North Caucasus

Short description: Subregion in Eastern Europe

For other uses, see Earth:North Caucasus (disambiguation).

North Caucasus

350px

Map of North Caucasus

Coordinates|  [ ⚑ ] : 45°N 42°E﻿ / ﻿45°N 42°E﻿ / 45; 42
Country|

* Russia

Federal subjects|

* Republic of Adygea
* Republic of Chechnya
* Republic of Dagestan
* Republic of Ingushetia
* Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria
* Republic of Kalmykia (partially)
* Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
* Krasnodar Krai
* Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
* Rostov Oblast (partially)
* Stavropol Krai

Demonym| North Caucasian
Time Zones| 00
Highest mountain| Elbrus (5,642 metres (18,510 ft))[lower-alpha 1]

The North Caucasus,[lower-alpha 2] or Ciscaucasia,[lower-alpha 3] is a subregion in Eastern Europe which is part of Russia.[lower-alpha 4] It constitutes the northern part of the wider Caucasus region, which separates Europe and Asia. The North Caucasus is bordered by the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea to the west, the Caspian Sea to the east, and the Caucasus Mountains to the south. The region shares land borders with the countries of Georgia and Azerbaijan in the South Caucasus.[lower-alpha 5] Located in the southern part of the region, Mount Elbrus is the tallest peak in Europe.[lower-alpha 1] Krasnodar is the most populous among the urban centres in the region.

The North Caucasus came under Russian control in the 19th century, following the Caucasian War between the Russian Empire and the various regional powers. The territory is the southernmost portion of Russia and is divided between a number of republics and krais. It is administered as part of the North Caucasian and Southern Federal Districts and consists of Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai, and the constituent republics, approximately from west to east: the Republic of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia–Alania, Ingushetia, Chechnya, and Republic of Dagestan and to the north: Kalmykia.[4]

Geographically, the term North Caucasus also refers to the northern slope and western extremity of the Greater Caucasus mountain range, as well as a part of its southern slope to the West. The Pontic–Caspian steppe area is often also encompassed under the notion of a Ciscaucasus region, thus the northern boundary of the Forecaucasus steppe or Nogai steppe is generally considered to be the Manych River. Owing to its mild climate compared to much of Russia, the region has been described as Russia's "sunbelt".[4]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Unrest
* 2 Economy
* 3 Population
* 4 Administrative divisions
* 5 Gallery
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 8.1 Bibliography
* 9 Further reading
* 10 External links

## History

Northern Caucasus, Early Bronze Age artifacts, 3rd millennium BCE.

Ancient cultures of the Northern Caucasus are known as Klin-Yar community, with one of the most notable cultures being the ancient Koban culture.[5]

Ciscaucasus was historically covered by the Pontic–Caspian steppe, largely consisting of fertile calcareous chernozyom soils that have since been extensively tilled and grazed. It is bounded by the Sea of Azov on the west, and the Caspian Sea on the east. According to the Concise Atlas of the World, Second Edition (2008), the Ciscaucasus region lies on the European side of the "commonly-accepted division" that separates Europe from Asia.[lower-alpha 4]

The Russian Empire completed the conquest of the North Caucasus by 1864. Between the 1850s and World War I, about a million North Caucasian Muslims, including Circassians, Chechens, Ingush, Ossetians, and others, became refugees in the Ottoman Empire.[6] The Ottoman government settled North Caucasian refugees in territories of modern-day Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Georgia, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Kosovo, Greece, Cyprus, and North Macedonia, creating a large North Caucasian diaspora.[7]

Much of the Northern Caucasus seceded from Russia in March 1917 as the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus, taking advantage of the instability caused by the February Revolution and becoming a minor participant in the Russian Civil War. Mountainous Republic troops engaged in fierce clashes against the invading White General Anton Denikin's Volunteer Army, before the latter's defeat at the hands of the Red Army. The region was informally occupied by the Soviet Union shortly thereafter, and the republic was compelled to accept a nonviolent annexation in January 1921. It was subsequently reformed into the Mountainous ASSR, which was later dissolved in October 1924, replaced by a series of autonomous Okrugs and Oblasts.

The outer border of the Soviet Union's North Caucasus Krai corresponded to that of the present-day North Caucasus Economic Region (Raion) which includes an oblast (Rostov Oblast), two krais (Krasnodar Krai and Stavropol Krai), and seven republics. The former North Caucasus Military District (Okrug) also included Astrakhan Oblast, Volgograd Oblast, and the Republic of Kalmykia. Its administrative center was Rostov-on-Don until 10 January 1934, Pyatigorsk until January 1936, then Ordzhonikidze (today Vladikavkaz) and, from 15 December 1936, Voroshilovsk (today Stavropol).

### Unrest

The North Caucasus region experienced widespread unrest and insurgency after the fall of the Soviet Union, including a low-level armed conflict between Russia and militants associated with the Caucasus Emirate and, from June 2015, the Islamic State.[8][9][10]

The insurgency became relatively dormant in its later years.[9][10] During its peak, the violence was mostly concentrated in the North Caucasus republics of Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetia and Kabardino-Balkaria. Occasional incidents happened in surrounding regions, such as North Ossetia–Alania, Karachay-Cherkessia, Stavropol Krai, and Volgograd Oblast.

While the insurgency was officially declared over on 19 December 2017 when FSB Director Alexander Bortnikov announced the final elimination of the insurgent underground in the North Caucasus,[11] counter-terrorism operations in the North Caucasus have not ended.[12]

In June 2022, the US State Department advised citizens not to travel to the North Caucasus, including Chechnya and Mount Elbrus, due to terrorism, kidnapping and risk of civil unrest.[13]

Other paramilitary groups active in the region have included the Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus, a pan-Caucasian organization that based its flag and political agenda directly on those of the Mountainous Republic.

## Economy

The North Caucasus is considered part of peripheral Russia, and suffers from very low levels of economic development.[14] The United States' National Intelligence Council in 2004 described the region as being dominated by corruption, weapons smuggling, and lagging economies.[15] The main source of employment in the North Caucasus is the black market,[16] and organized crime is powerful in local business and politics.[17]

The Russian government has primarily focused on increasing the tourism sector in encouraging development in the North Caucasus. This strategy has proven unsuccessful, with only two percent of the region's economy coming from tourism revenues. Primary reasons that people do not travel to the North Caucasus include poor infrastructure in the region, frequent instability and violence, and the poor image of the Caucasus in the Russian public consciousness.[18]

## Population

Life expectancy at birth in the North Caucasus, 1990–2021[19][20]

The North Caucasus, especially in its mountainous territories, has the highest life expectancy in Russia.[19][20] The region is known for a large number of centenarians.[21][22][23]

The North Caucasus is extremely ethnically and linguistically diverse, which has been a historic driver of conflict in the region. Luxembourgish politician Anne Brasseur wrote in 2004 that "There is no other region in Russia or Eurasia in general in which so many peoples and ethnic groups with their various languages and cultures live together in such a small area."[24] The local population predominantly follows Sunni Islam,[25] with the exception of the Ossetians and Abkhazians.[24] The western half of the North Caucasus (comprising the republics of Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, and North Ossetia) also has extant traditions of paganism, which have become closely connected to Islam. In contrast, the eastern portion of the North Caucasus (including Chechnya, Dagestan, and Ingushetia) is dominated by Sufism.[26]

Conflicts between Islamic ethnic groups are also frequent, with battles for control over religious and political institutions often overlapping. As an example, the takeover of the Spiritual Board of Muslims of Dagestan (now the Muftiate of the Republic of Dagestan (ru)) by Sufi tariqa sheikhs, who were predominantly ethnic Avars, led to a conflict over the board's leadership, involving religious, ethnic, and political differences.[25]

## Administrative divisions

Krasnodar Krai

Adygea

Stavropol Krai

Oss

Ing

Cya

Dag-
est-

Rostov Oblast

Volgograd Oblast

Kalmykia

Ast-
rakh-

Oblast

class=notpageimage|

The North Caucasus region within Russia

* Red: NC economic region, former NC krai, former NC military okrug
* Green: former NC military okrug
* Blue: NC economic region, NC federal okrug, former NC military okrug

Russian political subdivisions associated with the region include:

* Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Under RSFSR)
* North Caucasian Federal District
* North Caucasian Soviet Republic
* North Caucasus economic region
* North Caucasian Krai
* North Caucasian Military District
* Southern Federal District

## Gallery

* Location of the North Caucasian Federal District

* Map of former North Caucasus Military District (okrug)

* Map of modern-day North Caucasus Economic Region (raion)

* Sophia Valley, Karachay-Cherkessia

## See also

* Dolmens of the North Caucasus
* North-Caucasus Federal University
* North Caucasus Railway
* Saray-Gora

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mount Elbrus is widely considered to be the tallest European peak.[3]
2. ↑ (Adyghe: Темыр Къафкъас, romanized: Temır Qafqas; Avar: Хьундасеб Кавказ; Karachay-Balkar: Шимал Кавказ, romanized: Şimal Kavkaz; Chechen: Къилбаседа Кавказ, romanized: Q̇ilbaseda Kavkaz; Ingush: Даькъасте, romanized: Däq̇aste; Kabardian: Ишхъэрэ Къаукъаз, romanized: İṩxhərə Qauqaz; Ossetian: Цӕгат Кавказ, romanized: Cægat Kavkaz; Russian: Северный Кавказ, romanized: Severnyy Kavkaz, ru)
3. ↑ Russian: Предкавказье, romanized: Predkavkazye; Also translated as Ciscaucasus or Forecaucasus
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 The northern part of the Caucasus is widely considered to be a part of the European continent, as it sits north the Greater Caucasus watershed.[1][2]
5. ↑ The North Caucasus also shares borders with the two partially recognized breakaway states of South Ossetia and Abkhazia to its south, both of which are internationally recognised as part of Georgia.

## References

1. ↑ 18th-century definitions drew the boundary north of the Caucasus, across the Kuma–Manych Depression. This definition remained in use in the Soviet Union during the 20th century. In western literature, the continental boundary has been drawn along the Caucasus watershed since at least the mid-19th century. See e.g. Baron von Haxthausen, "Transcaucasia" (1854); review Dublin university magazine Douglas W. Freshfield, "Journey in the Caucasus", Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Volumes 13–14, 1869.
2. ↑ "Europe". Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Europe. Retrieved 6 June 2024. "Among the alternative boundaries proposed by geographers that have gained wide acceptance is a scheme that sees the crest of the Greater Caucasus range as the dividing line between Europe and Asia, placing Ciscaucasia, the northern part of the Caucasus region, in Europe and Transcaucasia, the southern part, in Asia.".
3. ↑ "El'brus". National Geographic. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/elbrus/. "Mount El’brus is located in southwest Russia and is part of the Caucasus Mountains. It is the highest point in Russia as well as the highest point in all of Europe. It makes up part of the Prielbrusye National Park."
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hill, Fiona; Gaddy, Clifford (2003) (in en). The Siberian Curse: How Communist Planners Left Russia Out in the Cold. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 121. ISBN 978-0-8157-9618-3. ""The North Caucasus region extends across Rostov oblast and Stavropol and Krasnodar krays. It also encompasses the seven autonomous republics of Dagestan, Chechnya, Ingushetiya, North Ossetiya, Kabardino-Balkariya, Karachayevo-Cherkessiya, and Adygeya. The region accounts for about 2 percent of the territory of the Russian Federation and in 1989 had a population of 13,183,860, or about 8 percent of the Russian population. The North Caucasus could qualify as Russia's 'sunbelt.'""
5. ↑ Sharko, Fedor S.; Boulygina, Eugenia S.; Tsygankova, Svetlana V.; Slobodova, Natalia V.; Rastorguev, Sergey M.; Krasivskaya, Anna A.; Belinsky, Andrej B.; Härke, Heinrich et al. (2024-01-04). "Koban culture genome-wide and archeological data open the bridge between Bronze and Iron Ages in the North Caucasus" (in en). European Journal of Human Genetics 32 (11): 1483–1491. doi:10.1038/s41431-023-01524-4. ISSN 1476-5438. PMID 38177408.
6. ↑ Hamed-Troyansky 2024, p. 49.
7. ↑ Hamed-Troyansky 2024, p. 2.
8. ↑ "Six Russian soldiers killed in Chechnya" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2017-03-24. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-39377409. "Russian troops in Chechnya have faced a low level insurgency for years ... They still face a low-level insurgency in the mainly Muslim region in Russia's volatile North Caucasus area."
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Russia's North Caucasus Insurgency Widens as ISIS' Foothold Grows" (in en). 12 April 2016. https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/18466/russia-s-north-caucasus-insurgency-widens-as-isis-foothold-grows. "Russia's North Caucasus insurgency has gone relatively quiet, but reduced casualty numbers belie a still-worrying situation where long-standing grievances remain."
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Walker, Shaun (2017-04-04). "Why suspicion over St Petersburg metro attack is likely to fall on Islamist groups" (in en-GB). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/03/why-suspicion-over-st-petersburg-metro-attack-islamist-groups-russia-chechnya-syria-isis. "A renewed crackdown on any suspected militant activity in the run-up to the Sochi winter Olympics in 2014 and the departure of many militants to fight in Syria led to a weakening of the North Caucasus insurgency."
11. ↑ Нечаев А., Зайнашев Ю. Россия выиграла еще одну важнейшую битву // Взгляд.ру, 19.12.2017
12. ↑ Федеральный закон № 5-ФЗ от 12 января 1995, "О ветеранах" Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
13. ↑ "Russia Travel Advisory". https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/russia-travel-advisory.html.
14. ↑ "Russia Country Report 2024". pp. 18. https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/RUS.
15. ↑ Moroney & Karasik 2007, p. 207.
16. ↑ Mamedov, O. Yu. (2014). "Северному Кавказу современную экономику!" (in ru). Terra Economicus 12 (1): 8. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/severnomu-kavkazu-sovremennuyu-ekonomiku.
17. ↑ Paul, Clarke & Serena 2014, p. 120–121.
18. ↑ "III. The North Caucasus Resorts Project". Too Far, Too Fast: Sochi, Tourism and Conflict in the Caucasus. International Crisis Group. 30 January 2014. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep32007.7.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Демографический ежегодник России" (in ru). Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat). https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни при рождении" (in ru). https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/31293.
21. ↑ "Russia: Mountain Air Leads To Long Life In North Caucasus". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 1 June 2007. https://www.rferl.org/a/1076863.html.
22. ↑ Sam Bedford (13 February 2018). "Why the Caucasus Has So Many 100-Year-Olds". https://theculturetrip.com/europe/azerbaijan/articles/why-the-caucasus-has-so-many-100-year-olds/.
23. ↑ Science (29 January 2021). "The Caucasus. The Oldest People In The World (Episode 3). Full Documentary" (video). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADXJPJkzjtQ.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Brasseur, Anne (7 April 2006). "Cultural diversity of the North Caucasus". https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=11180&lang=EN.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Melvin 2007, p. 19.
26. ↑ Akayev 2010, p. 64.

### Bibliography

* Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2024). Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-3696-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=c0vpEAAAQBAJ.
* Moroney, Jennifer; Karasik, Theodore (2007). "Case Study: The North Caucasus". Ungoverned Territories: Understanding and Reducing Terrorism Risks. RAND Corporation. pp. 207–242. ISBN 978-0-8330-4152-4. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg561af.19.
* Melvin, Neil J. (1 May 2007). "Ways Forward for Russia and the European Union". Building Stability in the North Caucasus: Ways Forward for Russia and the European Union. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. pp. 68. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep19207.
* Paul, Christopher; Clarke, Colin P.; Serena, Chad C. (2014). "The Caucasus (1990–2012)". Mexico Is Not Colombia: Alternative Historical Analogies for Responding to the Challenge of Violent Drug-Trafficking Organizations, Supporting Case Studies. RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-8447-7. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt7zvzdn.12.
* Akayev, Vakhit Kh. (1 January 2010). "The Conflict between Traditional Islam and Wahhabism in the North Caucasus: Origins, Dynamics and the Means for its Resolution". Chechen Scholars on Chechnya. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. pp. 88. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep08066.6.

## Further reading

* Zelkina, Anna. In Quest for God and Freedom: Sufi Responses to the Russian Advance in the North Caucasus. [full citation needed]
* Shaw, Denis J.B.. Russia in the Modern World: A New Geography. Institute of British Geographers. [full citation needed]

## External links

* History of the Caucasus
* North Caucasus travel guide from Wikivoyage
* Relations between The North and South Caucasus. Articles in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 27

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* Shigar Valley
* High-mountain Asia
* Karakoram
* Saltoro Mountains
* Siachen Glacier
* Bengal
* Bay of Bengal
* Gulf of Khambhat
* Gulf of Kutch
* Halar
* Gulf of Mannar
* Trans-Karakoram Tract
* Wakhan Corridor
* Wakhjir Pass
* Lakshadweep
* Laccadive Islands
* Amindivi Islands
* Paropamisadae
* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Andaman Islands
* Nicobar Islands
* Maldive Islands
* Alpide belt
* Asia-Pacific
* Tropical Asia

Southeast|

* Orient
* Sundaland
* Mainland
* Indochina
* Malay Peninsula
* Northern Triangle temperate forests
* Maritime
* Peninsular Malaysia
* Sunda Islands
* Greater Sunda Islands
* Lesser Sunda Islands
* Indonesian Archipelago
* Wallacea
* Timor
* Philippine Archipelago
* Luzon
* Visayas
* Mindanao
* Leyte Gulf
* Gulf of Thailand
* East Indies
* Nanyang
* Alpide belt
* Far East
* Ring of Fire
* Asia-Pacific
* Tropical Asia

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Europe

North|

* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Nordic
* Northwestern
* Scandinavia
* Scandinavian Peninsula
* Fennoscandia
* Baltoscandia
* Jutland
* Gotland
* Sápmi
* Ingria
* West Nordic
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Gulf of Bothnia
* Gulf of Finland
* Iceland
* Faroe Islands
* British Isles

East|

* Danubian countries
* Prussia
* Galicia
* Volhynia
* Wallachia
* Transylvania
* Moldavia
* Bukovina
* Bessarabia
* Livonia
* Ruthenia
* Carpathian Ruthenia
* Donbass
* Sloboda Ukraine
* Sambia Peninsula
* Amber Coast
* Curonian Spit
* Izyum Trail
* Lithuania Minor
* Nemunas Delta
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Vyborg Bay
* Karelia
* East Karelia
* Karelian Isthmus
* Lokhaniemi
* Southeastern
* Crimea
* Epirus
* Rumelia
* Balkans
* Aegean Sea
* Aegean Islands
* Attica
* Boeotia
* Opuntian Locris
* Phocis
* Megaris
* Peloponnese
* Chalkidiki
* Aetolia
* Gulf of Chania
* North Caucasus
* Greater Caucasus
* Kabardia
* Istria
* European Russia
* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Taman Peninsula
* Southern Russia
* Kola Peninsula

Central|

* North European Plain
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Alpine states
* Alpide belt
* Visegrád Group
* Rhineland
* Eastphalia
* Westphalia
* Prussia
* Lusatia
* Bohemia
* Moravia
* Silesia
* Czech Silesia
* Pomerania
* Pomerelia
* Kashubia
* Bukovina
* Istria
* Transdanubia
* Polesia
* Germania
* Germania Slavica

West|

* Benelux
* Low Countries
* Northwest
* British Isles
* English Channel
* Channel Islands
* Cotentin Peninsula
* Doggerland
* Upper Rhine Plain
* Upper Rhine
* Gaul
* Gascony
* Normandy
* Brittany
* Septimania
* Batavia
* Gulf of Lion
* Iberia
* Al-Andalus
* Baetic System
* Pyrenees
* Alpide belt

South|

* Po Valley (Padania)
* Italian Peninsula
* Tuscan Archipelago
* Insular Italy
* Aegadian Islands
* Occitania
* Iberia
* Al-Andalus
* Baetic System
* Gibraltar Arc
* Southeastern
* Mediterranean
* Alpide belt

* Germanic
* Romance
* Celtic
* Slavic countries
* European Plain
* Eurasian Steppe
* Pontic–Caspian steppe
* Wild Fields
* Pannonian Basin
* Great Hungarian Plain
* Little Hungarian Plain
* Eastern Slovak Lowland

* v
* t
* e

Regions of North America

North
(Canada)|

| Eastern|

* Central Canada
* Atlantic Canada
* Atlantic Northeast
* The Maritimes
* Great Lakes region

|

Western|

* Pacific Northwest
* Prairie Pothole Region

Northern|

* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Canadian Arctic Archipelago
* Greenland

* Canadian Prairies
* The Maritimes
* French Canada
* English Canada
* Acadia
* Acadian Peninsula
* Quebec City–Windsor Corridor
* Peace River Country
* Cypress Hills
* Palliser's Triangle
* Canadian Shield
* Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga
* Kodiak Island
* Newfoundland (island)
* Vancouver Island
* Gulf Islands
* Strait of Georgia
* Labrador Peninsula
* Gaspé Peninsula
* Avalon Peninsula
* Bay de Verde Peninsula
* Brodeur Peninsula
* Melville Peninsula
* Bruce Peninsula
* Banks Peninsula (Nunavut)
* Cook Peninsula
* Gulf of Boothia
* Georgian Bay
* Hudson Bay
* James Bay

North
(United States)|

| Arctic|

* Aleutian Arc
* Aleutian Range
* Alaska Peninsula
* Aleutian Islands
* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Bering Strait
* Gulf of Alaska

|

Eastern|

* East Coast
* Northeast
* Atlantic Northeast
* The Maritimes
* New England
* Mid-Atlantic
* Commonwealth
* Southeast

Western|

* West Coast
* Mountain states
* Intermountain West
* Great Basin
* Basin and Range Province
* Northwestern United States
* Inland Northwest
* Pacific Northwest
* Southwest
* Old Southwest
* Four Corners

Central|

* Great Lakes
* Tallgrass prairie
* Midwest
* Upper Midwest
* South Central
* Gulf Coast

Southern|

* Deep South
* Old South
* Upland South
* Santa Fe de Nuevo México

* Pacific Coast Ranges
* Oregon Trail
* Mormon Corridor
* Calumet Region
* Llano Estacado
* Third Coast
* Backcountry
* Trans-Mississippi
* Great North Woods
* Great Plains
* Interior Plains
* Great Basin
* Great Basin Desert
* Acadia
* Ozarks
* Ark-La-Tex
* Waxhaws
* Siouxland
* Twin Tiers
* Driftless Area
* Palouse
* Piedmont
* Atlantic coastal plain
* Outer Lands
* Black Dirt Region
* Blackstone Valley
* Piney Woods
* Rocky Mountains
* Mojave Desert
* The Dakotas
* The Carolinas
* Shawnee Hills
* San Fernando Valley
* Tornado Alley
* North Coast
* Lost Coast
* Emerald Triangle
* San Francisco Bay Area
* San Francisco Bay
* North Bay
* East Bay
* Silicon Valley
* Interior Alaska-Yukon lowland taiga
* Gulf of Mexico
* Lower Colorado River Valley
* Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
* Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta
* Colville Delta
* Arkansas Delta
* Mobile–Tensaw River Delta
* Mississippi Delta
* Mississippi River Delta
* Columbia River Estuary
* Great Basin
* High Desert
* Monterey Peninsula
* Upper Peninsula of Michigan
* Lower Peninsula of Michigan
* Virginia Peninsula
* Keweenaw Peninsula
* Middle Peninsula
* Delmarva Peninsula
* Alaska Peninsula
* Kenai Peninsula
* Niagara Peninsula
* "Belt" regions
* Bible Belt
* Black Belt
* Corn Belt
* Cotton Belt
* Frost Belt
* Rice Belt
* Rust Belt
* Sun Belt
* Snow Belt

Middle|

| Northern|

* Basin and Range Province
* Baja California Peninsula
* Gulf of California
* Colorado River Delta
* Gulf of Mexico

|

Southern|

* Soconusco
* Tierra Caliente
* La Mixteca
* La Huasteca
* Bajío
* Valley of Mexico
* Mezquital Valley
* Sierra Madre de Oaxaca
* Yucatán Peninsula
* Gulf of Mexico

Central|

* Northern Triangle of Central America
* Western Caribbean Zone
* Isthmus of Panama
* Gulf of Panama
* Pearl Islands
* Azuero Peninsula
* Mosquito Coast

Caribbean|

* Antilles
* Greater Antilles
* Lesser Antilles
* Leeward
* Leeward Antilles
* Windward
* Lucayan Archipelago
* Southern Caribbean
* West Indies

* Aridoamerica
* Mesoamerica
* Oasisamerica
* Anglo
* Latin
* French
* Hispanic
* American Cordillera
* Ring of Fire
* LAC

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Oceania

Australia|

| Australian Capital Territory|

* Australian Capital Territory

|

New South Wales|

* Central Coast
* Central Tablelands
* Central Western Slopes
* Greater Western Sydney
* Hunter
* Mid North Coast
* Northern Rivers
* North West Slopes
* Northern Tablelands
* Riverina
* South Coast
* South West Slopes
* Southern Tablelands
* Western Plains

Northern Territory|

* Arnhem Land
* Barkly Tableland
* Central Australia
* Darwin
* Katherine

Queensland|

* Central West
* Central
* Darling Downs
* Far North
* Gulf Country
* North
* South East
* South West
* Wide Bay–Burnett

South Australia|

* Adelaide Hills
* Barossa Light and Lower North
* Eastern Adelaide
* Eyre Western
* Far North
* Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island
* Limestone Coast
* Murray and Mallee
* Northern Adelaide
* Southern Adelaide
* Western Adelaide
* Yorke and Mid North

Tasmania|

* Central Highlands
* East Coast
* Midlands
* North East
* North West
* Northern
* South West
* Southern
* West Coast

Victoria|

* Barwon South West
* Gippsland
* Grampians
* Greater Melbourne
* Hume
* Loddon Mallee

Western Australia|

* Gascoyne
* Goldfields-Esperance
* Great Southern
* Kimberley
* Mid West
* Peel
* Pilbara
* South West
* Wheatbelt

Melanesia|

* Islands Region
* Bismarck Archipelago
* Solomon Islands
* North Solomon Islands
* Solomon Islands
* Fiji
* New Caledonia
* New Guinea
* Bonis Peninsula
* Papuan Peninsula
* Huon Peninsula
* Huon Gulf
* Bird's Head Peninsula
* Gazelle Peninsula
* Vanuatu

Micronesia|

* Caroline Islands
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Palau
* Kiribati
* Mariana Islands
* Guam
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Marshall Islands
* Nauru
* Wake Island

Polynesia|

* Easter Island
* Hawaiian Islands
* Cook Islands
* French Polynesia
* Austral Islands
* Gambier Islands
* Mangareva Islands
* Marquesas Islands
* Society Islands
* Tuamotus
* Kermadec Islands
* New Zealand
* South Island
* North Island
* Niue
* Pitcairn Islands
* Samoan Islands
* American Samoa
* Independent State of Samoa
* Tokelau
* Tonga
* Tuvalu

* Asia-Pacific
* Ring of Fire

* v
* t
* e

Regions of South America

East|

* Amazon basin
* Atlantic Forest
* Caatinga
* Cerrado

North|

* Caribbean South America
* West Indies
* Los Llanos
* The Guianas
* Amazon basin
* Amazon rainforest
* Gulf of Paria
* Paria Peninsula
* Paraguaná Peninsula
* Orinoco Delta

South|

* Tierra del Fuego
* Patagonia
* Pampas
* Pantanal
* Gran Chaco
* Chiquitano dry forests
* Valdes Peninsula
* Triple Frontier
* Río de la Plata
* Río de la Plata Basin

West|

* Andes
* Tropical Andes
* Wet Andes
* Dry Andes
* Pariacaca mountain range
* Altiplano
* Atacama Desert

* Latin
* Hispanic
* Bolivarian
* American Cordillera
* Ring of Fire
* LAC

* v
* t
* e

Earth's Polar regions of Earth

Antarctic|

* Antarctic Peninsula
* East Antarctica
* West Antarctica
* Eklund Islands
* Ecozone
* Extreme points
* Islands

Arctic|

* Arctic Alaska
* British Arctic Territories
* Canadian Arctic Archipelago
* Finnmark
* Greenland
* Northern Canada
* Northwest Territories
* Nunavik
* Nunavut
* Russian Arctic
* Sakha
* Sápmi
* Yukon
* North American Arctic

* v
* t
* e

Earth's Borders of the oceans

Arctic Ocean|

* Amundsen Gulf
* Barents Sea
* Beaufort Sea
* Chukchi Sea
* East Siberian Sea
* Greenland Sea
* Gulf of Boothia
* Kara Sea
* Laptev Sea
* Lincoln Sea
* Prince Gustav Adolf Sea
* Pechora Sea
* Queen Victoria Sea
* Wandel Sea
* White Sea

Atlantic Ocean|

* Adriatic Sea
* Aegean Sea
* Alboran Sea
* Archipelago Sea
* Argentine Sea
* Baffin Bay
* Balearic Sea
* Baltic Sea
* Bay of Biscay
* Bay of Bothnia
* Bay of Campeche
* Bay of Fundy
* Black Sea
* Bothnian Sea
* Caribbean Sea
* Celtic Sea
* English Channel
* Foxe Basin
* Greenland Sea
* Gulf of Bothnia
* Gulf of Finland
* Gulf of Lion
* Gulf of Guinea
* Gulf of Maine
* Gulf of Mexico
* Gulf of Saint Lawrence
* Gulf of Sidra
* Gulf of Venezuela
* Hudson Bay
* Ionian Sea
* Irish Sea
* Irminger Sea
* James Bay
* Labrador Sea
* Levantine Sea
* Libyan Sea
* Ligurian Sea
* Marmara Sea
* Mediterranean Sea
* Myrtoan Sea
* North Sea
* Norwegian Sea
* Sargasso Sea
* Sea of Åland
* Sea of Azov
* Sea of Crete
* Sea of the Hebrides
* Thracian Sea
* Tyrrhenian Sea
* Wadden Sea

Indian Ocean|

* Andaman Sea
* Arabian Sea
* Bali Sea
* Bay of Bengal
* Flores Sea
* Great Australian Bight
* Gulf of Aden
* Gulf of Aqaba
* Gulf of Khambhat
* Gulf of Kutch
* Gulf of Oman
* Gulf of Suez
* Java Sea
* Laccadive Sea
* Mozambique Channel
* Persian Gulf
* Red Sea
* Timor Sea

Pacific Ocean|

* Arafura Sea
* Banda Sea
* Bering Sea
* Bismarck Sea
* Bohai Sea
* Bohol Sea
* Camotes Sea
* Celebes Sea
* Chilean Sea
* Coral Sea
* East China Sea
* Gulf of Alaska
* Gulf of Anadyr
* Gulf of California
* Gulf of Carpentaria
* Gulf of Fonseca
* Gulf of Panama
* Gulf of Thailand
* Gulf of Tonkin
* Halmahera Sea
* Koro Sea
* Mar de Grau
* Molucca Sea
* Moro Gulf
* Philippine Sea
* Salish Sea
* Savu Sea
* Sea of Japan
* Sea of Okhotsk
* Seram Sea
* Seto Inland Sea
* Shantar Sea
* Sibuyan Sea
* Solomon Sea
* South China Sea
* Sulu Sea
* Tasman Sea
* Visayan Sea
* Yellow Sea

Southern Ocean|

* Amundsen Sea
* Bellingshausen Sea
* Cooperation Sea
* Cosmonauts Sea
* Davis Sea
* D'Urville Sea
* King Haakon VII Sea
* Lazarev Sea
* Mawson Sea
* Riiser-Larsen Sea
* Ross Sea
* Scotia Sea
* Somov Sea
* Weddell Sea

Endorheic basins|

* Aral Sea
* Caspian Sea
* Dead Sea
* Salton Sea

* Book
* Category

* v
* t
* e

Regions of Europe

North|

* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Nordic
* Northwestern
* Scandinavia
* Scandinavian Peninsula
* Fennoscandia
* Baltoscandia
* Jutland
* Gotland
* Sápmi
* Ingria
* West Nordic
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Gulf of Bothnia
* Gulf of Finland
* Iceland
* Faroe Islands
* British Isles

East|

* Danubian countries
* Prussia
* Galicia
* Volhynia
* Wallachia
* Transylvania
* Moldavia
* Bukovina
* Bessarabia
* Livonia
* Ruthenia
* Carpathian Ruthenia
* Donbass
* Sloboda Ukraine
* Sambia Peninsula
* Amber Coast
* Curonian Spit
* Izyum Trail
* Lithuania Minor
* Nemunas Delta
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Vyborg Bay
* Karelia
* East Karelia
* Karelian Isthmus
* Lokhaniemi
* Southeastern
* Crimea
* Epirus
* Rumelia
* Balkans
* Aegean Sea
* Aegean Islands
* Attica
* Boeotia
* Opuntian Locris
* Phocis
* Megaris
* Peloponnese
* Chalkidiki
* Aetolia
* Gulf of Chania
* North Caucasus
* Greater Caucasus
* Kabardia
* Istria
* European Russia
* Arctic
* Arctic Circle
* Taman Peninsula
* Southern Russia
* Kola Peninsula

Central|

* North European Plain
* Baltic
* Baltic Sea
* Alpine states
* Alpide belt
* Visegrád Group
* Rhineland
* Eastphalia
* Westphalia
* Prussia
* Lusatia
* Bohemia
* Moravia
* Silesia
* Czech Silesia
* Pomerania
* Pomerelia
* Kashubia
* Bukovina
* Istria
* Transdanubia
* Polesia
* Germania
* Germania Slavica

West|

* Benelux
* Low Countries
* Northwest
* British Isles
* English Channel
* Channel Islands
* Cotentin Peninsula
* Doggerland
* Upper Rhine Plain
* Upper Rhine
* Gaul
* Gascony
* Normandy
* Brittany
* Septimania
* Batavia
* Gulf of Lion
* Iberia
* Al-Andalus
* Baetic System
* Pyrenees
* Alpide belt

South|

* Po Valley (Padania)
* Italian Peninsula
* Tuscan Archipelago
* Insular Italy
* Aegadian Islands
* Occitania
* Iberia
* Al-Andalus
* Baetic System
* Gibraltar Arc
* Southeastern
* Mediterranean
* Alpide belt

* Germanic
* Romance
* Celtic
* Slavic countries
* European Plain
* Eurasian Steppe
* Pontic–Caspian steppe
* Wild Fields
* Pannonian Basin
* Great Hungarian Plain
* Little Hungarian Plain
* Eastern Slovak Lowland

* v
* t
* e

Russia articles

History|

| Timeline|

* Proto-Indo-Europeans
* Scythians
* Sarmatians
* Early Slavs
* East Slavs
* Rus' Khaganate
* Kievan Rus'
* Novgorod Republic
* Vladimir-Suzdal
* Golden Horde
* Grand Duchy of Moscow
* Tsardom of Russia
* Russian Empire
* Russian Republic
* Russian state
* Russian SFSR
* Soviet Union
* Russian Federation

|

By topic|

* Economy
* Military
* Journalism ‎
* Postal

Geography|

* Subdivisions
* Borders
* Earthquakes
* Geology
* European Russia
* Caucasus Mountains
* North Caucasus
* Caspian Sea
* Ural Mountains
* Siberia
* Russian Far East
* North Asia
* Great Russian Regions
* Extreme points
* Cities and towns
* Islands
* Lakes
* Mountains
* Rivers
* Volcanoes
* Glaciers
* Fjords
* Climate

Politics|

* Conscription
* Constitution
* Elections
* Federal budget
* Foreign relations
* Freedom of assembly
* Freedom of press
* Media
* Government
* Judiciary
* Law
* Civil Service
* Law enforcement (Prisons)
* Liberalism
* Martial law
* Military
* Opposition
* Political parties
* President of Russia
* State of emergency

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Aircraft industry
* Car industry
* Banking
* Central Bank
* Corruption
* Defence industry
* Economic regions
* Energy
* Fishing industry
* Forestry
* Gambling
* Mining
* Petroleum industry
* Russian ruble
* Russian oligarchs
* Science and technology
* Space industry
* Shipbuilding
* Trade unions
* Taxation
* Tourism
* Transport
* Telecommunications
* Waste
* Water supply and sanitation

Society|

* Demographics
* Citizens
* Abortion
* Alcoholism
* Crime
* Education
* Healthcare
* Ethnic groups
* Languages
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Immigration
* Prostitution
* Racism
* Religion
* Suicide
* Women

Culture|

* Architecture
* Arts
* Literature
* Ballet
* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Cultural icons
* Graffiti
* Inventions
* Media
* Music
* Opera
* Public holidays
* Language
* Martial arts
* Folklore
* Television
* Internet
* National anthem
* Coat of arms
* National Flag
* Sports

* v
* t
* e

Soviet Union topics

History|

* Index of Soviet Union-related articles
* Russian Revolution
* February
* October
* Russian Civil War
* Russian SFSR
* Creation treaty
* New Economic Policy
* Stalinism
* Great Purge
* Great Patriotic War (World War II)
* Cold War
* Khrushchev Thaw
* Soviet space program
* 1965 economic reform
* Stagnation
* Perestroika
* Glasnost
* Revolutions of 1989
* Dissolution
* Nostalgia
* Post-Soviet states

Geography|

| Subdivisions|

* Republics
* Autonomous
* Oblasts
* Autonomous
* Autonomous okrugs
* Closed cities
* List

|

Regions|

* Caspian Sea
* Caucasus Mountains
* European Russia
* North Caucasus
* Siberia
* Ural Mountains
* West Siberian Plain

Politics|

| General|

* Constitution
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Brezhnev Doctrine
* Government
* List
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Law
* Leaders
* Collective leadership
* Passport system
* State ideology
* Marxism–Leninism
* Leninism
* Stalinism

|

Bodies|

* Communist Party
* organisation
* Central Committee
* Politburo
* Secretariat
* Congress
* General Secretary
* Congress of Soviets (1922–1936)
* Supreme Soviet (1938–1991)
* Congress of People's Deputies (1989–1991)
* Supreme Court

Offices|

* President
* Premier
* Deputy Premier
* First Deputy Premier

Security services|

* Cheka
* GPU
* NKVD
* MVD
* MGB
* KGB

Political repression|

* Red Terror
* Collectivization
* Great Purge
* Population transfer
* Gulag
* List
* Holodomor
* Political abuse of psychiatry

Ideological repression|

* Religion
* Suppressed research
* Censorship
* Censorship of images

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Central Bank
* Economic planning
* Energy policy
* Five-year plans
* Internet domain
* Inventions
* Net material product
* Science and technology
* Soviet ruble
* Transport

Science|

* Communist Academy
* Academy of Sciences
* Academy of Medical Sciences
* Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
* Sharashkas
* Naukograds
* List

Society|

* Crime
* Demographics
* Soviet people
* Working class
* 1989 census
* Languages
* Linguistics

Culture|

* Ballet
* Cinema
* Fashion
* Literature
* Music
* Opera
* Propaganda
* Sports
* Stalinist architecture

Opposition|

* Soviet dissidents and their groups
* List

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Republics
* Emblem
* Republics
* Flag
* Republics

Templates|

* Departments
* Russian Revolution 1917
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* Book
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