
* 1F
* 1G
* 1I

Student satellites|

* ANUSAT
* Jugnu
* SRMSAT
* StudSat
* StudSat-2
* YouthSat
* Pratham

Space probes|

| Scientific|

* SROSS
* A
* B
* C
* C2

|

Astronomical|

* Astrosat
* Aditya-L1 (planned)
* XPoSat (planned)
* AstroSat-2 (planned)

Lunar programme|

* Chandrayaan-1
* Moon Impact Probe
* Chandrayaan-2
* Vikram
* Pragyan
* Chandrayaan-3 (planned)

Interplanetary|

* Mars Orbiter Mission
* Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (planned)
* Shukrayaan-1 (planned)

Human spaceflight|

* Indian human spaceflight programme
* SRE-1
* SRE-II
* SRE-III
* Gaganyaan
* CARE

* Future spacecraft in italics.

* v
* t
* e

NASA

Policy and history|

| History|

* NACA (1915)
* National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958)
* Space Task Group (1958)
* Paine (1986)
* Rogers (1986)
* Ride (1987)
* Space Exploration Initiative (1989)
* Augustine (1990)
* U.S. National Space Policy (1996)
* CFUSAI (2002)
* CAIB (2003)
* Vision for Space Exploration (2004)
* Aldridge (2004)
* Augustine (2009)

|

General|

* Space Race
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* Chief Scientist
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* Chief
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* Launch Control Center
* Operations and Checkout Building
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* Mission Control
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Robotic programs|

| Past|

* Hitchhiker
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* Mariner Mark II
* MESUR
* Mars Surveyor '98
* New Millennium
* Lunar Orbiter
* Pioneer
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* Project Prometheus
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|

Current|

* Living With a Star
* Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
* Earth Observing System
* Great Observatories program
* Explorer
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* Voyager
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* Commercial Lunar Payload Services

Human spaceflight
programs|

| Past|

* X-15 (suborbital)
* Mercury
* Gemini
* Apollo
* Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (with the Soviet space program)
* Skylab
* Space Shuttle
* Shuttle–Mir (with Roscosmos State Corporation)
* Constellation

|

Current|

* International Space Station
* Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
* Commercial Crew Development
* Orion
* Artemis
* Lunar Gateway

Individual featured
missions
(human and robotic)|

| Past|

* COBE
* Mercury 3
* Mercury-Atlas 6
* Magellan
* Pioneer 10
* Pioneer 11
* Galileo
* GALEX
* GRAIL
* WMAP
* Space Shuttle
* Sojourner rover
* Spirit rover
* LADEE
* MESSENGER
* Aquarius
* Cassini
* Dawn
* Kepler space telescope
* Opportunity rover
* RHESSI
* observed

|

Currently
operating|

* Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
* 2001 Mars Odyssey
* New Horizons
* International Space Station
* Hubble Space Telescope
* Spitzer
* Swift
* THEMIS
* Mars Exploration Rover
* Curiosity rover
* timeline
* InSight
* GOES 14
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
* GOES 15
* Van Allen Probes
* Solar Dynamics Observatory
* Juno
* Mars Science Laboratory
* timeline
* NuSTAR
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2
* WISE
* MAVEN
* MMS
* OSIRIS-REx
* Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite

Future|

* Joint Polar Satellite System
* James Webb Space Telescope
* Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope
* Mars 2020
* NISAR
* Europa Clipper

Communications
and navigation|

* Near Earth Network
* Space Network
* Deep Space Network (Goldstone
* Madrid
* Canberra
* Space Flight Operations Facility)
* Deep Space Atomic Clock

NASA lists|

* Astronauts
* by name
* by year
* Gemini astronauts
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* List of NASA aircraft
* List of NASA missions
* uncrewed missions
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* List of United States rockets
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* crews
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NASA images
and artwork|

* Earthrise
* The Blue Marble
* Family Portrait
* Pale Blue Dot
* Pillars of Creation
* Mystic Mountain
* Solar System Family Portrait
* The Day the Earth Smiled
* Fallen Astronaut
* Lunar plaques
* Pioneer plaques
* Voyager Golden Record
* Apollo 11 goodwill messages
* NASA insignia
* Gemini and Apollo medallions
* Mission patches

Related|

* Apollo 15 postal covers incident
* Space Mirror Memorial
* The Astronaut Monument
* U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
* Space program on U.S. stamps
* Apollo 17 Moon mice
* Other primates in space
* NASA spinoff technologies

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Orbital meteorological and remote sensing systems

Concepts|

* Earth observation satellite
* Geographic information system (GIS)
* Weather satellite

Current
projects|

| Earth Observing
System (EOS)|

* GPM
* TRMM
* Landsat 7
* QuikSCAT
* Terra
* ACRIMSAT
* NMP/EO-1
* Jason-1
* OSTM/Jason-2
* Jason-3
* Meteor 3M-1/Sage III
* GRACE-FO
* Aqua
* SORCE
* Aura
* CloudSat
* CALIPSO
* NPOESS
* Megha-Tropiques
* SARAL
* IRS
* ESSP
* Aquarius
* Landsat 8
* SMAP
* JPSS
* NISAR
* ICESat-2
* WSF-M

|

A-train satellites|

* Aqua
* Aura
* CALIPSO
* CloudSat
* GCOM-W1 (Shizuku)
* OCO-2

Copernicus
programme|

* Sentinel-1
* Sentinel-2
* Sentinel-3
* Sentinel-4
* Sentinel-5 Precursor
* Sentinel-5

Geostationary
meteorological
satellites|

* Elektro–L
* Fengyun-2 & -4
* GOES
* INSAT
* Meteosat
* Himawari-8

Other satellites|

* CBERS
* COSMO-SkyMed
* SAOCOM
* DMSP
* DMC
* EROS
* Fengyun-3
* GCOM-C (Shikisai)
* GOSAT (Ibuki)
* Landsat
* MetOp
* Meteor
* POES
* RADARSAT-2
* RapidEye
* Resurs-P
* SMOS
* SPOT
* TerraSAR-X
* THEOS

Former
projects|

| Completed|

* ADEOS (Midori)
* ADEOS II (Midori 2)
* COSMIC (FORMOSAT-3)
* Envisat
* ERS
* FORMOSAT-1
* FORMOSAT-2
* Geosat
* GRACE
* GMS (Himawari)
* ICESat
* IKONOS
* JERS-1 (Fuyo-1)
* Nimbus
* PARASOL
* QuickBird
* RADARSAT-1
* Seasat
* SeaWiFS
* TIROS
* TOPEX/Poseidon
* UARS
* Vanguard

|

Failed|

* OCO
* Glory

Cancelled|

* NMP/EO-3

* v
* t
* e

Future spaceflights

Crewed|

| 2020|

* Soyuz MS-16 (April)
* Soyuz MS-17 (October)
* Shenzhou 12
* Crew Dragon Demo-2
* Boeing Crewed Flight Test
* USCV-1
* USCV-2
* New Shepard (crewed flight test)
* VSS Unity VF02

|

2021|

* Gaganyaan Crewed Flight 1
* Shenzhou 13
* USCV-3

2022|

* Artemis 2

2023+|

* #dearMoon project (2023)
* Artemis 3 (2024)

Robotic|

| 2020|

* AFSPC-7
* ALOS-3
* ALOS-4
* Artemis 1 (November)
* Orion
* Lunar Flashlight
* NEA Scout
* BioSentinel
* SkyFire
* Lunar IceCube
* CuSP
* LunaH-Map
* EQUULEUS
* OMOTENASHI
* ArgoMoon
* Cislunar Explorers
* CU-E3
* Team Miles
* Chandrayaan-3
* Chang'e 5
* GSAT-20
* Hope Mars Mission (July)
* HX-1 (July–August)
* Ingenio
* Inmarsat-6 F1
* JCSAT-17
* Kounotori 9 (May)
* Mars 2020 (July–August)
* MX-1E (July)
* Nauka / European Robotic Arm (December)
* QZS-1R
* RAPIS-2 / Z-Sat / DRUMS / KOSEN-1
* Rosalind Franklin rover and Kazachok lander (July)
* Solar Orbiter (February)
* Space Complex Alpha
* TARANIS

|

2021|

* Aditya-L1
* Astrobotic M1 (June)
* AEM rovers
* Uni
* EXA/AEC lunar orbiter
* B330
* CAPSTONE (December)
* DART / LICIA (June)
* Dream Chaser (September)
* Hakuto-R M1 (October)
* IXPE (April)
* James Webb Space Telescope (March)
* Landsat 9 (January)
* Lucy (October)
* Luna 25 (July)
* Nova-C (July)
* PROBA-3 (Q2)
* PTScientists
* Tianhe
* SES-17
* Space RIDER
* UN/Dream Chaser
* Wentian
* XPoSat

2022|

* Biomass (October)
* DESTINY+
* EarthCARE (June)
* Euclid (June)
* HTV-X1
* JUICE (June)
* KPLO (July)
* MetOp-SG Series A
* NISAR (September)
* Power and Propulsion Element (December)
* Prichal
* Psyche (August)
* PUNCH / TRACERS
* Soyuz GVK-1
* SpaceX Starship (1st Mars departure)
* TEREX-1
* Weather System Follow-on Microwave
* XRISM / SLIM (January)

2023|

* Chang'e 7
* Hakuto-R M2 (March)
* MetOp-SG Series B
* QZS-5
* QZS-6
* QZS-7
* Shukrayaan-1
* SMILE
* SPHEREx

2024+|

* Chang'e 6 (2023 or 2024)
* FLEX
* GOES-U (2024)
* Hera / APEX / Juventas (October 2024)
* IMAP / SWFO-L1 (October 2024)
* Luna 26 (2024)
* MMX (September 2024)
* MOM 2 (2024)
* Small-JASMINE (2024)
* ZhengHe (2024)
* Europa Clipper (2025)
* Luna 27 (2025)
* Luna 28 (2025+)
* Spektr-UV (2025)
* Dragonfly (2026)
* PLATO (2026)
* Venera-D (2026 or 2031)
* Chang'e 8 (2027)
* LiteBIRD (2027)
* ARIEL / Comet Interceptor]] (2028)
* ATHENA (2031)
* LISA (2034)

TBA|

* Energia-100
* Europa Lander (2025?)
* KiwiSAT
* Lybid 1
* Nano-JASMINE
* Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission
* WFIRST (mid-2020s)

Recently
launched|

* Progress MS-13 (6 December)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-02B (7 December)
* HEAD-2A / 2B (7 December)
* GLONASS-M List of GLONASS satellites

* List of proposed missions to the Moon
* List of proposed space observatories

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