Natural resources of the Arctic

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The natural resources of the Arctic are the mineral and animal natural resources which provide or have potential to provide utility or economic benefit to humans. The Arctic contains significant amounts of minerals, boreal forests, marine life, and fresh water.

## Contents

* 1 Hydrocarbons
* 2 Mining
* 3 Fisheries
* 4 Fresh water
* 5 Hydropower
* 6 See also
* 7 References

## Hydrocarbons

See also: Earth:Petroleum exploration in the Arctic

The United States Geological Survey estimates that 22 percent of the world's oil and natural gas could be located beneath the Arctic.[1]

Russia's undiscovered petroleum is estimated between 67 billion tons of oil equivalent (BTOE) according to the United States Geological Survey and 142 BTOE according to the Russian Academy of Sciences (in 2011, the world consumed 13 BTOE of energy, 31% from oil and 21% from natural gas). Russia's vast energy resources account for 52% of the Arctic totals and Norway's for 12%. Norway, which has been extracting petroleum in the North Sea since the 1970s, in the 2010s expected new discoveries in the Barents Sea. As of 2013 Russia was exporting 88% of crude oil via pipelines, with a large majority of the natural gas also transported in that manner. 76% percent of natural gas and 79% of oil were exported to Europe, with the second largest customer for oil being China and for natural gas being Japan. Russia continued to expand both its pipeline networks and its seaborne capacity, with absolute maritime transportation of petroleum growing but remaining a small portion of the overall exports.[2]

Polar Pioneer oil drilling rig

## Mining

The Arctic holds large quantities of minerals, including phosphate, bauxite, iron ore, copper, nickel, and diamond. These are of pervasive use in industrialized economies. Russia produces an average of 11 M tons of phosphates, 8% of the global output. Phosphates are used as fertilizers in agriculture, with other uses including water treatment, flame-retardant materials, and corrosion protection. In 2010, Russia also extracted and processed bauxite into 3.85 M tons of aluminum, constituting 9.3% of the global production and making it the second-largest producer in the world after China. It also mined 100 M tons of iron ore, 6.25% of the global production.[2]

The largest Russian mining company Nornickel leads the world's production of nickel and palladium as a by-product. Nickel is an important metal used in the production of steel and other industrial, commercial, and consumer goods. The company has its own fleet of vessels to ship out the minerals and also owns port terminals. Worldwide production of nickel was of 1.5 M tons in 2011, out of which 297,000 tons was mined by Nornickel, holding 5.8 M more in proven reserves (2010 figures). Palladium is mostly used in engines as a catalyst converting 90% of highly harmful exhaust gasses into less harmful ones. The company is also a major producer of copper (mining 389,000 tons out of 8.7 M tons worldwide), platinum, rhodium, and cobalt. In anticipation of a growth in demand for government icebreaker services, Nornickel started in 2006 to order the construction of its own fleet of five icebreaking cargo vessels, in operation as of 2014. These vessels are capable of breaking through 1.5 m (5 ft) of ice at a rate of 1–2 knots, without the support of an icebreaker, while transporting 14,500 tons of cargo.[2]

Large Arctic mines include Red Dog mine (zinc) in Alaska, Diavik Diamond Mine in Northwest Territories, Canada, and Sveagruva in Svalbard. Large mines under development are Baffinland Iron Mine in Nunavut, and Isua Iron Mine in Greenland.

Gold mining in Alaska is widespread. Fort Knox Gold Mine is the largest producer of gold in the history of Alaska.

## Fisheries

The range of some sub-Arctic fish stocks is likely to extend into Arctic areas due to climate change, and decreasing ice-cover will likely lead to more fishing activity.

In the area of the Arctic north of the Atlantic, extensive commercial fisheries and international managerial mechanisms already exist. North of the Bering Strait, there are currently no significant commercial fisheries and no international management mechanisms.

## Fresh water

Greenland holds about 10% of the world's fresh water reserves.[3]

## Hydropower

The often mountainous areas and the low population density means that the villages in the Arctic often are self suppliant on electricity through hydropower. Some places still use oil for electricity generation and heating.

## See also

* List of mines in the Northwest Territories
* Arctic Ocean § Animal and plant life
* Petroleum exploration in the Arctic
* Arctic cooperation and politics

## References

1. ↑ [1] US Congressional Hearing. "Strategic Importance of the Arctic in US Policy." Page 15.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Buixadé Farré, Albert; Stephenson, Scott R.; Chen, Linling; Czub, Michael; Dai, Ying; Demchev, Denis; Efimov, Yaroslav; Graczyk, Piotr et al. (October 16, 2014). "Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: Routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure". Polar Geography 37 (4): 298–324. doi:10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769.
3. ↑ China and the Northern Rivalry

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Arctic topics

History|

* Arctic research
* Exploration of the Arctic
* History of whaling

Government|

* Arctic Council
* Arctic cooperation and politics
* Arctic Ocean Conference
* Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
* Ilulissat Declaration
* Inuit Circumpolar Council
* Saami Council
* Territorial claims in the Arctic
* United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Geography|

* Arctic Circle
* Arctic Cordillera
* Arctic ecology
* Arctic Ocean
* Arctic Cyclone
* Greenland ice sheet
* Impact craters of the Arctic
* Nordicity
* North Pole
* Populated places in the Arctic
* Tundra

Geology|

* Canadian Arctic Rift System
* Greenland Plate
* Innuitian Region
* Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate

Regions|

* Arctic Alaska
* British Arctic Territories
* Canadian Arctic Archipelago
* Finnmark
* Greenland
* Iceland
* Inuvialuit
* Karelia
* Komi
* Northern Canada
* Northwest Territories
* Nunavik
* Nunavut
* Nunatsiavut
* Russian Arctic
* Sakha
* Sápmi
* Yukon
* North American Arctic

Climate|

* Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
* Arctic dipole anomaly
* Arctic oscillation
* Arctic sea ice
* decline
* ecology and history
* Arctic methane emissions
* Climate change in the Arctic
* Climate of Alaska
* Effects of global warming on marine mammals
* Polar climate
* Polar amplification
* Polar vortex

Fauna|

* Arctic fox
* Beluga whale
* Bowhead whale
* Lemming
* Muskox
* Narwhal
* Polar bear
* Reindeer
* Seal
* bearded
* harp
* hooded
* ribbon
* ringed
* Snowy owl
* Walrus

Flora|

* Arctic ecology
* Arctic vegetation
* Tundra

Culture|

* Arctic peoples
* Subarctic peoples
* Chukchi
* Chukotka
* Evenks
* Karelians
* Komi
* Icelandic
* Inuit
* Gwich'in
* Khanty
* Koryaks
* Nenets
* Northern indigenous Russian peoples
* Sami
* Selkup
* Yakuts
* Yukaghir
* Arctic Winter Games
* Tsagaan Sar (New Year's Day)

Economy|

* Natural resources
* Petroleum exploration
* Arctic Refuge drilling controversy
* Protected areas
* Transportation

Transport|

* Arctic Bridge
* Arctic shipping routes
* Northeast Passage
* Northwest Passage
* Northern Sea Route
* Polar air route
* Transpolar Sea Route
* Search and rescue

* Category
* Portal
* WikiProject

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