Paleobiota of the Ciechocinek Formation

Short description: Geologic formation

Terrestrial environment of the Toarcian Fennoscandinavia, with flora based on the Sorthat Formation. Dinosaurs are based on material found on various locations of the German realm of the Ciechocinek Formation Part of a series on

Paleontology

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Natural history

* Biogeography
* Extinction event
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* History of life
* Origin of life
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Organs and processes

* Avian flight
* Cells
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Evolution of various taxa

* Birds
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The Ciechocinek Formation is a Jurassic (lower to middle Toarcian) geologic formation which extends across the Baltic coast from Grimmen, Germany , to Nida, Lithuania, with its major sequence in Poland and boreholes in Kaliningrad. Dinosaur species uncovered here, including Emausaurus and other unclassified genus.

In Poland, the main basin lacks marine microfauna. The Ciechocinek Formation in the Częstochowa-Zawiercie area reveals the remains of a wide range of prehistoric environments; the Fore-Sudetic Monocline region must have been an extensive bay similar to Lake Maracaibo in Venezuela. The basin's shore zone was a flat, muddy, marshy coastal plain.

The region has the remains of the Wrêczyca River, which was active for most of the Pliensbachian/Toarcian period. At the Brody-Lubienia borehole (Lubienia), which once formed part of the river's east side, an alluvial system ended at a delta and discharged into a shallow marine bay and lagoon. A number of phyllopods and fossilized plant roots have been found here, where they were discharged by the river. Paleosol indicates that the lagoon had a maximum depth of about 6 metres (20 ft).

## Contents

* 1 Foraminifera
* 2 Dinoflagellates
* 3 Fungi
* 4 Invertebrates
* 4.1 Ichnofossils
* 4.2 Annelida
* 4.3 Brachiopoda
* 4.4 Bivalvia
* 4.5 Gastropoda
* 4.6 Cephalopoda
* 4.7 Crustacea
* 4.8 Arachnida
* 4.9 Insecta
* 4.10 Echinodermata
* 5 Vertebrates
* 5.1 Fishes
* 5.1.1 Actinopteri
* 5.1.2 Chondrichthyes
* 5.1.3 Sarcopterygii
* 5.2 Ichthyosaurs
* 5.3 Sauropterygia
* 5.4 Crocodyliformes
* 5.5 Dinosauria
* 6 Plantae
* 6.1 Coals
* 6.2 Biomass
* 6.3 Resins
* 6.4 Megaspores
* 6.4.1 Bryophyta
* 6.4.2 Lycophyta
* 6.4.3 Equisetidae
* 6.4.4 Filicopsida
* 6.4.5 Cycadeoidophyta
* 6.4.6 Gnetophyta
* 6.4.7 Gnetophyta
* 6.4.8 Coniferophyta
* 6.5 Fossil Wood
* 6.6 Megaflora
* 6.6.1 Equisetopsida
* 6.6.2 Pteridospermatophyta
* 6.6.3 Bennettitopsida
* 6.6.4 Ginkgoidae
* 6.6.5 Coniferophyta
* 7 References

## Foraminifera

Genus  | Species  | Location  | Material  | Abundance  | Notes  | Images

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Lingulina[1]

* Lingulina tenera

* Dobbertin

Shells

Abundant

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Lingulininae inside Nodosariinae. Reaches percentages of 25% in some samples

Nodosaria[1]

* Nodosaria dispar
* Nodosaria agglutinans
* Nodosaria elongata
* Nodosaria germanica
* Nodosaria hirsuta
* Nodosaria dispar
* Nodosaria mitis
* Nodosaria regularis
* Nodosaria simplex

* Dobbertin

Shells

Diverse but Scarce

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Nodosariidae inside Nodosariinae. Despite its diversity is very scarce on most samples, with less than 1-2% of presence.

Dentalina[1]

* Dentalina deslongchampsi
* Dentalina primaeva
* Dentalina pseudocommunis
* Dentalina submucronata
* Dentalina subtenuicollis
* Dentalina tenuistriata
* Dentalina torta
* Dentalina vetusta

* Pabianice
* Łutowiec
* Żarki
* Dobbertin

Shells

Diverse but Scarce

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Nodosariidae inside Nodosariinae.

Rectoglandulina[1]

* Rectoglandulina oviformis
* Rectoglandulina sexcostata

* Dobbertin

Shells

Scarce

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Nodosariidae inside Nodosariinae.

Lagena[1]

* Lagena globosa
* Lagena oxystoma
* Lagena globosa
* Lagena tenuicostata
* Lagena sp.

* Dobbertin

Shells

Scarce

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Nodosariidae inside Nodosariinae.

Frondicularia[1]

* Frondicularia bicostata
* Frondicularia sulcata
* Frondicularia terquemi
* Frondicularia sp.

* Dobbertin

Shells

Diverse but Scarce

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Nodosariidae inside Nodosariinae.

Stilostomella[1]

* Stilostomella? sp.

* Dobbertin

Shells

One specimen

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Stilostomellidae inside Nodosariinae.

Lenticulina[1][2]

* Lenticulina acutiangulata
* Lenticulina müensteri
* Lenticulina varians
* Lenticulina sublaevis

* Boża Wola
* Wyżyna Krakowsko-Częstochowska
* Dobbertin

Shells

Diverse but very Scarce

A marine Foraminiferan, member of the family Vaginulinidae inside Nodosarioidea.

Marginulina[1]

* Marginulina prima
* Marginulina simplex
* Marginulina oolithica

* Dobbertin

Shells

Abundant

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Marginulininae inside Vaginulinidae. Marginulina prima reaches a 35% on a few samples

Vaginulina[1]

* Vaginulina anomala

* Dobbertin

Shells

Scarce

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Vaginulininae inside Vaginulinidae.

Falsopalmula[1]

* Falsopalmula insignis

* Dobbertin

Shells

Very Scarce

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Robuloididae inside Robuloidoidea.

Berthelinella[1]

* Berthelinella paradoxa

* Dobbertin

Shells

Very Scarce

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Plectofrondiculariidae inside Polymorphinina.

Eoguttulina[1]

* Eoguttulina bilocularis
* Eoguttulina liassica
* Eoguttulina cf.simplex

* Dobbertin

Shells

Scarce

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Polymorphininae inside Polymorphinina.

Bolivina[1]

* Bolivina liasica

* Dobbertin

Shells

Abundant

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Bolivinidae inside Bolivinoidea. Reaches 40% of sampled foranimiferans on at least one sample

Glomospira'[1][3][4][5][6]

* Glomospira gordialis
* Glomospira sp.

* Boża Wola
* Wyżyna Krakowsko-Częstochowska
* Dobbertin

Shells

Moderately present

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Usbekistaniinae inside Ammodiscidae. Its abundance is lower than other genera, yet reaches peaks of 5-10% in at least one sample.

Ophtalmidium[1][5][6]

* Ophtalmidium orbiculare
* Ophtalmidium carinatum
* Ophtalmidium sp.

* Boża Wola
* Dobbertin

Shells

Present in low numbers

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Ophthalmidiidae inside Cornuspiroidea.

Cornuspira[1]

* Cornuspira orbicula

* Dobbertin

Shells

Present in low numbers

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, type member of the family Cornuspirinae inside Cornuspiroidea.

Turrispirillina[1]

* Turrispirillina conoidea

* Dobbertin

Shells

Very Scarce

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Spirillinidae inside Spirillinina.

Trochamminoides[1]

* Trochamminoides sp.

* Dobbertin

Shells

Very Scarce

A marine/brackish Foraminiferan, member of the family Trochamminoidae inside Lituolida.

Ammobaculites[2]

* Ammobaculites vetusta
* Ammobaculites linea

* Mechowo 1 Borehole

Shells

Abundant

A marine Foraminiferan, member of the family Ammomarginulininae inside Lituolidae.

Placopsilina[2]

* Placopsilina complanata

* Mechowo 1 Borehole

Shells

Rare

A marine Foraminiferan, member of the family Lituoloidea inside Lituolida.

Haplophragmoides[2][5][6]

* Haplophragmoides tryssa
* Haplophragmoides platus
* Haplophragmoides sp.

* Aleksandrów I Borehole
* Gorzów Wiepolski
* Mechowo 1 Borehole
* Wyżyna Krakowsko-Częstochowska

Shells

Diverse but rare

A marine Foraminiferan, member of the family Lituoloidea inside Lituolida.

Involutina[2]

* Involutina silicea

* Aleksandrów I Borehole
* Krzyzskie

Shells

Rare

A marine Foraminiferan, member of the family Ammodiscinae inside Ammodiscina.

Ammodiscus[3][4][5][6]

* Ammodiscus glumaceous
* Ammodiscus orbis
* Ammodiscus cf. orbis

* Pabianice
* Łutowiec
* Żarki
* Wyżyna Krakowsko-Częstochowska

Shells

Rare

A marine Foraminiferan, type member of the family Ammodiscinae inside Ammodiscina. Benthic foraminiferal successions heavily dominated by Ammodiscus and Trochammina are known from several Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic sediment packages along the Atlantic margin of northwestern Europe.

Trochammina[3][4][5][6]

* Trochammina sp
* Trochammina? sp

* Pabianice
* Łutowiec
* Boża Wola
* Żarki
* Wyżyna Krakowsko-Częstochowska

Shells

Rare

A marine Foraminiferan, type member of the family Trochammininae inside Trochamminina. Small-sized Ammodiscus–Trochammina assemblages are found associated with delta-influenced shelf environment, where biota would have been stressed by intermittent periods with moderate hypoxia combined with lowered salinity and storm impacts.

Lagenammina[3][4]

* Lagenammina sp.

* Pabianice
* Łutowiec
* Żarki

Shells

Rare

A marine Foraminiferan, member of the family Saccamminidae inside Astrorhizacea. Sometimes confused with the genus Arlagenammum.

Saccammina[3][4]

* Saccammina? sp

* Pabianice
* Łutowiec
* Żarki

Shells

Rare

A marine Foraminiferan, type member of the family Saccamminidae inside Astrorhizacea. Sometimes confused with the genus Arsaccammum or called Saccamina. The Local specimens are rather rare, incomplete and complicate to identify.

Crithionina[2]

* Crithionina sp.

* Aleksandrów I Borehole
* Gorzów Wiepolski
* Mechowo 1 Borehole

Shells

Rare

A marine Foraminiferan, type member of the family Saccamminidae inside Astrorhizacea.

Citharina[5][6]

* Citharina sp.

* Boża Wola
* Gorzów Wiepolski

Shells

Rare

A marine Foraminiferan, type member of the family Vaginulininae inside Nodosarioidea.

## Dinoflagellates

Genus  | Species  | Location  | Material  | Abundance  | Notes  | Images

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Nannoceratopsis[7]

* Nannoceratopsis senex
* Nannoceratopsis triceras
* Nannoceratopsis raunsgardii
* Nannoceratopsis ridingii

* Kozłowice Clay Pit
* "Boroszów" Brickyard

Dinocysts

Dominant

A marine Dinophyceae Dinoflagellatan, type member of the family Nannoceratopsiaceae inside Nannoceratopsiales. The large amount of Cysts of the genus point to more diversified marine palaeoenvironments. N. senex is the most abundant. Locally Nannoceratopsis recovers series of marine transgressions and regressions, pointing to the presence of interbedding marine and brackish sediments.

Luehndea[7]

* Luehndea spinosa

* Kozłowice Clay Pit
* "Boroszów" Brickyard

Dinocysts

Abundant

A marine Dinophyceae Dinoflagellatan, type member of the family Luehndeoideae inside Mancodiniaceae. Presence of Luehndea spinosa suggests Late Pliensbachian–earliest Toarcian age of studied assemblages. The marine dinoflagellate cyst Luehndea spinosa and foraminiferal linings were found only in the lower half of the Kozłowice succession.

## Fungi

Genus  | Species  | Location  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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Xylophagous Fungi[8]

* Morphotype A (Aseptae)
* Morphotype B (Sphaerical)
* Morphotype C (Sack-shaped)
* Morphotype D (Transverse septa)

* Brody-Lubienia borehole.[8]
* Gorzów Wielkopolski Borehole
* Mechowo Borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole

* Fungal Spores
* Hyphae-like attachments

Saprophyte fungal Spores from Marine and Deltaic Settings associated with wood and Litter.[8] The frequency of fungal spores on the Polish basin on the Pliensbachian-Toarcian transition is correlated with negative C isotope peaks and enhanced cuticular plant litter accumulation, pointing to the climate-driven enhanced decomposition of wood and rapid destruction of terrestrial carbon, which may have played an important role in the aggravation of the Jurassic Greenhouse disaster.[8] Associated with a high rate of organic burial, the presence of Fungal Matter increased on the Uppermost layers of the Drzewica Formation, with a continued deposition between the T-OAE extinction, and several ups and downs on the Ciechocinek Formation, related with local climate and humidity changes. This is rather a reflection of the efficiency of terrestrial biodegradation.[8] Measured increasing of temperature favored local fungal-mediated decomposition of plant litter, specifically of normally resistant wood.[8] Observed fungal spores represent various morphotypes and resemble superficially other palynogenic detritus, such as spherical Prasinophyceae.[8] In some cases spherical fungal spores show structures related to Hyphae attachments.[8]

|  Spores found on the Polish are mostly from Saprophyte (wood decomposers) fungi, resembling the extant genera like Scutellinia, which are probably the main origin for the Fungal Spores found on the Ciechocinek Formation

Amerospores[8]

* Morphotype E (Amerospore)

* Brody-Lubienia borehole.[8]
* Gorzów Wielkopolski Borehole
* Mechowo Borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole

Fungal Spores

A Saprophyte fungus, member of the family Sordariomycetes inside Ascomycota.[8] Non-filamentous spores with no septations and with no projections longer than the spore body. Related with the extant genus Poronia. Fungal spore peaks linked to a relative and absolute loss of wood suggest a prominent role of fungal wood decomposers.[8]

|  Poronia punctata, an extant saprophyte fungus with Amerospores. Similar fungi probably liberated this spores on the Ciechocinek Formation

Phragmospores[8]

* Morphotype F (Phragmospores)

* Brody-Lubienia borehole.[8]
* Gorzów Wielkopolski Borehole
* Mechowo Borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole

Fungal Spores

A Saprophyte fungus, member of the class Dothideomycetes or Sordariomycetes inside Ascomycota.[8] Spores with two or more transverse septa. Related with the extant genus Acanthostigma, facultative pathogen, or beneficial partner of many plant species. Local humidity, though sufficiently high for fungal development throughout the whole T-OAE interval, is therefore thought to have been of a lesser significance for dynamics of fungal decomposition than elevated temperature.[8]

|  Leptosphaeria acuta, an extant wood fungus with phragmospores

Dictyosporiaceae[8]

* Morphotype G (Dictyospores)

* Brody-Lubienia borehole.[8]
* Gorzów Wielkopolski Borehole
* Mechowo Borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole

Fungal Spores

A freshwater anamorphic fungus, member of the order Pleosporales inside Pleosporomycetidae.[8] Multicellular spore with septations that intersect in more than one plane. Characterized by being mostly aquatic lignicolous species with cheiroid, digitate, palmate, and/or dictyosporous conidia. Related with the extant genus Dictyosporium, recorded worldwide from dead wood, decaying leaves, and palm material.

|  Lophiostoma compressum, an extant wood fungus with dictyospores

Sporonites[9]

* Sporonites neddenii

* Mechowo Borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Blanowice Coals

Fungal Spores

A True Fungus, member of the clade Eumycota inside Eumycetes. It is found associated with Wood Cuticles, Pollen and Spores, interpreted as some sort of parasitism. This genus is found mostly associated with the Blanowice Brown Coals, especially on associated Boreholes.

|  Sporonites was probably related with a plant parasite fungus or a litter fungus, such as Dicranophora

## Invertebrates

### Ichnofossils

Genus  | Species  | Type  | Location  | Material  | Origin  | Notes  | Images

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Taenidium[10][11]

* Taenidium serpentinum

Fodinichnia

* Dobbertin Clay Pit

Unlined meniscate burrows

* Deposit-feeding Sipuncula
* Polychaetes
* Phoronidans

Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. Taenidium is a meniscate backfill structure, usually considered to be produced by an animal progressing axially through the sediment and depositing alternating packets of differently constituted sediment behind it as it moves forward.

Chondrites[10][11]

* Chondrites bollensis

Fodinichnia

* Dobbertin Clay Pit

Small branching burrows

* Sipunculans
* Polychaetes
* Enteropneustans
* Echiurans

Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. Interpreted as the feeding burrow of a sediment-ingesting animal. A more recent study has found that  Scoloplos armiger and  Heteromastus filiformis , occurring in the German Wadden Sea in the lower parts of tidal flats, make burrows that are homonymous with numerous trace fossils of the ichnogenus.

|  Illustration of Chondrites bollensis

Skolithos[12]

* Skolithos isp.

Domichnia

* Müssentin gravel pit

Cylindrical strands with branches

* Polychaetes
* Phoronidans

Blackish trace ichnofossils. Interpreted as dwelling structures of vermiform animals, more concretely the Domichnion of a suspension-feeding Worm or Phoronidan.

Megagrapton[11]

* Megagrapton isp.

Pascichnia

* Dobbertin Clay Pit

Cylindrical strands with branches

* Polychaetes
* Sipunculans
* Enteropneustans
* Echiurans

Saltwater/Blackish trace ichnofossils. Probably done by Polychaetes

Planolites[13]

* Planolites montanus
* Planolites beverleyensis

Pascichnia

* Kozłowice Clay Pit
* "Boroszów" Brickyard

Cylindrical or elliptical curved/tortuous trace fossils

* Polychaetes
* Insects

Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. Planolites is really common in all types of the Ciechocinek Formation deposits. It is referred to vermiform deposit-feeders, mainly Polychaetes, producing active Fodinichnia. It is controversial, since is considered a strictly a junior synonym of Palaeophycus.

|  Example of Planolites fossil

Palaeophycus[13]

* Palaeophycus tubularis

Domichnia

* Kozłowice Clay Pit
* "Boroszów" Brickyard

Straight or gently curved tubular burrows.

* Polychaetes
* Semiaquatic Insects (Orthoptera and Hemiptera)
* Semiaquatic and non-aquatic Beetles.

Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. Palaeophycus is less common than Planolites in deposits of the Ciechocinek Formation. On the Kozlowice outcrop however there are numerous specimens occur, interpreted as the result of passive filling of polychaete burrows.[13]

|  Example of Palaeophycus fossil

Helminthopsis[13]

* Helminthopsis isp.

Fodinichnia

* Kozłowice Clay Pit
* "Boroszów" Brickyard

Simple, unbranched, horizontal cylinder traces

* Polychaetes
* Priapulids

Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. There are a few specimens in the Kozlowice outcrop. It is interpreted as a grazing trail or Fodinichnia, produced at shallow depth in sediment by Polychaetes and Priapulids.[13]

|  Example of Helminthopsis fossil

Gyrochorte[13]

* Gyrochorte isp.

Fodinichnia

* Kozłowice Clay Pit
* "Boroszów" Brickyard

Winding, horizontal, double ridge burrows, separated by a median groove.

* Polychaetes (Pectinaria)
* Scaphopoda

Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. On the Kozlowice strata, only a few specimens were observed. Gyrochorte is interpreted as a result of active digging on the sediment by a deposit-feeding worm-like animal, probably Annelid or similar kinds of creatures.[13]

Protovirgularia[13]

* Protovirgularia isp.

Pasichnia

* Kozłowice Clay Pit
* "Boroszów" Brickyard

Bilobate trace fossil

* Branchiopods
* Bivalves

Saltwater/Blackish and Freshwater bottom Trace Fossils. Protovirgularia is a Repichnia form, ascribed to the activity of Bivalves, leaving a trace due to the rhythmic action of a foot.[13]

Spongeliomorpha[13][14]

* Spongeliomorpha isp.

* Repichnia
* Fodichnia

* Kozłowice Clay Pit
* "Boroszów" Brickyard
* Pawłowice 40 Borehole

Horizontal and subhorizontal, branching tunnels,cylindrical or elliptical in cross-section, displaying elongated striation on exterior of burrow casts

* Crustaceans: Anomurans (Probably Eocarcinoidea)
* Decapodas (Probably Glypheidae)

Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. On the Kozłowice section a series of sand-filled tunnels of Spongeliomorpha are preserved as Endichnia within mudstone, preserved as Tubular Tempestites (Storm-burrow filling), open tubes produced by animals burrowing in a stable, stiff or firm substrate.[14] Here the tubes occur in one horizon with thin sandy laminae and lenses that represent isolated Starved Ripples carried on the muddy sea-floor by storm-generated Traction power network.[14]

Teichichnus[15]

* Teichichnus isp.

Fodinichnia

* Gorzów Wielkopolski IG 1 borehole

Vertical to oblique, unbranched or branched, elongated to arcuate spreite burrow

* Polychaetes
* Dwelling Echiurans
* Dwelling Holothurians.

Saltwater/Blackish burrow-like ichnofossils. Is common on the Pomerania Region. The overall morphology and details of the burrows, in comparison with modern analogues and neoichnological experiments, suggest Echiurans (spoon worms) or Holothurians (sea cucumbers) with a combined suspension- and deposit-feeding behaviour as potential producers.

|  Teichichnus burrows

Diplocraterion[13]

* Diplocraterion parallelum

Domichnia

* Kozłowice Clay Pit
* "Boroszów" Brickyard
* Parkoszowice 58 BN borehole
* Żuki ul. 88-2 Borehole
* Gorzków BN Borehole
* Bobolice 68-km Borehole
* Choroń 31-BN Borehole

U-shaped burrows

* Polychaeta annelids (Axiothella, Abarenicola and Scolecolepis)
* Sipunculans (Sipunculus)
* Enteropneustans (Balanoglossus)
* Echiurans (Urechis).

Marine-Mangroove Vertical, U-shaped, single-spreite Burrows; unidirectional or bidirectional spreite, generally continuous, rarely discontinuous. Most Diplocraterion show only protrusive spreit, like the local ones, produced under predominantly erosive conditions where the organism was constantly burrowing deeper into the substrate as sediment was eroded from the top.

|  Diplocraterion parallelum diagram

### Annelida

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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Dictyothylakos[16]

* Dictyothylakos pesslerae
* Dictyothylakos "sp. Sing.1964"

* Brody-Lubienia borehole
* Wolin IG-1 borehole
* Kaszewy 1 borehole
* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole

Cocoons

Freshwater Clitellata Cocoons (Oligochaeta and Hirudinea), identified with palynological residues, and through to be tridimensional nets of probable algal origin.[17] Fragmentary mesh-like networks of happiness threads composed of homogenous translucent material. They show the outer wall (hapsine) construction specific to clitellate annelids and lack an alytine (inner) layer. A disorderly meshwork of the hapsine layer and hapsine fibers of unequal thickness, are diagnostic of the type species Dictyothylakos pesslerae. The cocoons Dictyothylakos pesslerae resemble specially those of modern Leechs, and are common on flooded basin sediments, which implies not only the presence of parasitic leeches, but also the presence of large hosts nearby, as has been confirmed on the case of the Ciechocinek Formation, thanks to the presence of not only dinosaurs but also Dipnoi and other freshwater taxa.

|  Example of leech cocoon Placobdella, example of leech

### Brachiopoda

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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Discina[18][19]

* Discina cornucopiae
* Discina papyracea
* Discina sp.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin

Cunchs

A Saltwater Brachiopodan, member of Discinidae inside Discinida. The classification of the Discinidae is rather treated with confusion, due to the description and the identification of either extinct and extant genera and species. The shells of this genus are the only identifiable brachiopods of the formation.

### Bivalvia

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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Bositra[18][19][20]

* Bositra buchii
* Bositra radiata

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin
* Ahrensburg

Shells

A Saltwater Oyster, member of "Posidoniidae" inside Ostreoida. A genus classified under "Posidonia bronni". Found usually associated with Driftwood.

Steinmannia[18][19]

* Steinmannia bronni
* Steinmannia radiata

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin

Shells

A Saltwater Oyster, member of "Posidoniidae" inside Ostreoida. A genus classified under "Posidonia bronni".

Parallelodon[20]

* Parallelodon cypriniformis

* Ahrensburg

Shells

A Saltwater Ark Clam, member of Parallelodontidae inside Arcida.

Tancredia[20]

* Tancredia elegans

* Ahrensburg

Shells

A Saltwater Clam, member of Tancrediidae inside Cardiida.

Gresslya[20]

* Gresslya sp.

* Ahrensburg

Shells

A Saltwater Clam, member of Ceratomyidae inside Pleuromyoidea.

Stalagmina[21][19]

* Stalagmina koeneni

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin

Shells

A Saltwater Clam, member of Inoceramidae inside Myalinida. This genus resemble the Modern Pearl Oysters, although it was more likely a clam. The specimens are rather complete.

Parainoceramya[10][22][21][12][19]

* Parainoceramya dubia
* Parainoceramya amygdaloides
* Parainoceramya sp.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin
* Karziger Ufer
* Müssentin
* Broock
* Hohenbarnekow
* Grenzin
* Groß Roge
* Elmenhorst
* Klütz Höved
* Pinnow
* Consrade

Shells

A Saltwater/Brackish Clam, member of Inoceramidae inside Myalinida. Pseudomytiloides dubius is a possible junior synonym. This genus resembles the Modern Pearl Oysters, although it was more likely a clam. The specimens are rather complete. It is the most common bivalve found locally. Is also very numerous in young specimens

|  Parainoceramya

Nucula[10][22]

* Nucula caecilia

* Dobbertin

Shells

A Saltwater Clam, member of Nuculidae inside Nuculida.

|  Nucula

Lucina[19][21]

* Lucina plana

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin

Shells

A Saltwater Clam, member of Lucinidae inside Lucinida. Very abundant on the layers

|  Lucina

Goniomya[19][21]

* Goniomya rhombifera

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin

Shells

A Saltwater Clam, member of Pholadomyidae inside Pholadomyida. Rather common, but less abundant than other local genera

Meleagrinella[19][21][23]

* Meleagrinella substriata

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin clay pit
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Kozłowice Clay Pit
* "Boroszów" Brickyard
* Żarki 88-Z borehole
* Gorzków 43-BN borehole
* Choroń 31-BN borehole
* Bobolice 68-KM borehole

Shells

A Saltwater Scallop, member of Oxytomidae inside Pectinida. Depositional environments in the Polish Basin at this time did not host organisms normally associated with well-oxygenated marine conditions. Meleagrinella substriata is the most common bivalve found on the Toarcian Polish Basin, linked with all the brackish Deposits.[23]

|  Meleagrinella

Eolamprotula[4][5]

* Eolamprotula cremeri
* Eolamprotula sp.

* Żarnów
* Wąsosz
* Kuraszków
* Żarki 88-Z borehole
* Choroń 31-BN borehole

Shells

A freshwater mussel, member of the family Unionidae inside Unionida. Associated with plant detritus, likely washed from nearby mainland

|  Lamprotula

### Gastropoda

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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Gastropoda[4][5]

* Gastropoda indet.

* Żarnów
* Kozłowice Clay Pit
* "Boroszów" Brickyard
* Wąsosz
* Kuraszków
* Żarki 88-Z borehole
* Gorzków 43-BN borehole
* Choroń 31-BN borehole
* Bobolice 68-KM borehole

Shells

Brackish Snails of Uncertain affinity

Coelodiscus[10][22][21][20]

* Coelodiscus minutus

* Clay pit of Dobbertin
* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Müssentin gravel pit
* Ahrensburg

Shells

A holoplanktonic Snail, type member of the family Coelodiscidae inside Prosobranchia. This is the oldest known holoplanktonic gastropod, thanks to bilateral symmetrical shells as an adaption to active swimming. Also the most common of the sea snails on the Clay Pit of Dobbertin, where is one of the most varied in size terms, with some of the biggest specimens of this snail from the Lower Toarcian know. It has been related to large floating driftwood as one of the primary settlers.

Cerithium[19]

* Cerithium armatum
* Cerithium roeceri

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Shells

A Sea Snail, member of Cerithiinae inside Caenogastropoda.

|  Cerithium

Turritella[22][21]

* Turritella sp.

* Dobbertin

Shells

A Sea Snail, member of Turritellidae inside Cerithioidea.

Lioplacodes[5]

* Lioplacodes sp.

* Żarnów
* Wąsosz
* Kuraszków

Shells

A Freshwater Snail, member of Viviparidae inside Architaenioglossa. Resembles Lioplacodes veternus

Gyraulus?[5]

* Gyraulus? sp.

* Żarnów

Shells

A Freshwater/Terrestrial Snail, member of Planorbidae inside Planorboidea.

|  Gyraulus

### Cephalopoda

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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Eleganticeras[12][18][24][25][20]

* Eleganticeras elegantulum
* Eleganticeras sp.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin
* Karziger Ufer
* Müssentin
* Broock
* Hohenbarnekow
* Grenzin
* Groß Roge
* Elmenhorst
* Klütz Höved
* Pinnow
* Consrade
* Ahrensburg

Shells

An Ammonite, member of the family Hildoceratidae inside Ammonoidea.

|  Eleganticeras

Tiltoniceras[12][18][24][25][20]

* Tiltoniceras antiquum
* Tiltoniceras costatum
* Tiltoniceras acutum
* Tiltoniceras schroederi
* Tiltoniceras costatum
* Tiltoniceras capillatum
* Tiltoniceras sp.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin
* Karziger Ufer
* Müssentin
* Broock
* Hohenbarnekow
* Grenzin
* Groß Roge
* Elmenhorst
* Klütz Höved
* Pinnow
* Consrade
* Ahrensburg

Shells

An Ammonite, member of the family Hildoceratidae inside Ammonoidea.

|  Tiltoniceras

Hildaites[20]

* Hildaites subserpentinus

* Ahrensburg

Shells

An Ammonite, member of the family Hildoceratidae inside Ammonoidea.

Whitbyiceras[20]

* Whitbyiceras pingue

* Ahrensburg

Shells

An Ammonite, member of the family Phymatoceratidae inside Ammonoidea.

Lobolytoceras[12][24][25]

* Lobolytoceras siemensi
* Lobolytoceras sp.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin
* Thüringen
* Brandenburg
* Braunschweig
* Boulder from Ahrensburg

Shells

An Ammonite, member of the family Lytoceratidae inside Ammonoidea.

|  Lobolytoceras

Pseudolioceras[12][24][20]

* Pseudolioceras lythense

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin
* Karziger Ufer
* Müssentin
* Broock
* Hohenbarnekow
* Grenzin
* Groß Roge
* Elmenhorst
* Klütz Höved
* Pinnow
* Consrade
* Ahrensburg

Shells

An Ammonite, member of the family Harpoceratinae inside Ammonoidea.

|  Pseudolioceras

Dactylioceras[25][26][20]

* Dactylioceras athleticum
* Dactylioceras temperatum
* Dactylioceras attenuatum
* Dactylioceras tenuicostatum
* Dactylioceras semicelatum
* Dactylioceras cf. aequistriatum
* Dactylioceras eickenbergi
* Dactylioceras ernsti

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin
* Karziger Ufer
* Müssentin
* Broock
* Hohenbarnekow
* Grenzin
* Groß Roge
* Elmenhorst
* Klütz Höved
* Pinnow
* Consrade
* Ahrensburg

Shells

An Ammonite, type member of the family Dactylioceratinae inside Ammonoidea. Most common ammonite found on the Green Series and the different erratic boulders, as is the most common on the German realm, on the north and the south, with several specimens of different sizes.

|  Dactylioceras

Nodicoeloceras[20]

* Nodicoeloceras crassoides

* Ahrensburg

Shells

An Ammonite, type member of the family Dactylioceratinae inside Ammonoidea.

Peronoceras[12][24][20]

* Peronoceras fibulatum

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin
* Karziger Ufer
* Müssentin
* Broock
* Hohenbarnekow
* Grenzin
* Groß Roge
* Elmenhorst
* Klütz Höved
* Pinnow
* Consrade
* Ahrensburg

Shells

An Ammonite, member of the family Dactylioceratinae inside Ammonoidea.

Phylloceras[20]

* Phylloceras heterophyllum

* Ahrensburg

Shells

An Ammonite, type member of the family Phylloceratinae inside Ammonoidea.

|  Dactylioceras

Acrocoelites[19]

* Acrocoelites pyramidalis

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Müssentin gravel pit

Multiple Specimens.

A Belemnoidean. member of the family Megateuthididae inside Belemnitida.

|  Acrocoelites

Beloteuthis[19]

* Beloteuthis schubleri

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Multiple Specimens

A Mesoteuthoidean, member of the family Beloteuthidae. Is a relatively small genus.

|  Beloteuthis

Teudopsis[19][27]

* Teudopsis bollensis

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Few specimens

A Vampire Squid, member of Teudopsidae inside Vampyropodan. Related to the modern Vampyroteuthis infernalis.

|  Teudopsis

Jeletzkyteuthis[19]

* Jeletzkyteuthis coriaceus

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Two Specimens

A Loligosepiidae Loligosepiidan (Vampyromorpha). Related to the modern Vampyroteuthis infernalis. Gladii of Loligosepia can be distinguished from Jeletzkyteuthis by the transition lateral field/hyperbolar zone. Described originally as Belopeltis bollensis.

### Crustacea

Small indeterminate shrimps, sometimes found associated in great numbers, are recovered on several layers at Grimmen.[28]

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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Euestheria[5][10][22][21][29]

* Euestheria opalina
* Euestheria loczyi
* Euestheria brodieana
* Euestheria minuta
* Euestheria ziliujingensis
* Euestheria sp.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin
* Lubienia
* Kozlowice
* Boroszów
* Żuki
* Gorzków
* Choroń
* Bobolice
* Żarnów
* Warsaw
* Płońsk
* Boża Wola
* Lidzbark Warmiński
* Polessk
* Zakościele
* Dąbrówka
* Zakościtel
* Sielec
* Studzianna
* Przysucha
* Wąsosz
* Kuraszków

Valves

A Freshwater Clam shrimp (Phyllopodan) of the family Lioestheriidae. Originally identified as a bivalve of the genus "Posidonia" and latter a member of the genus Lioestheria. They fed on detritus, being very small slow moving, nektonic organisms that filter fed as they floated. Euestheria opalina dominates the invertebrate assamblages. The specimens are numerous here and form thin layers, being the most abundant invertebrate recovered on all the formation. The presence of Euestheria marks the appearance of less saline conditions, as this is a mostly freshwater genus. Is linked with beds where abundant freshwater algae covers the layers, being both probably washed from the nearby mainland trought streams. The local Phyllopods are related with a great amount of freshwater debris (especially plants), and suggest seasonal changes on the rivers on the Toarcian Polish Basin. On Kozłowice, there is an association of the ichnogenus Planolites and phyllopods of this genus, which reflects a gradual decline in water salinity during a sea level high standard regression.

Pseudograpta[30][31][32]

* Pseudograpta murchisoniae

* Żarnów
* Wąsosz
* Kuraszków

Valves

A Freshwater Clam shrimp (Phyllopodan) of the family Eosestheriidae.

Glyphea[10][22][21]

* Glyphea liasina

* Dobbertin

* Isolated Molts
* Isolated Chelae

A Marine Decapodan, type member of the family Glypheidae inside Decapoda.

|  Glyphea

Proeryon[22][28]

* Proeryon hartmanni
* cf.Proeryon sp.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin

* Isolated molts
* Single specimen with preserved upper thorax and chelae

A Marine Decapodan, member of the family Proeryoninae inside Polychelida. Resemble Proeryon hartmani show less adaptations to hunt for small nectobenthic preys than other relatives, being abundant on Oyster-filled waters. There is a relative abundance of the genus in deep-water settings from the Toarcian onward.

|  Proeryon

Liasina[4][14]

* Liasina lanceolata
* Liasina vestibulifera
* Liasina sp. A
* Liasina sp. B
* Liasina sp. C

* Żuki
* Gorzków
* Choroń
* Bobolice

Valves

A Marine Ostracodan of the family Pontocyprididae. Small marine ostracods related with abundant Green Algae environments

Trachycythere[1]

* Trachycythere tubulosa

* Dobbertin

Valves

A marine/brackish Ostracodan of incertae sedis affinity

Paracypris[1]

* Paracypris semidisca

* Dobbertin

Valves

A marine/brackish Ostracodan of the family Paracypridinae inside Candonidae.

Bythocypris[1]

* Bythocypris elongata

* Dobbertin

Valves

A marine/brackish Ostracodan of the family Bythocyprididae inside Bairdioidea.

Bairdia[1]

* Bairdia hilda

* Dobbertin

Valves

A marine/brackish Ostracodan of the family Bairdiidae inside Bairdioidea.

Polycope[1]

* Polycope cincinnata
* Polycope sp.

* Dobbertin

Valves

A marine/brackish Ostracodan of the family Polycopidae inside Cladocopina.

Procytheridea[1]

* Procytheridea sp.

* Dobbertin

Valves

A marine/brackish Ostracodan of the family Protocytheridae inside Cytheroidea.

Cytherelloidea[1]

* Cytherelloidea Indeterminate

* Dobbertin

Valves

A marine/brackish Ostracodan of the family Cytherelloidea inside Platycopina.

Hungarella[1]

* Hungarella adenticulata
* Hungarella sp.

* Dobbertin

Valves

A marine/brackish Ostracodan of the family Healdiidae inside Metacopa. Hungarella adenticulata was first identified in Dobbertin

### Arachnida

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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Seppo[33]

* Seppo koponeni

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Single Incomplete Specimen

A spider, possible member of the superfamily Palpimanoidea.[33] It is the first confirmed spider from the lower Jurassic, and a rare find, probably washed to the sea due to a hard wind related to hurricane action. Probably a ground-dwelling predator that hunted the abundant insect fauna present on the layers.[33] With a robust and well-armed legs I, directed forwards give the suggestion that they were preycapture appendages, a morphology typical of a sit-and-wait predator, while the short legs III are more typical on web spiders, especially Orbweavers, but also found on Palpimanoids, but not on that that are common substrate dwellers, that had legs more equal.[33] Seppo was probably not a habitual ground dweller, with armoured front legs related to capturing dangerous prey, such as many palpimanoids today are Araneophagous, for example.[33]

### Insecta

Insects are common terrestrial animals that were probably drifted to the sea due to Moonsonal conditions present on the Ciechocinek Formation.[34] In Klein Lehmhagen insects are found as part of calcareous nodules in the exaratum-elegantulum subzones, with specimens also found in living chambers of Eleganticeras elegantulum macrochonchs and in fish coprolites which are the most frequent fossils at all.[34] In the elegantulum the insect fauna is dominated by beetle elytra, indicating strong fluvial input and a nearshore deltaic complex.[34] On Dobbertin, insects are present in the exaratum nodules, where fluvial input is seen thanks to the phyllopod abundance and whole bedding planes covered by algae substituted by Ca-phosphat, being the layers where insects are most abundant.[34]

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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Archipsylla[35][36]

* Archipsylla primitiva

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A Paraneopteran, member of the family Archipsyllidae inside Permopsocida.

Liassopsocus[36]

* Liassopsocus lanceolatus

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Specimens

A Paraneopteran, member of the family Psocidiidae inside Permopsocida.

Obotritagrion[36][37]

* Obotritagrion tenuiformum
* Obotritagrion petersi

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Zessin collection)

* Complete Specimens
* Isolated Wings

Primitive Pterygotans, member of the family Protomyrmeleontidae inside Dicondylia.

Protomyrmeleon[36][37]

* Protomyrmeleon brunonis
* Protomyrmeleon quadriordinum

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Zessin collection)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Prosepididontus[38][39]

* Prosepididontus calopteryx

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

Reculidans, member of Gryllones (Extinct clade of Basal Insects) of the family Geinitziidae.

Geinitzia[35][38]

* Geinitzia schlieffeni
* Geinitzia debilis
* Geinitzia minor

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Nele[36]

* Nele jurassica

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Partial Specimens

An Ice crawler, member of the family Bajanzhargalanidae inside Grylloblattodea. One of the main Floor insects found.

|  Grylloblatta, extant ice crawler, Nele was probably similar

Griphopteron[40][36]

* Griphopteron molle

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

An Eoblattidan, member of the family Blattogryllidae inside Eoblattida.

Undacypha[36]

* Undacypha europaea

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Specimens

Thysanopterans, members of the family Lophioneurida inside Thripida. Aeroplankton is extraordinarily well preserved in Grimmen, with the most abundant representatives of the aeroplankton (around 3 mm) being Lophioneurids, specially Undacypha europaea.

|  Extant Thysanopteran, extinct genera were probably similar

Liadoptilia[40]

* Liadoptilia misera

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Trichorthophlebia[40]

* Trichorthophlebia pilifera

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Magnasupplephlebia[41][42]

* Magnasupplephlebia kallweita
* Magnasupplephlebia intercalaria

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Zessin collection)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)

* Isolated Wings

A dragonfly, incertae sedis inside Odonata. Magnasupplephlebia represents a very large dragonfly, with a wingspan of 13 cm. Other odonatan remains are unable to being referred to a concrete group due to their incomplete status.

Liadothemis[35][40][41]

* Liadothemis hydrodictyon
* Liadothemis major
* Liadothemis geinitzi
* Liadothemis insignis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Zessin collection)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Petrothemis[35]

* Petrothemis singularis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Parelthothemis[35]

* Parelthothemis dobbertinensis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Anomothemis[35]

* Anomothemis brevistigma

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Rhabdothemis[40]

* Rhabdothemis strigivena

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Temnostigma[40]

* Temnostigma singulare

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Pycnothemis[40]

* Pycnothemis densa

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Archithemis[22][35]

* Archithemis brodiei

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Heterothemis[43][44]

* Heterothemis brodiei
* Heterothemis germanica

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)
* Ahrensburg erratics

Specimens

A Dragonfly, member of the family Liassogomphidae inside Odonata.

Anisozygopteron[35]

* Anisozygopteron geinitzianum

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A Dragonfly, member of the family Myopophlebiidae inside Odonata.

Selenothemis[38]

* Selenothemis liadis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (NHMW collection)

Specimens

A Dragonfly, type member of the family Selenothemistidae inside Odonata.

Dialothemis[40]

* Dialothemis dubia

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Eosagrion[38]

* Eosagrion risi

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A Dragonfly, member of the family Eosagrionidae inside Odonata.

Turanopteron[36]

* Turanopteron pommerana

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Specimens

A Dragonfly, member of the family Asiopteridae inside Odonata. "Sphenophlebia pommerana" is a junior synonym.

Grimmenopteron[36]

* Grimmenopteron elegantulum

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Specimens

A Dragonfly, member of the family Liassophlebiidae inside Odonata.

Trigonophlebia[36]

* Trigonophlebia zessini

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Specimens

A Dragonfly, member of the family Heterophlebiidae inside Odonata.

Heterophlebia[36][41]

* Heterophlebia buckmani
* Heterophlebia megapolitana

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Zessin collection)

Specimens

A Dragonfly, member of the family Heterophlebiidae inside Odonata.

Dobbertiniopteryx[45]

* Dobbertiniopteryx capniomimus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)

Specimens

A small winter Stonefly, member of the family Capniidae inside Plecoptera.

|  extant Capniidae, Dobbertiniopteryx was probably similar

Dicronemoura[36]

* Dicronemoura furcata

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Specimens

A stonefly, member of the family Perlariopseidae inside Plecoptera.

Zalmonites[35]

* Zalmonites geinitzi

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A grasshopper, incertae Sedis inside Orthoptera.

Panorpidium[10][36][35][40][38][46]

* Panorpidium geinitzi
* Panorpidium magna
* Panorpidium minima
* Panorpidium media
* Panorpidium reticulata
* Panorpidium mesostena

* Grimmen (Krempien collection)
* Lehmhagen, near Grimmen (Zessin collection)
* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin (Breslau Museum Coll.)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Zessin collection)
* Dobbertin (Naturkundemuseum Coll.)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

* Specimens
* Isolated Wings

A Grasshopper, member of the family Elcanidae inside Orthoptera. The species Panorpidium magna is among the largest Orthopterans of the Jurassic, while Panorpidium minima is among the smallest.

Parelcana[36][40][46]

* Parelcana tenuis

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin (Naturkundemuseum Coll.)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Synelcana[21][47]

* Synelcana muelleri

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Zessin collection)

Locustopsis[10][36][35][40][48][49]

* Locustopsis gyra
* Locustopsis bernstorffi
* Locustopsis sippeli
* ?Locustopsis dubia
* Locustopsis bernstorffi
* Locustopsis nana
* Locustopsis reducta
* Locustopsis elongata
* Locustopsis elegans
* Locustopsis pulchella
* Locustopsis lacera
* Locustopsis procera
* Locustopsis mecklenburgica
* Locustopsis maculosa
* Locustopsis sp 1
* Locustopsis sp 2
* Locustopsis sp 3
* Locustopsis sp 4

* Grimmen (Krempien collection)
* Lehmhagen, near Grimmen (Zessin collection)
* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Zessin collection)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

* Complete Specimens
* Isolated Wings
* Isolated legs

Grasshoppers of the family Locustopsidae inside Orthoptera.

Plesioschwinzia[47]

* Plesioschwinzia thalassophila

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Schwinzia[48]

* Schwinzia sola

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Zessin collection)

Locustophanes[40]

* Locustophanes rhipidophorus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A Locust, type member of the family Locustidae inside Orthoptera.

|  Acanthacris, extant Locust, Locustophanes was probably similar

Protochaeta[36][40]

* Protochaeta masculina
* Protochaeta lanceolata

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A Grasshopper, member of the family Regiatidae inside Orthoptera.

Protogryllus[36][35][38][40][44][50]

* Protogryllus dobbertinensis
* Protogryllus germanicus
* Protogryllus sp.
* Protogryllus vicinus
* Protogryllus liadis
* Protogryllus major
* Protogryllus stenobasis
* Protogryllus femina
* Protogryllus acutipennis
* Protogryllus minor
* Protogryllus irregularis

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (BMNH collection)
* Dobbertin (Naturkundemuseum Coll.)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)
* Ahrensburg Erratics

Specimens

A Cricket-like Grasshopper, type member of the family Protogryllidae inside Orthoptera.

Durnovaria[36]

* Durnovaria cf. parallela

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Specimens

A Stick Insect, member of the family Aerophasmidae inside Phasmatodea.

|  Example of extant Phasmatodean, Durnovaria was probably similar

Mesoblattina[10][51]

* Mesoblattina protypa

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A Cockroach, type member of the family Mesoblattinidae inside Blattodea.

Caloblattina[35][51]

* Caloblattina mathildae

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A Cockroach, type member of the family Caloblattinidae inside Blattodea.

Liadoblattina[40][43][51]

* Liadoblattina blakei

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A Carnivorous Cockroach, type member of the family Raphidiomimidae inside Blattodea.

Eublattula[40]

* Eublattula crassivena

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A Cockroach, member of the family Blattulidae inside Dicondylia. Member of an extinct cockroach-like family which was widely distributed around the world and lasted from Late Triassic to Cretaceous.

Blattula[22][40][43][51][44]

* Blattula langfeldti
* Blattula dubia

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (NHMW collection)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)
* Ahrensburg Erratics

Dipluroblattina[22][40]

* Dipluroblattina scudderi

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Liasocoris[52]

* Liasocoris hainmuelleri

* Schwinzer brickyard, near Goldberg

Specimens

A true bug, incertae sedis inside Hemiptera.

Fulgoridium[36][35][40]

* Fulgoridium egens
* Fulgoridium lapideum
* Fulgoridium dubium
* Fulgoridium latum
* Fulgoridium venosum
* Fulgoridium pallidum
* Fulgoridium geinitzi
* Fulgoridium spilographum
* Fulgoridium oligoneurum
* Fulgoridium regulare
* Fulgoridium graphipterum
* Fulgoridium inconspicuum
* Fulgoridium quadrisignatum
* Fulgoridium breviradiatum
* Fulgoridium modestum
* Fulgoridium anale
* Fulgoridium marginepunctatum
* Fulgoridium picturatum
* Fulgoridium anomalum
* Fulgoridium stigmaticum
* Fulgoridium punctatum
* Fulgoridium mortuum
* Fulgoridium alatum
* Fulgoridium nodosum
* Fulgoridium megapolitanum
* Fulgoridium pulchrum
* Fulgoridium remotum
* Fulgoridium multivenosum
* Fulgoridium debile
* Fulgoridium trifurcatum
* Fulgoridium litorale
* Fulgoridium parvispilum
* Fulgoridium retractum
* Fulgoridium polyneurum
* Fulgoridium oligospilum
* Fulgoridium nubeculum
* Fulgoridium obtusum
* Fulgoridium grave
* Fulgoridium fenestratum
* Fulgoridium breve
* Fulgoridium dilutum
* Fulgoridium multipunctatum
* Fulgoridium ampliatum
* Fulgoridium clavatum
* Fulgoridium nebulosum
* Fulgoridium vicinum
* Fulgoridium curvipenne
* Fulgoridium elegantulum
* Fulgoridium defunctum
* Fulgoridium plicatum
* Fulgoridium exhumatum
* Fulgoridium angulosum
* Fulgoridium acutum
* Fulgoridium rotundatum
* Fulgoridium ancylla
* Fulgoridium bifurcatum
* Fulgoridium inaequale
* Fulgoridium brachyptilum
* Fulgoridium intercalatum
* Fulgoridium balticum

* Grimmen (EMAU collection)
* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin (Breslau Museum Coll.)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (NHMW collection)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

* Complete Specimens
* Partial Specimens
* Isolated Wings

Planthoppers of the family Fulgoridiidae inside Hemiptera. The colossal abundance of the genus Fulgoridium maybe it is related to a preference for seashore habitats. Some specimens are indistinguishable, making possible some species synonymous.

|  Example of extant Fulgoridae, Fulgoridiidae genera where probably similar

Metafulgoridium[40]

* Metafulgoridium spilotum
* Metafulgoridium ampliatum
* Metafulgoridium graptum

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Margaroptilon[40]

* Margaroptilon germanicum

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Cixiites[35]

* Cixiites liasinus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Procercopis[22][35][40]

* Procercopis alutacea
* Procercopis coriacea
* Procercopis liasina
* Procercopis similis
* Procercopis jurassica

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

Froghoppers of the family Procercopidae inside Hemiptera.

Procercopina[36]

* Procercopina frenzeli

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Liadopsylla[36][43]

* Liadopsylla geinitzi
* Liadopsylla obtusa

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A jumping plant louse, member of the family Liadopsyllidae inside Hemiptera.

Hadrocoris[40]

* Hadrocoris scutellaris

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A true Bug, member of the family Hadrocoridae inside Hemiptera.

Acromocoris[53]

* Acromocoris similis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (NHMW collection)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A water boatman, member of the family Corixidae inside Hemiptera.

|  Example of extant Corixidae, Acromocoris was probably similar

Progonocimex[38][54]

* Progonocimex jurassicus
* Progonocimex liasinus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

Moss bugs of the family Progonocimicidae inside Hemiptera.

|  Example of extant Peloridiidae, Progonocimicidae genera where probably similar

Eocercopis[40]

* Eocercopis ancyloptera
* Eocercopis similis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (NHMW collection)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Archicercopis[40]

* Archicercopis falcatus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Probascanion[40][53]

* Probascanion megacephalum

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (NHMW collection)

Specimens

A Coleorrhynchan, member of the family Probascanionidae inside Hemiptera.

Archegocimex[38][54]

* Archegocimex geinitzi
* Archegocimex primitiva
* Archegocimex liadis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

Shore bugs, member of the family Archegocimicidae inside Hemiptera.

|  Example of extant Pentacora, Archegocimicidae genera where probably similar

Progonocoris[38]

* Progonocoris pictus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Anosmus[40]

* Anosmus spilopterus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Diatillus[43]

* Diatillus debilis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Pachymeridium[10]

* Pachymeridium dubium

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

True Bugs, member of the family Pachymeridiidae inside Hemiptera.

Sisyrocoris[43]

* Sisyrocoris rudis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Hypocimex[40]

* Hypocimex membranaceus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Apsicoria[40]

* Apsicoria semideleta

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Cathalus[40]

* Cathalus alutaceus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Psychrocoris[43]

* Psychrocoris cuneifera

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Cuneocoris[38]

* Cuneocoris geinitzi

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A true Bug, member of the family Cuneocoridae inside Hemiptera.

Apopnus[43]

* Apopnus magniclavus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A creeping water bug, member of the family Naucoridae inside Hemiptera.

|  Example of extant Naucoridae, extinct genera where probably similar

Aphlebocoris[35][43]

* Aphlebocoris punctata
* Aphlebocoris nana

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Archijassus[35][36][40]

* Archijassus heeri

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

Leafhoppers of the family Archijassidae inside Hemiptera.

|  Example of extant Membracidae, Archijassidae genera where probably similar

Mesoledra[36][40]

* Mesoledra pachyneura

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin (Naturkundemuseum Coll.)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Ardela[36]

* Ardela grimmenensis

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Liassocercopis[36]

* Liassocercopis schnicki

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Specimens

A cicadomorphan, member of the family Hylicellidae inside Hemiptera.

Toarcopsyllidium[36]

* Toarcopsyllidium ernsti

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Specimens

A Sternorrhynchan, member of the family Protopsyllidiidae inside Hemiptera.

Aphidulum[36]

* Aphidulum ciliatum

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Archiconiopteryx[36][35]

* Archiconiopteryx liasina

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A Stemorrhynchan, type member of the family Archiconiopterygidae inside Hemiptera.

Grimmenaphis[36]

* Grimmenaphis magnifica

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Specimens

An aphid, member of the family Oviparosiphidae inside Hemiptera. Among the oldest Aphids

|  Example of extant Aphidoidea, Oviparosiphidae genera where probably similar

Grimmaratavites[55]

* Grimmaratavites mirabilis

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Specimens

A Wood Wasp, member of the family Karatavitidae inside Hymenoptera.

Liadobracona[56]

* Liadobracona raduhna

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Zessin collection)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)

Isolated Wings

Wasps, member of the family Ephialtitidae inside Hymenoptera

Brigittepterus[56]

* Brigittepterus brauckmanni

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Zessin collection)

Xyelula[56]

* Xyelula benderi

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Zessin collection)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)

Specimens

A pseudo-Wasp, member of the family Sepulcidae inside Hymenoptera.

Dobbertinia[38]

* Dobbertinia reticulata

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

An alderfly, member of the family Sialidae inside Megaloptera.

|  Example of extant Sialidae, Dobbertinia was probably similar

Liassochrysa[57][58]

* Liassochrysa stigmatica

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)

Specimens

A Neuropteran of the family Mantispidae. It is the earliest know Chrysopid

|  Example of extant Mantispidae, Liassochrysa was probably similar

Mesoleon[35]

* Mesoleon dobbertinianus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Isolated Wings

A lacewing, incertae sedis inside Neuroptera. The wings if this neauropterans are rather fagmentary and its inclusion on any extant or extinct family is complex

Loxophleps[40]

* Loxophleps costalis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Melaneimon[40]

* Melaneimon dubium

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Melamnous[40]

* Melamnous indistinctus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Prohemerobius[35][36][40]

* Prohemerobius prodromus
* Prohemerobius ovatus
* Prohemerobius anomalus
* Prohemerobius costalis
* Prohemerobius persimilis
* Prohemerobius geinitzi
* Prohemerobius liasinus
* Prohemerobius major
* Prohemerobius parvulus
* Prohemerobius geinitzianus
* Prohemerobius dilaroides
* Prohemerobius chryseus
* Prohemerobius latus

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Isolated Wings

Lacewings of the family Prohemerobiidae inside Neuroptera.

Actinophlebia[35][36][40]

* Actinophlebia megapolitana
* Actinophlebia aenea
* Actinophlebia parallela

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Mesosmylina[36]

* Mesosmylina falcifera

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Specimens

A lance lacewing, member of the family Osmylidae inside Neuroptera.

Solenoptilon[59]

* Solenoptilon kochi

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A lacewing, type member of the Family Solenoptilidae inside Neuroptera.

Epigambria[40][60]

* Epigambria longipennis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A lacewing, member of the Family Epigambriidae inside Neuroptera. Members of the macrofamily Ithonidae

|  Example of extant Ithonidae, Epigambriidae members where probably similar

Polyosmylus[36][60]

* Polyosmylus excelsus

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Apeirophlebia[35]

* Apeirophlebia grandis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A silky lacewing, member of the Family Psychopsidae inside Neuroptera. An unexpected giant Silky lacewing, with a size up to 7 cm.

|  Example of extant Psychopsidae, Apeirophlebia was probably similar

Toarciconiopteryx[61]

* Toarciconiopteryx dipterosimilis

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Isolated hind wing

A dustywing, member of the Family Toarciconiopteryginae inside Neuroptera. The oldest representative of the family

|  Example of extant Coniopterygidae, Toarciconiopteryx was probably similar

Parnidium[35]

* Parnidium frechi
* Parnidium geinitzi

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Isolated Elytrons

Beetles, incertae sedis inside Coleoptera. Great amount of Beetle elytrons on both Dobbertin and Grimmen corroborates the presence of suitable environments nearby.

Polypamon[62]

* Polypamon byrrhoides

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Bathygerus[62]

* Bathygerus bellus
* Bathygerus divergens

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Plastonebria[62]

* Plastonebria scudderi

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Plastobuprestites[62]

* Plastobuprestites elegans

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Nannoodes[35]

* Nannoodes pseudocistela

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Pseudocyphon[35]

* Pseudocyphon geinitzi

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Keleusticus[62]

* Keleusticus zirkeli

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Allognosis[62]

* Allognosis nitens

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Enamma[35]

* Enamma striatum

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Pseudoprionites[62]

* Pseudoprionites liasinus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Nebrioides[62]

* Nebrioides dobbertinensis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Paracurculium[62]

* Paracurculium punctatum

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Apioderes[40]

* Apioderes punctatus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Bareus[40]

* Bareus strigipennis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Anypostatus[40]

* Anypostatus taurus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Periboloptera[40]

* Periboloptera rotunda

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Clinomerus[40]

* Clinomerus laticollis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Anomerus[40]

* Anomerus punctifer

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Masselytron[40]

* Masselytron quinquestriatum

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Oxytoroptera[40]

* Oxytoroptera mediocris

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Ecthlimma[40]

* Ecthlimma forficuloides

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Onkedodimus[40]

* Onkedodimus discicollis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Apsychus[40]

* Apsychus alutaceus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Gyrinulopsis[35]

* Gyrinulopsis nanu

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Anancaeon[40]

* Anancaeon microcephalum

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (NHMW collection)

Hydrobiites[40]

* Hydrobiites dobbertinensis
* Hydrobiites punctatostriatus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (NHMW collection)

Elytrons

A beetle, member of the family Permosynidae inside Coleoptera.

Thoracotes[35]

* Thoracotes dubius

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

* 2 Complete Specimens
* Isolated Elytrons

A bark gnawing beetle, member of the family Trogossitidae inside Coleoptera.

|  Example of extant Trogossitidae, Thoracotes was probably similar

Eurynucha[35]

* Eurynucha pseudobuprestis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Isolated Elytrons

A jewel beetle, member of the family Buprestidae inside Coleoptera.

|  Example of extant Buprestidae, Eurynucha was probably similar

Coptogyrinus[35]

* Coptogyrinus scutellatus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A whirligig beetle, member of the family Gyrinidae inside Coleoptera.

|  Example of extant Gyrinidae, Coptogyrinus was probably similar

Carabites[35][62]

* Carabites dubius
* Carabites geinitzi

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A ground beetle, member of the family Carabidae inside Coleoptera.

|  Example of extant Carabidae, Carabites was probably similar

Liassodites[63]

* Liassodites obsti

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

* Single complete specimen

A False Ground Beetle of the family Trachypachidae.

|  Extant member of Trachypachidae, Liassodites was probably similar

Mesotrichopteridium[35][40][64]

* Mesotrichopteridium intermedium
* Mesotrichopteridium pusillum

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Isolated Wings

Caddisflies, member of the family Necrotauliidae inside Trichoptera.

Metarchitaulius[40]

* Metarchitaulius longus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Parataulius[40]

* Parataulius jurassicus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Nannotrichopteron[35]

* Nannotrichopteron gracile

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Necrotaulius[40][64]

* Necrotaulius parvulus

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Epididontus[40]

* Epididontus geinitzianus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Archiptilia[40]

* Archiptilia ovata

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Paratrichopteridium[40]

* Paratrichopteridium efossum
* Paratrichopteridium costale

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Pararchitaulius[40]

* Pararchitaulius ovalis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Palaeotaulius[40]

* Palaeotaulius vicinus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Pseudorthophlebia[35]

* Pseudorthophlebia platyptera

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Liadotaulius[35][40][64]

* Liadotaulius maior

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A finger-net caddisfly, member of the family Philopotamidae inside Trichoptera.

|  Example of extant Philopotamidae, Liadotaulius was probably similar

Eolepidopterigidae[65]

* Eolepidopterigidae indet. A
* Eolepidopterigidae indet. B
* Eolepidopterigidae indet. C

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

* Isolated Wings
* Isolated Wing Scales

A Moth, member of the family Eolepidopterigidae inside Lepidoptera. They are essential fossils for the Development of the color on Lepidopterans.

Orthophlebia[22][35][40][36]

* Orthophlebia germanica
* Orthophlebia elongata
* Orthophlebia fuscipennis
* Orthophlebia limnophila
* Orthophlebia cf. limnophila
* Orthophlebia radialis
* Orthophlebia liadis
* Orthophlebia maculata
* Orthophlebia vicina
* Orthophlebia brunsvicensis

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin (Breslau Museum Coll.)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

* Complete specimens
* Isolated Wings

Hangingflies, member of the family Orthophlebiidae inside Mecoptera.

Mesopanorpa[40]

* Mesopanorpa maculata

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Neorthophlebia[36][35][40]

* Neorthophlebia maculipennis
* Neorthophlebia megapolitana
* Neorthophlebia pallida
* Neorthophlebia debilis
* Neorthophlebia simillima
* Neorthophlebia medialis
* Neorthophlebia stigmatica
* Neorthophlebia acutipennis

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

* Complete specimens
* Isolated Wings

Hangingflies, member of the family Bittacidae inside Mecoptera.

|  Example of extant Bittacidae, extinct members where probably similar

Parabittacus[66]

* Parabittacus analis
* Parabittacus lingula

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Mesobittacus[36]

* Mesobittacus minutus

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Pseudopolycentropus[22][36]

* Pseudopolycentropus triangularis
* Pseudopolycentropus perlaeformis
* Pseudopolycentropus sp.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A scorpionfly, type member of the family Pseudopolycentropodidae inside Mecoptera.

Mesochorista[40]

* Mesochorista sinuata

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A Scorpionfly, member of the family Permochoristidae inside Mecoptera.

Archipleciomima[36][67]

* Archipleciomima germanica
* Archipleciomima sp.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Isolated Wings

A fly, incertae sedis inside Diptera

Aenne[68]

* Aenne liasina

* Schönenwald railway cutting, Grimmen
* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

* Complete specimens
* Isolated Wings

The oldest known non biting Midges, members of the Chironomidae inside Diptera

|  Example of extant Chironomidae, extinct members where probably similar

Oryctochlus[36][68]

* Oryctochlus toarciensis

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Podonomius[36][68]

* Podonomius tumidus

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Mesotipula[38][36][35][40][69][70]

* Mesotipula siggiae
* Mesotipula vicina
* Mesotipula cf. vicina
* Mesotipula mirabilis
* Mesotipula curvata
* Mesotipula geinitzi
* Mesotipula minuta
* Mesotipula lapidaria
* Mesotipula parva

* Lehmhagen, near Grimmen (Zessin collection)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (NHMW collection)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

* Complete specimens
* Isolated Wings

A Crane Fly of the family Limoniidae inside Diptera.

|  Example of extant Limoniidae, extinct members where probably similar

Architipula[35][40][69]

* Architipula stigmatica
* Architipula latipennis
* Architipula elegans
* Architipula seebachi
* Architipula nana
* Architipula pusilla
* Architipula pulla
* Architipula debilis
* Architipula simplex
* Architipula intermedia
* Architipula obliqua
* Architipula areolata
* Architipula maior
* Architipula conspicua
* Architipula clara
* Architipula dubia

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Eotipula[35]

* Eotipula defuncta
* Eotipula mortua
* Eotipula coarctata

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Phryganidium[22][40]

* Phryganidium minimum

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Grimmenia[69]

* Grimmenia prima
* Grimmenia secunda

* Lehmhagen, near Grimmen (Zessin collection)

Rhaetomyia[36]

* Rhaetomyia herrigi

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A Phantom midge of the family Chaoboridae inside Diptera.

|  Example of extant Chaoboridae, extinct members where probably similar

Grimmyia[36]

* Grimmyia baltica

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Isolated Wings

A Snipe Fly, member of the family Rhagionidae inside Diptera.

|  Example of extant Rhagionidae, extinct members where probably similar

Liassobrachyceron[36][71]

* Liassobrachyceron kotejai

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)

Palaeobrachyceron[36]

* Palaeobrachyceron willmanni

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Antefungivora[36]

* Antefungivora germanica

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Isolated Wings

Flies, member of the family Antefungivoridae inside Diptera.

Archibio[40]

* Archibio mycetophilinus

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Pleciofungivora[36]

* Pleciofungivora liassica

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Isolated Wings

A Fly, member of the family Pleciofungivoridae inside Diptera.

Archirhyphus[40]

* Archirhyphus geinitzi

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Isolated Wings

Flies, member of the family Protorhyphidae inside Diptera

Protorhyphus[36][40]

* Protorhyphus simplex

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Protobrachyceron[38]

* Protobrachyceron liasinum

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A Fly, member of the family Protobrachyceridae inside Diptera

Heterorhyphus[36][40]

* Heterorhyphus triangularis

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Specimens

A Fly, type member of the family Heterorhyphidae inside Diptera

Eoditomyia[36]

* Eoditomyia primitiva

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Specimens

A Fly, type member of the family Eoditomyidae inside Diptera

Protoplecia[22][36]

* Protoplecia klafacki
* Protoplecia liasina

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Isolated wings

A Fly, type member of the family Protopleciidae inside Diptera.

Mailotrichocera[72]

* Mailotrichocera mikereichi
* Mailotrichocera variabilis
* Mailotrichocera zessini

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)

Isolated wings

A Winter Crane Fly, member of the family Trichoceridae inside Diptera.

|  Example of extant Trichoceridae, extinct members where probably similar

Nannotanyderus[36][73]

* Nannotanyderus grimmenensis
* Nannotanyderus krzeminskii

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Zessin collection)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)

Isolated Wings

A primitive Crane Fly, member of the family Tanyderidae inside Diptera.

Praemacrochile[74]

* Praemacrochile decipiens
* Praemacrochile dobbertinensis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Zessin collection)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)

Eoptychoptera[36][35][40]

* Eoptychoptera simplex
* Eoptychoptera eximia

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Zessin collection)
* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Isolated Wings

A Phantom crane fly, member of the family Ptychopteridae inside Diptera.

|  Example of extant Ptychopteridae, extinct members where probably similar

Eolimnobia[35]

* Eolimnobia geinitzi

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Crenoptychoptera[75]

* Crenoptychoptera dobbertinensis

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Ansorge coll)

Tanypsycha[73]

* Tanypsycha connexa

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Isolated Wings

A Moth fly, member of the family Psychodidae inside Diptera.

|  Example of extant Psychodidae, extinct members where probably similar

Liassopsychodina[73]

* Liassopsychodina pommerana

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Mesorhyphus[38][40]

* Mesorhyphus nanus

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Isolated Wings

A Wood Gnat, member of the family Anisopodidae inside Diptera.

|  Example of extant Anisopodidae, extinct members where probably similar

Metatrichopteridium[76]

* Metatrichopteridium confusum

* Dobbertin, Mecklenburg (Greifswald collection)

Isolated Wings

A Fly, member of the family Hennigmatidae inside Diptera.

### Echinodermata

In Dobbertin, the echinoderm remains are rare in contrast to foraminifera, phyllopods and ostracods, yet in some places they attain a percentage of the total fauna between 0.7-26.5%.[1] In the upper layers they're totally absent, as well on the erractics and in the whole Grimmen sequence.[77]

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Sinosura[1]

* Sinosura brodiei
* Sinosura spp.

* Dobbertin

* Isolated Ambulacralia
* Isolated Adambulacralia
* Isolated Side shields
* Isolated Ventral plates
* Isolated Mouthpieces
* Isolated Arm spines
* Isolated Bursal braces

A Brittle Star, member of Ophioleucidae inside Ophioleucida. Identified as Ophiura longivertebralis. The majority of the Echinoderm material found belong to this genus and overall to Ophiuroids. This can be related to the fact some Ophiuroids are more tolerant with Brackish waters.

Crinoidea[1]

* Crinoidea Indeterminate

* Dobbertin

* Isolated Branches
* Isolated Cirri
* Isolated terminal claw of a pinnula

Indeterminate Crinoid remains. This group has very limited/scarce record on the facies

Holothuriida[1]

* Holothuriida Indeterminate

* Dobbertin

* Isolated Hooks
* Isolated Sclerites
* Isolated Holothurian Wheels

A sea Cucumbers of uncertain placement. Remains of this group are very rare on the layers.

## Vertebrates

### Fishes

#### Actinopteri

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Teleostei[4]

* Teleostei "Type A"
* Teleostei "Type B"
* Teleostei "Type C"
* Teleostei "Type D"
* Teleostei "Type E"

* Żarki 88-Z borehole
* Gorzków 43-BN borehole
* Choroń 31-BN borehole
* Bobolice 68-KM borehole

* Isolated Teeth
* Isolated Scales

Freshwater/Brackish/Marine Osteichthyes, incertae sedis inside Teleostei. Inconclusive remains of fish (mostly teeth) are found mostly on Częstochowa-Wieluń region. The Remains of fish are rather rare on the Polish Realm of the Formation, and found related with the Silesian coast, where embayments and lagoons were formed. The remains were not compared. The lack of typical marine fauna indicates that the Toarcian sea transgression did not cause the development of normal-marine conditions in the Polish Basin. "Type A" and "Type B" includes fragmentary remains that resemble the genera Dapedium and andya, with rounded teeth. "Type C" is more similar to the genus Ptycholepis. Finally, "Type D" & "Type E" resemble the Amiiformes and Osteoglossiformes.

Pteroniscus[2]

* Pteroniscus sp.

* Aleksandrów I Borehole

* Teeth

A marine/brackish Osteichthyes, member of Palaeonisciformes inside Chondrostei. Fish tooth remains of this genus are found mostly in Kujawy (Aleksandrów I), along with marine foraminifers of the genus Haplophragmoides sp., which indicates a marine deposition. It represents a relict genus and resembles the Late Jurassic Pteroniscus turkestanensis

Saurichthys?[15]

* Saurichthys sp

* Gorzów Wielkopolski IG 1 borehole

* Teeth

A Freshwater/brackish/marine Osteichthyes, type member of the family Saurichthyidae inside Chondrostei. This genus is known mostly from the late Triassic deposits on Europe, making its appearance on Toarcian strata superficially dubious. It can be a member of the genus Saurorhynchus, although this last one has never been found on Brackish-Prodeltaic Strata.

|  Saurichthys

Saurorhynchus[77][78]

* Saurorhynchus hauffi
* Saurorhynchus sp.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin

* Diganostic Incomplete skull
* Incomplete skull

A marine/brackish Osteichthyes, the youngest representative of the family Saurichthyidae inside Chondrostei. Distinctive for its large jaws, similar to modern Belonidae, it is a genus known from several locations across Europe on the Lower-Middle Jurassic.

|  Saurorhynchus

Gyrosteus[79]

* Gyrosteus mirabilis

* Ahrensburg Erratic Assemblage

GPIH 4864, Hyomandibula

A marine Osteichthyes, member of the Chondrosteidae inside Acipenseriformes.

Grimmenichthys[80]

* Grimmenichthys ansorgei
* Cf. Grimmenichthys ansorgei

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Articulated, but incompletely preserved specimen

A marine Osteichthyes, member of the family Pholidophoriformes inside Teleostei. Found Exclusively on the Green Series, this genus was a small 'pholidophoriform' teleost. The total length remains unknown due to poor preservation, but probably does not exceed 100 mm.

Pholidophorus[79][81]

* Pholidophorus sp.

* Ahrensburg Erratic Assemblage

* Assigned Fragmentary remains

A marine Osteichthyes, member of the family Pholidophoriformes inside Teleostei.

|  Pholidophorus

Pholidophoriformes[80]

* Pholidophoriformes indet.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

* Isolated skull roof with articulated ethmoid region, parasphenoid, and partial braincase

A marine Osteichthyes, member of the family Pholidophoriformes inside Teleostei. Resmble Pholidophoroides crenulata and P. limbata.

Lepidotes[79][77][82][83]

* Lepidotes buelowianus
* Lepidotes elvensis
* Lepidotes spp.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin
* Ahrensburg Erratic Assemblage

Various specimens

A marine Osteichthyes, member of the family Lepidotidae inside Lepisosteiformes. Various species of the genus probably lived in the zone, yet the relationships of the fossils weren't studied. Stomach content is also preserved on a specimen from Dobbertin, and is composed by arthropod cuticles.[84]

|  Lepidotes

Lepisosteidae[80][85]

* Lepisosteidae Indeterminate

* Grimmen

GG 439/4-7 scales

The oldest confirmed true Gar, member of the Lepisosteidae inside Lepisosteiformes. The oldest reliable lepisosteiform remains.

|  Lepisosteus extant example of Gar

Pachycormiformes[79][80]

* Pachycormiformes indet.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Unknown, only cited.

A marine Osteichthyes, member of the family Pachycormiformes inside Teleostei. The first find of the group in the region.

Lycopteroidarum[81]

* Lycopteroidarum sp. A
* Lycopteroidarum sp. B

* Ahrensburg Erratic Assemblage

* Otoliths

Brackish/Freshwater Osteichthyes otoliths of the family Lycopteroidea inside Lycopteriformes.

Leptolepis[79][12][22][77][81][82][86][87]

* Leptolepis bronni
* Leptolepis coryphaenoides
* Leptolepis normandica
* Leptolepis jaegeri
* Leptolepis sp.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin clay pit
* Karziger Ufer
* Müssentin
* Broock
* Hohenbarnekow
* Grenzin
* Groß Roge
* Elmenhorst
* Klütz Höved
* Pinnow
* Consrade
* Ahrensburg

* Slightly disarticulated, incomplete head; Subadult, almost complete; fragmentary head; isolated head with pectoral girdle; incomplete head
* Isolated remains in form of "Grätensandsteine"

A marine Osteichthyes, type member of the family Leptolepidae inside Teleostei. The most abundant vertebrate recovered on the formation, including 3D preserved specimens, as well, is the main component of the Fishbone sandstones from the upper layers.

|  Leptolepis

Leptolepidae[87]

Indeterminate

* Former clay pit of Dobbertin

* Isolated head with missing postcranial bones
* Assigned Teeth

A marine Osteichthyes, member of the family Leptolepidae inside Teleostei.

Proleptolepis[77][87]

Proleptolepis sp.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

* MV 202612, fragmentary head .[87]
* Assigned Teeth

A marine Osteichthyes, member of the family Leptolepidae inside Teleostei. Proleptolepis in the lower Toarcian of Grimmen suggests that this genus might have had a much wider palaeobiogeographical and temporal distribution, since specimens attributed to Proleptolepis have previously been reported only from the Sinemurian of western Europe.

Tetragonolepis[22][77]

* Tetragonolepis semicincta

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

* Incomplete specimen
* Isolated Jaw

A marine Osteichthyes, member of the family Semionotidae inside Semionotiformes. Dapedium and Tetragonolepis may have used alternative strategies in order to partition food resources efficiently and avoid direct competition.

|  Tetragonolepis

Grimmenodon[77][88]

* Grimmenodon aureum

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Almost complete left prearticular with dentition

A marine Osteichthyes, Member of the order Pycnodontiformes inside Neopterygii. Is of comparatively small size, suggesting a hypothetical small standard length of the fish of about 7–10 cm at the time of death.[88] It is a taxon that shows clear adaptations to durophagy, inferring a predominant diet of especially hard food items.[88]

Dapedium[22][77][89]

* Dapedium pholidotum

* Dobbertin

Incomplete skull

A marine Osteichthyes, type member of the Dapediidae inside Neopterygii.

|  Dapedium

#### Chondrichthyes

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
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|
|

Selachimorpha[3][4]

* Selachimorpha Indeterminate

* Żarki 88-Z borehole
* Gorzków 43-BN borehole
* Choroń 31-BN borehole
* Bobolice 68-KM borehole

* Isolated Teeth

Marine/Brackish/Freshwater sharks, incertae sedis inside Selachimorpha. Related with the local marine Transgression, the fossils are recovered mostly from an embayment-derived environment. Together with the rather poor fauna recovered on the main part of the region, the transgression spread out over Mudflats and alluvial Floodplains, to which small amounts of sand were still sporadically supplied during stronger floods.

Hybodus[77][81][79]

* Hybodus hauffianus
* Hybodus sp.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Ahrensburg erratic assemblage
* Gorzów Wielkopolski IG 1 borehole

* Fragmentary Fin spine
* Supposed coprolithes
* Teeth

A marine Shark, member of the Hybodontiformes. Related to Hybodus hauffianus and other genera from the south of Germany. A Pliensbachian-aged deposit from Grimmen outcrop has revelated a pretty diverse Chondrichthyan fauna, including two species of the genus: Hybodus reticulatus & Hybodus hauffianus.[90]

#### Sarcopterygii

Genus  | Species  | Location  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
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Ceratodus[15]

Ceratodus sp.

* Gorzów Wielkopolski IG 1 borehole

* Isolated tooth plates

A freshwater lungfish, type member of the Ceratodontidae inside Ceratodontiformes. Can be related to the Polish Triassic species Ceratodus silesiacus (Roemer, 1870), known from several isolated tooth plates found in the lacustrine Triassic horizon of Krasiejów. Several impressions of scales found in other boreholes can also belong to lungfish. The tooth plates were found at +819 m depth on Pomerania, on a layer with gray-green mudstone, lenticular lamination and siderite concretions. The abundance of megaspores indicate a deltaic or brackish environment.

|  Ceratodus reconstruction

### Ichthyosaurs

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Stenopterygius[91][77][92]

* Stenopterygius cf. quadriscissus

* Clay pit of Dobbertin

Posterior left half of the cranium.

An Icthyosaur of the family Stenopterygiidae inside Thunnosauria. A common Toarcian Ichthyosaur, present on multiple layers. The rather exquisite level of preservation has led to know even the coloration.

Neoichthyosauria[91][93]

* Neoichthyosauria indet.

* Clay Pit of Dobbertin

Four articulated tail vertebrae.

An indeterminate ichthyosaur, has been assigned to the species Stenopterygius longifrons.

Ophthalmosauridae[91][94][95][96]

* Ophthalmosauridae indet.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Partial skull and associated postcranial elements preserved in a concretion

An indeterminate ichthyosaur. It has an expanded basipterygoid process on the basisphenoid, only currently known in members of the Ophthalmosauridae

Ichthyosauria[97][91][77][98]

* Ichthyosauria indet.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Ahrensburg Erratic Assemblage

* Presacral centrum
* 2 ?sacral centrum
* Isolated Vertebrae

An indeterminate ichthyosaur.

Temnodontosaurus?[25][81]

* Temnodontosaurus cf. platyodon

* Ahrensburg Erratic Assemblage

* Skull
* Coracoid
* Associated rib fragment

An Icthyosaur, type member of Temnodontosauridae inside Neoichthyosauria. Assigned to Ichthyosaurus sp., but also suggested affinities to "Leptopterygius" (= Temnodontosaurus) platyodon.

|  Restoration

### Sauropterygia

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Plesiosauria[91][77]

* Plesiosauria indeterminate A
* Plesiosauria indeterminate B
* Plesiosauria indeterminate C
* Cf. Plesiosauria indeterminate

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen
* Dobbertin, falciferum zone

* Three caudal vertebrae and other postcranial elements
* Gastralia
* Phalanx
* Cervical rib and other postcranial elements

A marine plesiosaur, member of the family Plesiosauria inside Sauropterygia. Non assigned to a concrete genus, probably are related to the Plesiosaurian genera from the Posidonia Shale

Plesiosauroidea[91][77]

* Plesiosauroidea indeterminate A
* Plesiosauroidea indeterminate B

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

* Cervical centrum
* Caudal centrum

A marine plesiosaur, member of the family Plesiosauria inside Sauropterygia. Non assigned to a concrete genus, probably are related to the Plesiosaurian genera from the Posidonia Shale

Seeleyosaurus[25][81]

* Seeleyosaurus? sp.

* Ahrensburg Erratic Assemblage

* Three articulated dorsal vertebrae

A plesiosaur, member of the family Plesiosauridae inside Plesiosauroidea. Related with the German Realm Fauna

|  Seeleysaurus

Meyerasaurus[97][25]

* Meyerasaurus sp.

* Ahrensburg Erratic Assemblage

* Incomplete coracoid
* Associated rib

A pliosauroid, member of the family Rhomaleosauridae inside Pliosauroidea.

|  Meyerasaurus

### Crocodyliformes

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Mesoeucrocodylia[91][77]

* Mesoeucrocodylia indeterminate

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Cervical vertebra

A Crocodrilian, member of Mesoeucrocodylia. This cervical vertebra has resemblances with terrestrial suchians, such as Dianchungosaurus, but also cervicals of Sichuanosuchus. Is considered to come from an osteologically immature individual.

|  Sichuanosuchus

Teleosauridae[25][81][97]

* Teleosauridae indet

* Ahrensburg Erratic Assemblage

* Osteoderms
* Isolated non described remains

A Crocodrylomorph, member of the family Thalattosuchia inside Neosuchia. Distinctive of the marine teleosaurid genus Macrospondylus.

Mystriosaurus[91][77][98]

* Mystriosaurus sp.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Partial rostrum with teeth

A marine Crocodrylomorph, member of the family Teleosauridae inside Teleosauroidea. The tooth morphology and the internal rostral anatomy indicate that it can be positively referred to a longistrine thalattosuchian crocodyliform. The size of PLM uncatalogued, as compared to the corresponding portions of the rostra of other Toarcian thalattosuchians, is indicative of a juvenile individual, with expected around 200–250 mm long skull and the entire animal about 1.50 m.[98]

Macrospondylus[91][77]

* Macrospondylus bollensis

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Incomplete skull and associated osteoderm

A marine Crocodrylomorph, member of the family Machimosauridae inside Teleosauroidea. A marine crocodylomorph with a diet probably based on fish. It was identified as Steneosaurus. Although highly incomplete, the preserved maximum antorbital width of about 50 mm demonstrates that GG 422/6 can be clearly referred to an immature individual.

|  Macrospondylus

### Dinosauria

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Megalosauridae[25][81][99]

Megalosauridae Indeterminate

* Forst Hagen gravel pit

Dorsal Vertebrae

A Saurischian, member of the family Megalosauridae inside Tetanurae. Was referred to Megalosaurus. The affinities of the Specimen aren't clear due to its fragmentary nature. Has been classified as Saurischia indeterminate, although shows clearly characters of the Orionides group (concave articular surfaces and a dished lateral pleurocoel, remnants of the neural arch and postzygapophyses).[99] The vertebrae centrum measures 80 mm, implying a medium-sized theropod (~5 m long). Can be related with Yunyangosaurus.

|  Marshosaurus, example of basal Orionides

Gravisauria[91][77][100][98][101]

Gravisauria Indeterminate

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

* Iliac preacetabular process
* Distal right pubis
* Proximal left ischium
* Proximal right ischium
* Single dorsal neural spine

A Saurischian, member of the clade Gravisauria inside Sauropoda. The specimen is believed to be a juvenile, based on the ossification and unfused spine. Has affinities with the genus Tazoudasaurus and it is clearly distinctive form the also Toarcian Ohmdenosaurus, who is thought to be more basal. The pelvic girdle elements can be clearly placed among the Sauropoda, on account of the presence of an elongated and strongly dorsally expanded iliac preacetabular process a possible relative. The ischia GG411/3-4 resemble those of Tazoudasaurus in exhibiting a subtriangular iliac peduncle which create a short anteriorly directed expansion to reach the medial acetabular rim, and are slightly less developed than the Genus Barapasaurus.

|  Barapasaurus can be a close relative of the Grimmen Sauropod

Thyreophora[102]

* gen. et sp. indet.

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

GG 504, osteoderm

An Ornithischian, basal member of Thyreophora inside Genasauria. Interpreted as representing a lateral osteoderm of the neck or shoulder region of an early diverging thyreophoran

Emausaurus[101][103]

* Emausaurus ernsti

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

Right side of the skull, the right lower jaw, caudal vertebrae, neural arches, a radius, a metatarsal, a claw, fragments of ribs, scutes and plates.[103]

An Ornithischian, basal member of Thyreophora inside Genasauria. Its juvenile status makes controversial its phylogeny, being considered a relative of the also Early Jurassic Genus Scelidosaurus.[103] The compacted pile of disarticulated cranial and postcranial elements of the basal thyreophoran Emausaurus has been suspected to be a Speiballen (i.e., a compacted mass of indigestible stomach contents) regurgitated by a large marine reptile.[103]

|  Emausaurus attacked by a theropod

## Plantae

### Coals

Evidence of wildfires increases in the upper part of the formation.

The Łęka Coal Basin has been known since 1800 for its abundant deposits; younger material has been suggested as redeposited from the Paleozoic, but the basin primarily yields a series of Pliensbachian-Toarcian coals. In the Early Jurassic the Blanowice Formation was surrounded by land on the north, east and south, the source of sediment which was deposited as nearshore coal. This coal is abundant in the upper part of the formation, dominated by alluvial and lacustrine sand and coal-bearing sediments.[104] Organic matter associated with the coal includes the oldest known biomolecules (in the Mrzygłód clay-pit), composed of labdanoic acid, ferruginol, sugiol and 7-oxototarol.[104] The extracted samples were recovered at the Wysoka Lelowska 47Ż and Jaworznik 124Ż boreholes; five core samples were taken from the Żarki 90Ż core, the latter from an approximately 1.5-metre (4 ft 11 in) coal seam.[104] The random reflectance (%Rr) of the coals is 0.47–0.56, indicating sub-bituminous coal.[104] The geochemical data suggest low-maturity sediments,[104] and hopane isomers are relatively high in all samples.[104] This is confirmed by unstable biomolecules in the coal samples, including labdanoic acid, ferruginol, sugiol, oxototarol, beta-sitosterol and cholesterol.[104]

The coals are generally dominated by vitrinite macerals, except for a high percentage of inertinite. This indicates wildfires or peat fires, confirmed by charcoal fragments.[104] Sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, common in conifers, angiosperms and bryophytes, were also recovered from the coal.[105] Vitrinite has a reflectance value of 0.49-0.56 %Ro. The cupressaceae and podocarpaceae families are considered the main peat-forming plant species, due to the presence of phenolic abietanes and dehydroabietic acids.[104] Lignite indicates significant benzohopane derivatives in the surrounding sandstones, probable differences in biodegradation, and a typically low coalification range.[106] Later, larger studies note the influence of fires on the region.[107]

The Kaszewy coals, found in an approximately 150-metre (490 ft) section of terrestrial and marine siliciclastic sediments in the Kaszewy-1 and Niekłan PIG-1 boreholes, are the Ciechocinek Formation's major coals.[107] This section was in a nearshore-deltaic setting, with increased terrestrial and marine organic matter reflecting increased weathering and transport of terrestrial matter.[107] Abundant fossil charcoal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been found. The number of coarse fossil charcoal particles (larger than 125 micrometers) in the Pliensbachian-Toarcian sections of the Kaszewy-1 core is very low (0-15 particles/10 g sediment), and fine charcoal particles (<125 μm) are more abundant (~12,000–256,000 particles/10 g sediment); there are also more non-charcoal particles.[107] There are more fine charcoal particles at the beginning of the Toarcian, reflecting environmental changes. In the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the pyrolytics (benz-anthracene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, fluoranthene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, phenanthrene and pyrene) were detected in a wide variety of samples; phenanthrene is the most abundant component and coronene the least, suggesting the burning of organic matter.[107] Petrogenics are more abundant on the coal samples than pyrolytics, suggesting low wildfire activity.[107] Although the Kaszewy-1 borehole did not indicate increased wildfire activity, the fine fossil-charcoal abundance and pyrolytic concentration indicate regional wildfires.[107] Pyrolytics indicating the increased wildfire activity match the beginning of the Toarcian anoxic event, with intervals of fewer wildfires.[107] Wildfire changes match the Lower Toarcian negative carbon-isotopes emissions measured on the, which probably promoted a rise in atmospheric oxygen. Some questions remain; the climate was warmer and wetter (which can suppress wildfire activity), and wildfires persisted in the Kazewy-1 borehole wildfire activity was successfully sustained.[107] Wildfires may have subsided due to a lack of suitable fuel.[107]

### Biomass

Beyond proper palynogy, biomass associated has been recovered, specially on the Brody-Lubenia borehole, with abundance of C29 diasterenes (>70%), that proves a great contribution of land plants and thus terrestrial deposits nearby.[108] There is also in some levels abundance of algae-derived C27 and C28 diasterenes, coeval with acritachs, prasinophytes and dinoflagellates, being this last ones important primary producers in the Polish Basin.[108] The presence of C27 sterols points to the importance of the dinoflajellates, but also other groups, such as Bangiophyceae and Eustigmatophyceae algae or marine protists like the Thraustochytriaceae.[108] At Parkoszowice in parasequences “b” to “f” an increase of C27 and C28 diasterenes, that can be interpreted to reflect enhanced biomass contribution from aquatic algae groups, but may also reflect a decline in land plant contributions. At least in some facies there is evidence of proliferation of freshwater-tolerant algae in the brackish environments of the Polish Basin.[108] As well the samples have provided the evidence of methane oxidizers from wetlands, whose emissions contribute to the early Toarcian carbon cycle perturbation.[108]

### Resins

Type  | Location  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|

Fossil Resin[104]

* Jaworznik 124Ż
* Blanowice coals

* Resinite
* Resinous material

The local Resins containing sesqui-and diterpenoids that are produced by species of all contemporary conifer families, and in especially large amounts by Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, and Araucariaceae. The linked occurrence of inertinite, charcoal fragments, etc. show local Pliensbachian/Toarcian wildfires and/or peat fires.[104]

|  Extant Cupressaceae Resin, the Blanowice coals resins probably come from a similar Conifer

### Megaspores

Polish Lower Toarcian palynology is assigned to the Paxillitriletes phyllicus (Ph) level (Isoetales), due to the abundance of this genus.[109] The lower part of the Toarcian level has numerous occurrences of this species, sometimes before the genera Erlansonisporites sparassis (Selaginella-like) and Minerisporites volucris (Isoetaceae) in the Gorzów Wlkp. IG 1 borehole.[109] The upper part contains less of the genus.[109] The most common species found on Poland in this era include Erlansonisporites sparassis, E. excavatus, Minerisporites volucris and Biharisporites scaber (Lycopodiopsida); Aneuletes potera and Trileites murrayi (both Selaginella) are found on the upper levels.[109] The Toarcian disturbance of the carbon cycle recorded on the Ciechocinek Formation, coincides roughly with the appearance of Paxillitriletes phyllicus. The type of dominant palynomorphs recovered changed from pollen grains during the Upper Pliensbachian to megaspores, indicating a climatic change from moderate and relatively dry to warm and humid in the early Toarcian.[109] This shift in local climate correlates with a global maritime transgression in which volcanism in the Karoo-Ferrar large igneous provinces raised the global temperature and disrupted the carbon cycle, creating a major greenhouse effect.[109] The prevalence of megaspore Paxillitriletes phyllicus correlate with warmth and humidity; the flora, dominated by the family Isoetaceae, requires standing water to reproduce.[109] The megaespore Paxillitriletes phyllicus then drops significantly, indicating a return to a more moderate climate during sedimentation of the younger Borucice Formation.[109]

#### Bryophyta

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Rogalskaisporites[9][110]

* Rogalskaisporites cicatricosus

* Helenow Beds
* Brody-Lubienia borehole.
* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Blanowice Coals

* Spores

Affinities with Sphagnopsida inside Sphagnales. Spores nearly identical to that one found associated with the modern moss genus Sphagnum. Moss related to high humid environments.

|  Extant Sphagnum, the typical example of the Sphagnales. Rogalskaiporites probably come from a similar Plant

Cingulatisporites[111]

* Cingulatisporites floridus

* Helenow Beds
* Brody-Lubienia borehole.
* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Blanowice Coals

* Spores

Affinities with Anthocerotaceae (specially Phaeoceros, Megaceros) inside Bryophyta. Moss spores from humid settings

|  Extant Phaeoceros, whose spores are similar to the extinct Cingulatisporites

Cirratriradites[111]

* Cirratriradites punctatus

* Helenow Beds
* Brody-Lubienia borehole.
* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Blanowice Coals

* Spores

Affinities with Anthocerotaceae inside Bryophyta. Moss spores from humid settings

|  Extant Anthoceros, the typical example of the Anthocerotaceae. Cirratriradites probably come from a similar Plant

Foraminisporis[112]

* Foraminisporis dailyi

* Brody-Lubienia borehole.
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole

* Spores

#### Lycophyta

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Reticulatisporites[113][114]

* Reticulatisporites triangulus
* Reticulatisporites flavus
* Reticulatisporites pallidus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopodiopsida, but also Lepidodendraceae. Reworked from Carboniferous layers

Camptotriletes[113][114]

* Camptotriletes labyrinthus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Hymenozonotriletes[114]

* Hymenozonotriletes platychilus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Lagenicula[114][16][115]

* Lagenicula agnina

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Valvisisporites[115][114]

* Valvisisporites auritus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with the Chaloneriaceae inside Lycopsida. Valvisisporites and Endosporites formed a sig- nificant component of the sporae dispersae flora in Upper Carboniferous and Pennsylvanian coals of the Northern Hemisphere

Crassispora[111]

* Crassispora spongius

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with Sigillariaceae, Sigillariostrobaceae and Lepidodendraceae inside Lycophyta. Rworked from Carboniferous layers. Arboreal Lycopites

Reticulatisporites[110][114]

* Reticulatisporites arcuatus
* Reticulatisporites ornatus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Lycopodiumsporites[113][114]

* Lycopodiumsporites gristhorpensis

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with Lycopodiaceae inside Lycopodiopsida. Resemble spores of the modern genus Lycopodium. If it belongs to a similar genus, represent low herbaceous flora spores.

|  Extant Lycopodium, typical example of Lycopodiaceae. Lycopodiumsporites probably come from a similar or a related Plant

Foveosporites[114][113][112]

* Foveosporites canalis
* Foveosporites ovatus
* Foveosporites cavernatus
* Foveosporites polymicroforatus
* Foveosporites foveoreticulatus
* Foveosporites sp.

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Biharisporites[116]

* Biharisporites scabrus

* Mechowo borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole

* Spores

Paxillitriletes[114][117]

* Paxillitriletes phyllicus

* Gorzów Wielkopolski IG 1 Borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Brody-Lubienia borehole

* Spores

Affinities with the Isoetales inside Lycophyta. Spores related to modern Isoetes, representing Small plants related to water bodies. Paxillitriletes comprises the main Megaspore zonation of the Toarcian of Poland, being the most abundant spore found on the Ciechocinek Formation, and the genus that marks the start of the strata. The Abundance of this genus along with Minerisporites institus points to very humid conditions during almost the entire T-OAE, upwards from CIE step 2 of the carbon isotope curves.

|  Extant Isoetes, typical example of Isoetales. Paxillitriletes probably come from a similar or a related Plant

Minerisporites[117][16][114]

* Minerisporites institus
* Minerisporites volucris
* Minerisporites richardsoni

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Echitriletes[118][115][116]

* Echitriletes hispidus
* Echitriletes sp.

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Bacutriletes[119][116]

* Bacutriletes spicatus
* Bacutriletes clavatus

* Helenow Beds
* Brody-Lubienia borehole.
* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole

* Spores

Affinities with the Selaginellaceae inside Lycopsida. Herbaceous Lycophyte flora, similar to Ferns, ralated with Humid Settings. This Family of Spores are also the most diverse on the Formation.

|  Extant Selaginella, typical example of Selaginellaceae, the Spore found in the Ciechocinek Fm probably come from a similar or a related Plant

Carnisporites[119][115][112]

* Carnisporites granulatus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Acanthotriletes[113][112]

* Acanthotriletes levidensis
* Acanthotriletes minor
* Acanthotriletes osmundiformis
* Acanthotriletes rarispinosus
* Acanthotriletes trigonis

* Brody-Lubienia borehole.
* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole

* Spores

Eehitriletes[119][115]

* Eehitriletes hispidus

* Brody-Lubienia borehole.
* Gorzów Wielkopolski IG 1
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole

* Spores

Erlansonisporites[117][114][116][112]

* Erlansonisporites sparassis
* Erlansonisporites excavatus
* Erlansonisporites retieulatus
* Erlansonisporites sparassis
* Erlansonisporites reticulatus
* Erlansonisporites tegimentus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

spores

Aneuletes[119][115][112]

* Aneuletes patera

* Gorzów Wielkopolski IG 1

* Spores

Horstisporites[114][112]

* Horstisporites areolatus
* Horstisporites planatus
* Horstisporites puteus
* Horstisporites foveatus
* Horstisporites pustulatus
* Horstisporites reticulatus
* Horstisporites semireticulatus
* Horstisporites sp.

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Trileites[114][16][115]

* Trileites turbanaeformis
* Trileites ales
* Trileites mesozoicus
* Trileites murray
* Trileites calvus
* Trileites candoris
* Trileites pyramidalis
* Trileites solitus
* Trileites usitatus
* Trileites pinguis
* Trileites utilis
* Trileites aerolatus
* Trileites phyllicus
* Trileites reticulatus
* Trileites usitatus
* Trileites sp.1 sp. nov.
* Trileites sp.2 sp. nov.
* Trileites sp.3 sp. nov.
* Trileites sp.4 sp. nov.
* Trileites sp.5 sp. nov.
* Trileites sp.6 sp. nov.

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Triletes[114][16][115]

* Triletes reticulatus
* Triletes datura
* Triletes litchi
* Triletes phyllicus
* Triletes retiarius
* Triletes richardsoni
* Triletes sparassis
* Triletes utilis
* Triletes wicheri

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Striatriletes[115][114]

* Striatriletes reticulatus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Bacutriletes[111]

* Bacutriletes clavatus
* Bacutriletes hamatus
* Bacutriletes tylotus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Nathorstisporites[119][115]

* Nathorstisporites hopliticus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with Pleuromeiales inside Lycophyta. The Plueromeiales were tall Lycophites (2 to 6 m) common on the Triassic. Probably come from a relict genus.

|  Reconstruction of the extinct genus Pleuromeia, typical example of Pleuromeiales. Nathorstisporites probably come from a similar or a related Plant

Margaritatisporites[111]

* Margaritatisporites regalis

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

#### Equisetidae

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Asterocalamotriletes[111]

* Asterocalamotriletes glabratus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with Asterocalamitopsida inside Equisetopsida. Reworked from Palaeozoic horsetails Asterocalamites and Stigmatocanna.

Florinisporites[111]

* Florinisporites ovatus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with Equisetopsida inside Equisetopsida. Found only on Poland.

|  Extant Equisetum cone, the typical example of the Equisetopsida. Florinisporites spores are pretty similar to the extant ones

Irrimales[111]

* Irrimales laevis

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

#### Filicopsida

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Maexisporites[115][114]

* Maexisporites planatus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Incertae Sedis affinities with the Pteridophyta. Uncertain Pteridophyte origin

Triancoraesporites[119][115]

* Triancoraesporites communis
* Triancoraesporites reticulatus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Trachytriletes[113][114]

* Trachytriletes dichotomus
* Trachytriletes filiciformis
* Trachytriletes lineatus
* Trachytriletes rugosus

* Brody-Lubienia borehole.
* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Leiotriletes[119][115][112]

* Leiotriletes breviradiatus
* Leiotriletes mecklenburgensis

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with the Botryopteridaceae inside Filicopsida. Reworked from primitive ferns found in Devonian and Carboniferous rocks of Europe

Klukisporites[113][114][112]

* Klukisporites pseudoreticulatus
* Klukisporites variegatus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with the Schizaeaceae inside Schizaeales. Represents large spores from herbaceous ferns, that are more abundant on the south of the Toarcian polish basin than on the north.

|  Extant Schizaea, typical example of the Schizaeaceae. Klukisporites spores are pretty similar to the extant ones of this genus

Corrugatisporites[119][115][112]

* Corrugatisporites amplectiformis
* Corrugatisporites scanicus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Undulatisporites[112]

* Undulatisporites undulapolus

* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole

* Spores

Affinities with the Anemiaceae inside Schizaeales.

|  Extant Anemia caffrorum, typical example of the Anemiaceae. Undulatisporites spores are pretty similar to the extant ones of this genus

Asplenium[111]

* Asplenium sp.

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with the Aspleniaceae inside Filicopsida.

|  Extant Asplenium, typical example of the Aspleniaceae

Laevigatosporites[111]

* Laevigatosporites laevis
* Laevigatosporites sp.

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with the Blechnaceae inside Filicopsida.

|  Extant Sadleria, typical example of the Blechnaceae. Laevigatosporites spores are pretty similar to the extant ones of this genus

Dennstaedtiites[111]

* Dennstaedtiites confragosus
* Dennstaedtiites concava

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds
* Blanowice Coals

Spores

Affinities with Dennstaedtiaceae inside Pteridophyta. Floor Herbaceous ferns, probably from covered forest areas.

|  Extant Pteridium aquilinum, typical example of the Dennstaedtiaceae. Dennstaedtiites spores are pretty similar to the extant ones of this genus

Onychium[111]

* Onychium amplectiformis

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds
* Blanowice Coals

Spores

Baculatisporites[111]

* Baculatisporites fuscus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds
* Blanowice Coals

Spores

Affinities with the family Osmundaceae inside Polypodiopsida. Near Fluvial currents ferns, reted to the modern Osmunda Regalis.

|  Example of extant Osmunda specimens, Baculatisporites and Todisporites come probably from similar genera or maybe a species from the genus

Todisporites[111]

* Todisporites hartzi
* Todisporites undans
* Todisporites goeppertianus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds
* Blanowice Coals

Spores

Osmundacidites[9][114]

* Osmundacidites wellmanii

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds
* Blanowice Coals

Spores

Crybelosporites[119][115][114][112]

* Crybelosporites stylosus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with the Marsileaceae inside Salviniales. Represents spore from fully aquatic ferns, found associated with fluvial or deltaic deposits, where probably formed large underwater colonies.

|  Extant Marsilea, typical example of the Marsileaceae. Crybelosporites may have come from a similar genus

Gleicheniidites[119][115][114][112]

* Gleicheniidites carinatus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with the Gleicheniaceae inside Polypodiidae. Resemble the modern Gleichenia Spores, and probably represent a similar genus or a member of it. Fern related to large colonies, found mostly on humid environments.

|  Extant Unidentified Gleicheniaceae. Gleicheniidites may have come from a similar genus

Marattisporites[119][115][114]

* Marattisporites scabratus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with the Marattiaceae inside Polypodiidae. Resemble the modern Marattia spores, probably belonging to a similar genus, related with large sized herbaceous ferns of humid environments.

|  Extant Marattia, typical example of the Marattiaceae. Marattisporites may have come from a similar genus

Matonisporites[119][115][114]

* Matonisporites phlebopteroides

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with the Matoniaceae inside Polypodiidae. The so-called comb-ferns, found forming large colonies on humid settings.

|  Extant Matonia, typical example of the Matoniaceae. Matonisporites may have come from a similar genus

Cardioangulina[112]

* Cardioangulina parva

* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole

* Spores

Cyathidites[9][110][114][112]

* Cyathidites minor

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds
* Blanowice Coals

Spores

Affinities with Cyatheaceae inside Cyatheales. Cyathidites minor almost certainly belong to well known Mesozoic species Coniopteris hymenophylloides and to other fossil cyatheaceous or dicksoniaceous ferns such as Eboracia lobifolia and Dicksonia mariopteri.

|  Extant Cyathea, typical example of the Cyatheaceae. Cyathidites may have come from a similar genus

Maculatisporites[112]

* Maculatisporites granulatus

* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole

Spores

Thuringiasporites[119][115]

* Thuringiasporites laevigatus

* Brody-Lubienia borehole.
* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole

* Spores

Ischyosporites[119][115][112]

* Ischyosporites variegatus
* Ischyosporites bulbaceous

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Spores

Affinities with the genus Dicksoniaceae inside Polypodiopsida. Tree fern spores

|  Example of extant Lophosoria specimens

#### Cycadeoidophyta

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Bennettitinae[111]

* Bennettitinae forma i sp. nov. A
* Bennettitinae forma i sp. nov. B

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Affinities with Bennettitinae the inside Bennettitales. Very abundant Pollen.

Tricolpites[118][114]

* Tricolpites troedssonii
* Tricolpites gorzowiensis

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Affinities with the Cycadeoidaceae inside Bennettitales.

Bennettistemon[119][115][111]

* Bennettistemon bursigerum

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Affinities with Williamsoniaceae the inside Bennettitales. Very abundant Pollen.

|  Reconstruction of Williamsonia, typical example of the Williamsoniaceae. Bennetistemon Pollen is considered to come from a similar genus

Chasmatosporites[9][110][114]

* Chasmatosporites apertus
* Chasmatosporites major

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds
* Blanowice Coals

Pollen

Affinities with the family Zamiaceae inside Cycadales. Is among the most abundant flora recovered on the upper section of the coeval Rya Formation, and was found to be similar to the pollen of the extant Encephalartos laevifolius.[120]

|  Extant Encephalartos laevifolius. Chasmatosporites maybe come from a related plant

Clavatipollenites[113][114][112]

* Clavatipollenites hughesii

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Affinities with the family Cycadaceae inside Cycadales. The structure of the exine of Clavatipollenites hughesii from Jurassic deposits is fundamentally different from that of Cretaceous grains referred to the same species, confirming observations made previously on the basis of analysis under the light microscope, and suggesting a possible derivation from cycadalean rather than angiospermous plants.[121]

|  Extant Cycas platyphylla. Clavatipollenites maybe come from a related plant

Cycadopites[112]

* Cycadopites couperi

* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole

* Pollen

Cycadopollenites[112]

* Cycadopollenites follicularis

* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole

* Pollen

#### Gnetophyta

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Eucommiidites[114]

* Eucommiidites troedssonii

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Type Pollen of the Erdtmanithecales, that can be related with the Gnetales. Thick tectum, infratectum of small granules, indistinct or absent foot layer. Originally was thought to come from Angiosperms, latter reports suggest it come from arbustive Bennetites. It was recently found to come from Eucommiitheca, member of the enigmatic Erdtmanithecales, reinterpreted as an unusual gymnosperm grain with a single distal colpus flanked by two subsidiary lateral colps. Is very similar to the Pollen of the extant Ephedra and Welwitschia (mainly on the granular structure of the exine).[122]

#### Gnetophyta

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Ginkgocycadophytus[112]

* Ginkgocycadophytus nitidus

* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole

* Pollen

Affinities with the family Karkeniaceae and Ginkgoaceae in Ginkgoales. Monosulcites was initially mistaken as Pollen coming from early Agiosperms, yet is likely from Ginkgoales

|  Extant Ginkgo, only surviving example of the Ginkgoaceae. Ginkgocycadophytus Pollen is pretty similar to the extant ones of this genus

Monosulcites[123]

* Monosulcites carpentieri
* Monosulcites minimus
* Monosulcites sp.

* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Brody-Lubienia Borehole

Pollen

#### Coniferophyta

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Pseudowalchia[113][114]

* Pseudowalchia biangulina

* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole

* Pollen

Affinities with Utrechtiaceae and Voltziales inside Coniferae. Primitive Conifer and possible relict taxon

Walchiapites[113][114]

* Walchiapites sp.

* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole

* Pollen

Affinities with Cordaitaceae inside Coniferae. Reworked from Permian layers

Paleoconiferus[113][114]

* Paleoconiferus asaccatus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Affinities with Paleoconiferae inside Coniferae. Primitive Conifer and possible relict taxon

Protoabies[111]

* Protoabies sp.

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Pseudopinus[111]

* Pseudopinus pectinella

* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole

* Pollen

Patinasporites[113][114]

* Patinasporites toralisides

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Affinities with the Patokaeaceae inside Coniferae. Pollen of the Conifer Patokaea silesiaca, know only from the Polish Upper Triassic (Norian) locality in Patoka.[124]

Psophosphaera[113][114]

* Psophosphaera coniferoides

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Affinities with the Araucariaceae or Pinaceae inside Coniferae.

Cerebropollenites[119][115][112]

* Cerebropollenites macroverrucosus
* Cerebropollenites serratus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Affinities with both Sciadopityaceae and Miroviaceae inside Pinopsida. This Pollen resemblance with extant Sciadopitys suggest that Miroviaceae can be an extinct lineage of sciadopityaceaous-like plants.[125]

|  Extant Sciadopitys. Cerebropollenites likely come from a related plant

Zonalapollenites[113][114]

* Zonalapollenites aporosus
* Zonalapollenites acusus
* Zonalapollenites dampieri
* Zonalapollenites segmentatus
* Zonalapollenites trilobatus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Affinities with the family Pinaceae inside Pinopsida. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants

|  Extant Tsuga Cone, example of the Abietoideae. Pinaceae Pollen of the Ciechocinek fm is similar to the pollen found on this genus, hence the name

Abietineaepollenites[123]

* Abietineaepollenites dunrobinensis

* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Brody-Lubienia Borehole

Pollen

Tsugapollenites[9][110][114]

* Tsugapollenites macroserratus
* Tsugaepollenites macroverrucosus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds
* Blanowice Coals

Pollen

Inaperturopollenites[119][115][114][112]

* Inaperturopollenites laevis
* Inaperturopollenites turbatus
* Inaperturopollenites elatoides
* Inaperturopollenites flavus
* Inaperturopollenites orbicularis

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Ovalipollis[119][115][114]

* Ovalipollis breviformis
* Ovalipollis ovalis

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Rotundipollenites[113]

* Rotundipollenites laevis
* Rotundipollenites lineatus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Pityosporites[119][115][114]

* Pityosporites haploxylon
* Pityosporites minimus
* Pityosporites alata
* Pityosporites alatipollenites
* Pityosporites silvestris

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Quadraeculina[110][114]

* Quadraeculina anellaeformis

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds
* Blanowice Coals

* Pollen

Affinities with the Podocarpaceae inside Pinopsida. Conifer pollen from medium to large arboreal plants

|  Extant Podocarpus. Podocarpidites and Parvisaccites maybe come from a related plant

Pseudopodocarpus[119][115]

* Pseudopodocarpus sp.

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Pristinuspollenites[9][110][114]

* Pristinuspollenites sulcatus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds
* Blanowice Coals

Pollen

Classopollis[119][115][112]

* Classopollis torosus
* Classopollis classoides

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Affinities with the Cheirolepidiaceae inside Coniferae. Is very abundant on hot and dry settings, found specially on the Brody-Lubienia Borehole.

Sphaeripollenites[112]

* Sphaeripollenites subgranulatus

* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole

* Pollen

Cupressacites[119][115][112]

* Cupressacites minor
* Cupressacites subgranulatus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Affinities with the Cupressaceae inside Coniferae. The Pollen from this genus is similar to the present on the modern Fitzroya and Calocedrus.

|  Extant Calocedrus Cone, example of the Cupressaceae. Cupressacites is similar to the pollen found on this genus

Exesipollenites[119][115][112]

* Exesipollenites tumulus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Perinopollenites[113][114][112]

* Perinopollenites elatoides
* Perinopollenites pseudosulcatus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Applanopsipollenites[119][115][112]

* Applanopsipollenites dampieri
* Applanopsipollenites trilobatus
* Applanopsipollenites segmentatus

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds

* Pollen

Affinities with the Araucariaceae inside Coniferae. Resemble the pollen from the modern genus Agathis.

|  Extant Agathis Cone, example of the Araucariaceae. Applanopsipollenites is similar to the pollen found on this genus

Applanopsis[123]

* Applanopsis trilobatus

* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole

* Pollen

Araucariacites[9][110][114]

* Araucariacites australis

* Ciechocinek 58 Borehole
* Gorzow Wielkopolski borehole
* Mechowo borehole
* Parkoszowice borehole
* Cerpol-Kozlowice Borehole
* Boroszów Borehole
* Helenow Beds
* Blanowice Coals

Pollen

### Fossil Wood

The Blanowice Coals fossil wood from Zawiercie area were already described in 1917 as “Blanowicer Keuperholz”, on the basis of specimens from the “Elka”, “Kamilla” and “Zygmunt” coal pits, claimed to be xylologically similar, yet no taxon was named and the collection was not preserved.[126] Based on recent revisions of the local flora, likely belong to Agathoxylon.

Genus  | Species  | Location  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Agathoxylon[127]

* Agathoxylon agathiforme

* “Elka” coal pit
* “Kamilla” coal pit
* “Zygmunt” coal pit

* Isolated Logs
* Isolated Branches
* Isolated Indeterminate Woody Material
* Coalified Fragments

Affinities with Hirmeriellaceae or Araucariaceae inside Pinales.

|  Agathoxylon

### Megaflora

The Lublin upland fluvial sandstones contain diverse fossil flora, associated genera and species with Lower Jurassic sediments. Carboniferous flora, similar to that of Jurassic formations, appeared in boreholes near the planned Bogdanka Coal Mine.[128] The age of the plant material was not determined until 2020, when it was identified as Lower Toarcian (with some Late Pliensbachian strata).[108] The Brody-Lubienia borehole is abundant in terrestrial palynomorphs and aquatic biomass.[108] The sediments from Brody-Lubienia have a more-terrestrial character, indicated by the frequent occurrence of plant roots and paleosol horizons;[108] moisture was probably fresh (not saline) water.[108] The environment was probably dry, developing flora near freshwater inflow from the east.[108]

The Lublin lias is dominated by cycads and Bennetites Ginkgoales. Ferns occur sporadically in the bottom of the Toarcian, where deposits are filled with coal, mudstone, sandstone and clay siderite (reworked from the Carboniferous) and pebbles from Devonian limestones.[129] Similar boreholes and nearby deposits indicate the end of a river which transported Devonian-Carboniferous deposits from the northeast to the aquatic inland environment.[129] Vegetation grew primarily outside the sedimentation area, on shores and in shallow water.[130]

At Ahrensburg there are plant remains in all horizons: wood, plant chaff and, in the Eleganticeras layers, nutty fruits, Araucariaceous cones, conifer branches, horsetail, etc.[20]

#### Equisetopsida

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Equisetites[10][18]

* Equisetites foveolatus

* Dobbertin

* Isolated Incomplete Stems

Affinities with Equisetaceae inside Equisetales. Found in a layer associted with Coniferous wood

Schizoneura[131]

* Schizoneura kuhni
* Schizoneura sp.

* Dobbertin Clay Pit
* Kaszewy 1 Borehole

* Stems
* Cuticles

Affinities with Equisetales inside Equisetopsida. This genus is rather scarce compared with other coeval Equisetalean fossils

Neocalamites[131]

* Neocalamites sp.

* Kaszewy 1 Borehole

* Cuticles

Affinities with Calamitaceae inside Equisetopsida. A common horsetail on the Liassic of Europe. .

#### Pteridospermatophyta

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Pachypteris[128][130][132][133]

* Pachypteris lanceolata
* Pachypteris rhomboidalis

* Lublin Coal Basin
* Cianowice 2 borehole

Pinnae

Affinities with the Peltaspermales inside Pteridospermatophyta. Bipinnate leaves, rachis longitudinally striated, with a long petiole and secondary rachises inserted oppositely to suboppositely on the upper side of the primary rachis. This Leaves belong to large Aboreal Ferns related with dry environments.

Stenopteris[128][130][132]

* Stenopteris (Rhaphidopteris?) duetschii

* Lublin Coal Basin

Pinnae

Affinities with the Umkomasiaceae inside Pteridospermatophyta. Is very similar to Rhaphidopteris, characterized by usually bi-tripinnate, coriaceous leaves with narrow segments. It belongs to Large (up to 25 m tall) arboreal Fern-like plants.

Caytonia[128][132]

* Caytonia sp

* Lublin Coal Basin

Ovulate Structure

Affinities with the Caytoniaceae inside Caytoniales. Represents the Ovulate organs or large Tree ferns, and is related with the middle Jurassic flora of United Kingdom.

Sagenopteris[130][132]

* Sagenopteris sp

* Borehole L-95 near Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin)

Pinnae

Affinities with the Caytoniaceae inside Caytoniales. Sagenopteris is most likely the Pinnae of the Tree Fern that also contain Caytonia.

#### Bennettitopsida

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Anomozamites[130][132]

* Anomozamites cf. gracilis

* Borehole L-95 near Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin)

Pinnae

Affinities with the Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. Anomozamites is characterised by slender, (almost) completely and regularly segmented leaves whose leaflets are generally as long as broad or, at maximum, two times as long as broad. This genus is related with more arboreal Bennetitalean flora. Shows coriaceous leaves and is a genus linked more with dry climates.

Otozamites[130][132]

* Otozamites beani
* Otozamites graphicus

* Borehole L-95 near Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin)

Pinnae

Affinities with the Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. A more arbustive type of Bennetite, abundant on the Pliensbachian-Toarcian strata along Eurasia, related to rather dry climates.

Nilssoniopteris[128][130][132]

* Nilssoniopteris solitaria
* Nilssoniopteris major

* Borehole L-95 near Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin)

Pinnae

Affinities with the Bennettitales inside Bennettitopsida. This Bennetite has a leaf similar to Nilssonia, large, lanceolate in outline with coriaceous structure, like the modern angiosperm Philodendron. Is related with rather Dry-hot environments, with less Fern flora.

Nilssonia[128][130][132]

* Nilssonia compta
* Nilssonia orientalis
* Nilssonia polymorpha
* Nilssonia sp.

* Borehole L-95 near Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin)

Pinnae

Affinities with the Cycadeoidaceae inside Bennettitales. The most abundant plant macrofossil locally, and the most diverse found on the Lublin coals. It represents a Cycad Like plant with Coriaceous leaves. Is related by some botanists with the Bennetite branch that led to Angiosperms.

Cycadolepis[133]

* Cycadolepis sp.

* Cianowice 2 borehole

Bennettitalean cone scales

Affinities with the Cycadeoidaceae inside Bennettitales.

Weltrichia[128][132]

* Weltrichia spectabilis

* Lublin Coal Basin

Bennetite "Flower"

Affinities with the Cycadeoidaceae inside Bennettitales. The Bennetite flowers are the main organ that links this relatives with the Cycas with modern Angiosperms. Probably the Pollen assigned to Angiosperms come from plants with this "Flowers".

Pterophyllum[128][130][132][133]

* Pterophyllum thomasii
* Pterophyllum aequale
* Pterophyllum sp.

* Borehole L-95 near Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin)
* Cianowice 2 borehole

Pinnae

Affinities with the Williamsoniaceae inside Bennettitopsida. Leaves from Arboreal Bennetites, similar to the modern Cyca Encephalartos woodii, with robust Trunks, built for Dry and hot climates.

#### Ginkgoidae

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Baiera[130][132]

* Baiera digitata

* Borehole L-95 near Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin)

Leaves

Affinities with the Ginkgoaceae inside Ginkgoidae. Linked to the Hettangian-Sinemurian flora from Greenland and Skane, but also with coeval flora from the Sorthat Formation. Is the main Tree flora recovered locally.

Ginkgoites[131]

* Ginkgoites sp.

* Kaszewy 1 Borehole

Cuticles

Affinities with the Ginkgoaceae inside Ginkgoidae. Associated with relatively warmer and humid conditions.

Sphenobaiera[131]

* Sphenobaiera cf.spectabilis

* Kaszewy 1 Borehole

Cuticles

Affinities with the Ginkgoaceae inside Ginkgoidae. Associated with relatively warmer and humid conditions.

#### Coniferophyta

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Hirmeriella[130][132]

* Hirmeriella sp.

* Borehole L-95 near Łęczna (Lublin Coal Basin)

Ovuliferous cones

Affinities with the Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. The type Leave from the Cheirolepidaceae family (as Cheirolepis, the genus that give name to the family, is a junior synonym), appears to be linked with Hot climates, able to survive in dry, extreme conditions, and been fire tolerant.

Brachyphyllum[133]

* Brachyphyllum stemonium

* Cianowice 2 borehole

Terminal leafy shoot fragments

Affinities with the Cheirolepidiaceae or Araucariaceae inside Pinales. This species is only known from the Middle Jurassic of Wildtshire.

Pagiophyllum[134]

* Pagiophyllum rigidum

* Klein Lehmhagen pit, Grimmen

* Fragmentary axis compression with preserved leaves

Affinities with Araucariaceae or Hirmeriellaceae inside Pinales.

|  Example of Pagiophyllum specimen

## References

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 Pietrzeniuk, E. (1961). "Zur Mikrofauna einiger Liasvorkommen der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik". Freiberger Forschungshefte 21 (5): 113–129. https://digital.slub-dresden.de/data/kitodo/PietZur_167933834X/PietZur_167933834X_tif/jpegs/PietZur_167933834X.pdf. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Kopik, J. (1960). "Mikropaleontologiczna charakterystyka liasu dolnego doggeru Polski". Geological Quarterly 4 (4): 921–935. https://gq.pgi.gov.pl/article/view/15549. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Kopik, J.; Marcinkiewicz, T. (1997). "Jura dolna: Biostratygrafia". The epicontinental Permian and Mesozoic in Poland (In Polish with English summary). Prace Paƒstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego 153 (1): 196–205.
4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 Kopik, J. (1998). "Lower and Middle Jurassic of the north-eastern margin of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin". Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego 378 (1): 67–129.
5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Jurkiewiczowa, I. (1967). "Lias zachodniego obrzeżenia Gór Świętokrzyskich i jego paralelizacja z liasem Wyżyny Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej". Biul. Inst. Geol 200 (1): 5–132. http://www.keuper.us.edu.pl/02_Keuper-literature/Jurkiewiczowa 1967 BIG.pdf. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Osika, R. (1958). "Profil górnego liasu i doggeru okolic Złotowa". Geological Quarterly 2 (4): 765–784. https://gq.pgi.gov.pl/article/download/19243/14898. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Barski, M.; Leonowicz, P. (2002). "Dinoflagellates of Lower Jurassic outcrops at Kozłowice and Boroszów (southern Poland)". Przegląd Geologiczny 50 (5): 411–414. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309201827. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 Pieńkowski, G; Hodbod, M.; Ullmann, C. V (2016). "Fungal decomposition of terrestrial organic matter accelerated Early Jurassic climate warming". Scientific Reports 6 (1): 31930. doi:10.1038/srep31930. PMID 27554210. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...631930P.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Rogalska, M. (1954). "Spore and pollen analysis of the Liassic Coal of Blanowice in Upper Silesia [ Analyza sporowo-pylkowa Liasowego Wegla Blano-Wickiego z Gornego Slaska ]". Biuletyn - Instytutu Geologiczny 89 (1): 1–46.
10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 Geinitz, F. E. (1880). "Der Jura von Dobbertin in Mecklenburg und seine Versteinerungen". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 32 (1–2): 510–535. https://cdn.canr.udel.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/17142446/Geinitz-F.-E.-1880-Der-Jura-von-Dobbertin-in-Mecklenburg-und-seine-Versteinerungen.pdf. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Suhr, P. (1988). "Lebensspuren aus dem Lias von Dobbertin". Fundgrube 24 (1): 22–26.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Stumpf, Sebastian; Ansorge, Jörg; Grimmberger, Gunther (2016). "Grätensandsteine und andere Geschiebe des oberen Lias (Toarcium) aus Norddeutschland [Upper Liassic sandstones with fish remains (so-called Grätensandsteine) and other Toarcian glacial erratics from northern Germany"]. Geschiebekunde Aktuell 32 (4): 121–141. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312212775. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 Leonowicz, P. (2008). "Trace fossils from the Lower Jurassic Ciechocinek Formation, SW Poland". Volumina Jurassica 6 (6): 89–98. https://www.academia.edu/14260648. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Leonowicz, P. M. (2016). "Tubular tempestites from Jurassic mudstones of southern Poland". Geological Quarterly 60 (2): 385–394. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282515869. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Czapowski, G.; Dadlez, R.; Feldman-Olszewska, A.; Gortyńska, S.; Jaskowiak-Schoeneichowa, M.; Kasiński, J.R.; Znosko, J. (2014). "Szczegółowy profil litologiczno-stratygraficzny: Gorzów Wielkopolski IG". Polska Bibliografia Naukowa 144 (1): 1–378. https://ruj.uj.edu.pl/xmlui/bitstream/handle/item/12524/szulc_et-al_szczegolowy_profil_litologiczno-stratygraficzny_2014.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Marcinkiewicz, T. (1971). "The stratigraphy of the Rhaetian and Liasin Poland based on megaspore investigations [ Stratygrafia Retyku i Liasu w Polsce na Podstawie badan megasporowych. ]". Prace Instytut Geologiczny,(Warsaw) 65 (1): 1–57.
17. ↑ Manum, S.B.; Bose, M.N.; Sawyer, R.T. (1992). "Seeds (Burejospermum Krassilov) and palynomorphs (Dictyothylakos Horst) with a netted wall structure reinterpreted: Clitellate cocoons". Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 147 (1): 399–404. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280315396. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Ernst, W. (1967). "Die Liastongrube Grimmen. Sediment, Makrofauna und Stratigraphie.". Ein Überblick Geologie 16 (1): 550–569.
19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 Denckmann, A. (1887). Ueber die geognostischen Verhältnisse der Umgegend von Dörnten nördlich Goslar: mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Fauna des oberen Lias (Vol. 8, No. 2). Berlin: Schropp. https://digital.ub.uni-potsdam.de/content/titleinfo/385711. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
20. ↑ 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.05 20.06 20.07 20.08 20.09 20.10 20.11 20.12 20.13 20.14 Lehmann, U. (1968). "Stratigraphie und Ammonitenführung der Ahrensburger Glazial-Geschiebe aus dem Lias epsilon (Unt. Toarcium)". Mitteilungen aus dem Geologischen Staatsinstitut in Hamburg 37 (2): 41–68. http://mmtk.ginras.ru/pdf/lehmann1968.pdf. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 Zessin, W. (2010). "The Dobbertine Jura (Lias ε, Mecklenburg) and its importance for paleoentomology". Virgo, Newsletter of the Entomological Association Mecklenburg 13 (1): 4–9. https://www.entomologie-mv.de/download/virgo-13/virg 13104 Lias von Dobbertin.pdf. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 22.13 22.14 22.15 22.16 22.17 Geinitz, F. E. (1884). "Ueber die Fauna des Dobbertiner Lias". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft Band 36 (3): 566–583. https://cdn.canr.udel.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/17142516/Geinitz-F.-E.-1884-Über-die-Fauna-des-Dobbertiner-Lias.pdf. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Hesselbo, S.P.; Pieńkowski, G. (2011). "Stepwise atmospheric carbon-isotope excursion during the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event (Early Jurassic, Polish Basin)". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 301 (1–2): 365–372. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.021. Bibcode: 2011E&PSL.301..365H. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X10007168. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 Ernst, W. (1992). "Der Lias der Scholle von Dobbertin (Mecklenburg)". Fundgrube 28 (1): 56–70.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 Sachs, S.; Hornung, J. J.; Lierl, H. J; Kear, B. P. (2016). "Plesiosaurian fossils from Baltic glacial erratics: evidence of Early Jurassic marine amniotes from the southwestern margin of Fennoscandia". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 434 (1): 149–163. doi:10.1144/SP434.14. Bibcode: 2016GSLSP.434..149S.
26. ↑ Hoffmann, K.; Martin, G. P. (1960). "Die Zone desDactylioceras tenuicostatum (Toarcien, Lias) in NW-und SW-Deutschland". Paläontologische Zeitschrift 34 (2): 103–149. doi:10.1007/BF02987046.
27. ↑ Schlögl, J.; Košt'ák, M.; Hyžný, M. (2015). "First record of a gladius-bearing coleoid Teudopsis bollensis Voltz (Cephalopoda, Coleoidea) in the Toarcian of the Western Carpathians (Slovakia)". Paläontologische Zeitschrift 86 (4): 367–375. doi:10.1007/s12542-012-0139-z. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280831512. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Ansorge, J. (2007). "Lower Jurassic clay pit of Klein Lehmhagen near Grimmen. The Central European Basin System–from the Bottom to the Top". Geo-Pomerania, Szczechin 23 (1): 37–41. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285166668. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
29. ↑ Leonowicz, P. (2011). "Sedimentation of Lower Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) brackish deposits from the Częstochowa-Wieluń region (SW Poland)". Acta Geologica Polonica 61 (2): 215–241. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258289605. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
30. ↑ Areń, B. (1965). "Wyniki wiercenia Warszawa IG-1". Przegląd Geologiczny 13 (9): 369. https://geojournals.pgi.gov.pl/pg/article/view/22477. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
31. ↑ Jurkiewicz, H. (1965). "Profil wiercenia w Bożej Woli". Przegląd Geologiczny 13 (9): 378. https://geojournals.pgi.gov.pl/pg/article/view/22479. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
32. ↑ Stemulak, J. (1957). "Komunikat o wierceniu Płońsk 1". Geological Quarterly 1 (2): 268–274. https://gq.pgi.gov.pl/article/download/20782/15083. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 Selden, Paul A.; Dunlop, Jason A. (2014). "The first fossil spider (Araneae: Palpimanoidea) from the Lower Jurassic (Grimmen, Germany)". Zootaxa 3894 (1): 161–168. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3894.1.13. PMID 25544628. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270292420. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Ansorge, J. (2003). "Insects from the Lower Toarcian of Middle Europe and England". Proceedings of the Second Palaeoentomological Congress, Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 46 (1): 291–310. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271444424. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
35. ↑ 35.00 35.01 35.02 35.03 35.04 35.05 35.06 35.07 35.08 35.09 35.10 35.11 35.12 35.13 35.14 35.15 35.16 35.17 35.18 35.19 35.20 35.21 35.22 35.23 35.24 35.25 35.26 35.27 35.28 35.29 35.30 35.31 35.32 35.33 35.34 35.35 35.36 35.37 35.38 35.39 35.40 35.41 35.42 Handlirsch, A. (1906). "Die Fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der Rezenten Formen, parts I-IV". Ein Handbuch für Paläontologen und Zoologen 12 (1): 1–640.
36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 36.12 36.13 36.14 36.15 36.16 36.17 36.18 36.19 36.20 36.21 36.22 36.23 36.24 36.25 36.26 36.27 36.28 36.29 36.30 36.31 36.32 36.33 36.34 36.35 36.36 36.37 36.38 36.39 36.40 36.41 36.42 36.43 36.44 36.45 36.46 36.47 36.48 36.49 36.50 36.51 36.52 Ansorge, J. (1996). "Insekten aus dem oberen Lias von Grimmen (Vorpommern, Norddeutschland)". Neue Paläontologische Abhandlungen 2 (1): 1–132. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284027049. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Zessin, W. (1991). "Die Phylogenie der Protomyrmeleontidae unter einbeziehung neuer Oberliassischer funde (Odonata: Archizygoptera sens. nov.)". Odonatologica 20 (1): 97–126. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342314333. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
38. ↑ 38.00 38.01 38.02 38.03 38.04 38.05 38.06 38.07 38.08 38.09 38.10 38.11 38.12 38.13 Handlirsch, A. (1920). "Palaeontologie. I". N C. Schröder (Ed.), Handbuch der Entomologie 3 (1): 117–208.
39. ↑ Ansorge, J. (2000). "Identity of Prosepididontus calopteryx HANDLIRSCH 1920 (Insecta: Grylloblattida: Geinitziidae)". Acta Geológica Hispánica 35 (1–2): 19–23. https://www.academia.edu/1552855. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
40. ↑ 40.00 40.01 40.02 40.03 40.04 40.05 40.06 40.07 40.08 40.09 40.10 40.11 40.12 40.13 40.14 40.15 40.16 40.17 40.18 40.19 40.20 40.21 40.22 40.23 40.24 40.25 40.26 40.27 40.28 40.29 40.30 40.31 40.32 40.33 40.34 40.35 40.36 40.37 40.38 40.39 40.40 40.41 40.42 40.43 40.44 40.45 40.46 40.47 40.48 40.49 40.50 40.51 40.52 40.53 40.54 40.55 40.56 40.57 40.58 40.59 40.60 40.61 40.62 40.63 40.64 40.65 40.66 40.67 40.68 40.69 40.70 40.71 40.72 40.73 Handlirsch, A. (1939). "Neue Untersuchungen u ̈ber die fossilen Insektenmit Erga ̈nzungen und Nachtra ̈gen sowie Ausblicken auf phylogenetische, palaeogeographische und allgemeine biologische Probleme. II Teil". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 49 (1): 1–240.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Zessin, W. (1982). "Durchsicht einiger liassischer Odonatopteroida unter Berücksichtigung neuer Funde von Dobbertin in Mecklenburg". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 29 (1): 101–106. doi:10.1002/mmnd.19820290117.
42. ↑ Zessin, W.; Ansorge, J. (1987). "Magnasupplephlebia intercalaria n. sp.‐eine neue Anisozygopterenart aus dem oberen Lias von Mitteleuropa (Insecta, Odonata)". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 34 (4‐5): 383–386. doi:10.1002/mmnd.19870340416. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312502315. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 43.4 43.5 43.6 43.7 43.8 Handlirsch, A. (1921). "Palaeontologie". In C. Schröder (Ed.), Handbuch der Entomologie 3 (1): 209–304.
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Ansorge, J. (2004). "Insekten aus Liasgeoden der Ahrensburger Geschiebesippe" (in de). Archiv für Geschiebekunde 3 (1): 8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271442546. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
45. ↑ Ansorge, J. (1993). "Dobbertiniopteryx capniomimus gen. et sp. nov. die erste Steinfliege (Insecta: Plecoptera) aus dem europäischen Jura". Paläontologische Zeitschrift 67 (3–4): 287–292. doi:10.1007/BF02990281. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225503210. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Zessin, W. (1987). "Variabilität, Merkmalswandel und Phylogenie der Elcanidae im Jungpaläozoikum und Mesozoikum und die Phylogenie der Ensifera". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 34 (1–3): 1–76. doi:10.1002/mmnd.19870340102.
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Zessin, W. (1988). "Neue Saltatoria (Insecta) aus dem Oberlias Mitteleuropas". Freiberger Forschungshefte 419 (1): 107–121.
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Zessin, W. (1983). "Revision der mesozoischen Familie Locustopsidae unter Berücksichtigung neuer Funde (Orthopteroida, Caelifera)". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 30 (2): 173–237. doi:10.1002/mmnd.19830300115.
49. ↑ Zessin, W. (1983). "Locustopsis kruegeri n. sp. (Orthopteroida, Caelifera) aus dem oberen Lias von Schandelah bei Braunschweig (BRD).". Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften 11 (1–4): 905–910.
50. ↑ Zeuner, F. E. (1939). Fossil Orthoptera Ensifera. London: BM(NH). pp. 1–321.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 Vršanský, P.; Ansorge, J. (2007). "Lower Jurassic cockroaches (Insecta: Blattaria ) from Germany and England". African Invertebrates 48 (1): 103–126. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242748378. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
52. ↑ Wendt, A. (1940). "Liasocoris hainmülleri n. sp., eine fossile Wanze aus Mecklenburg". Archiv des Vereins der Freunde der Naturgeschichte in Mecklenburg. Neue Folge 15 (1): 18–20.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Popov, Y. A. (1992). "Jurassic bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from the Museum of Natural History in Vienna". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 94 (2–5): 7–14.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Popov, Y. A.; Wootton, R. J. (1977). "The upper Liassic Heteroptera of Mecklenburg and Saxony". Systematic Entomology 2 (3): 333–351. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1977.tb00382.x.
55. ↑ Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Ansorge, J.; Zhang, H. C. (2006). "Ancestry of the orussoid wasps, with description of three new genera and species of Karatavitidae (Hymenoptera = Vespida: Karatavitoidea stat. nov.)". Insect Systematics & Evolution 37 (3): 179–190. doi:10.1163/187631206788831137. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233599380. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Ansorge, J.; Zessin, W. (2003). "New hymenopterous insects (Insecta: Hymenoptera) from the lower Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) of Germany". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 227 (1–3): 321–342. doi:10.1127/njgpa/227/2003/321.
57. ↑ Ansorge, J.; Schlüter, T. (1990). "The earliest chrysopid: Liassochrysa stigmatica ng, n. sp. from the Lower Jurassic of Dobbertin, Germany". Neuroptera International 6 (2): 87–93. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271444550. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
58. ↑ Jepson, J. E. (2015). "A review of the current state of knowledge of fossil Mantispidae (Insecta: Neuroptera)". Zootaxa 3964 (4): 419–432. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3964.4.2. PMID 26249453. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277668308. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
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60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Makarkin, Vladimir; Ansorge, Jörg; V Khramov, Alexander (2021). "Revision of Epigambriinae Handlirsch, stat. nov., a subfamily of Early Jurassic Ithonidae s.l. (Neuroptera)". Palaeoentomology 4 (6): 87–93. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.6.1. https://www.mapress.com/pe/article/view/palaeoentomology.4.6.1. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
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63. ↑ Kirejtshuk, A. G.; Ansorge, J. (2022). "An extraordinarily preserved new genus and species of Trachypachidae (Coleoptera, Adephaga) from the Early Jurassic of Germany and a review of fossil trachypachid genera". Historical Biology 34 (6): 958–975. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2071709. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2022.2071709. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
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65. ↑ Zhang, Q. Q.; Mey, W.; Ansorge, J.; Starkey, T. A.; McDonald, L. T.; McNamara, M. E.; Jarzembowski, E. A.; Wichard, W. et al. (2018). "Fossil scales illuminate the early evolution of lepidopterans and structural colors". Science Advances 4 (1): e1700988. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700988. PMID 29651455. Bibcode: 2018SciA....4..988Z.
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125. ↑ Hofmann, Christa-Ch.; Odgerel, Nyamsambuu; Seyfullah, Leyla J. (2021). "The occurrence of pollen of Sciadopityaceae Luerss. through time". Fossil Imprint 77 (2): 271–281. doi:10.37520/fi.2021.019. https://www.biotaxa.org/AMNPSBHN/article/view/73112. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
126. ↑ Lilpop, J. (1917). "Mikroskopisch-anatomische Untersuchungen der Mineralkohlen". Bull. Acad. Sci. Crac.,Sci. Math. Nat., Ser. B: Sci. Nat. 12 (7): 6–24.
127. ↑ Philippe, M.; Pacyna, G.; Wawrzyniak, Z.; Barbacka, M.; Boka, K.; Filipiak, P.; Uhl, D. (2015). "News from an old wood—Agathoxylon keuperianum (Unger) nov. comb. in the Keuper of Poland and France". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 221 (1): 83–91. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.06.006. Bibcode: 2015RPaPa.221...83P. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034666715001219. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 128.2 128.3 128.4 128.5 128.6 128.7 Migier, T. (1978). "Nowe stanowiska flory jurajskiej w Lubelskim Zagłębiu Węglowym". Materiały III Naukowej Konferencji Paleontologów poświęconej badaniom regionu górnośląskiego oraz karbonu LZW i GZW. Streszczenia komunikatówUniwersytet Śląski, Katowice 78: 33–34.
129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 Samsonowicz, J. (1929). "Cechsztyn, trias i lias na północnem zboczu Łysogór.". PIG, Sprawozdania 33 (1–2): 11–34.
130. ↑ 130.00 130.01 130.02 130.03 130.04 130.05 130.06 130.07 130.08 130.09 130.10 Szydeł, Z.; Szydeł, R. (1981). "Profil utworów liasu na obszarze Lubelskiego Zagłębia Węglowego". Przegląd Geologiczny 29 (11): 568–571. https://geojournals.pgi.gov.pl/pg/article/view/18493/14643. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 131.2 131.3 Pieńkowski, G.; Hesselbo, S. P.; Barbacka, M.; Leng, M. J. (2020). "Non-marine carbon-isotope stratigraphy of the Triassic-Jurassic transition in the Polish Basin and its relationships to organic carbon preservation, pCO2 and palaeotemperature". Earth-Science Reviews 210 (1): 103383. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103383. Bibcode: 2020ESRv..21003383P.
132. ↑ 132.00 132.01 132.02 132.03 132.04 132.05 132.06 132.07 132.08 132.09 132.10 132.11 Pacyna, G. (2013). "Critical review of research on the Lower Jurassic flora of Poland.". Acta Palaeobotanica 53 (2): 141–163. doi:10.2478/acpa-2013-0015. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265412049. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 133.2 133.3 Barbacka, Maria; Górecki, Artur; Ziaja, Jadwiga; Jarzynka, Agata; Pacyna, Grzegorz (2021). "Macrofloral and microfloral changes in the Middle Jurassic plant assemblages of the Cianowice 2 borehole (southern Poland)". Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (34): 701–739. doi:10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a34. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357174869. Retrieved 23 December 2021.
134. ↑ Oertel, W. (1922). "Der pommersche Lias". Mitt. Naturwiss. Ver. Neuvorpommern Rügen 48 (1): 109–126. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Mitth-natwiss-Ver-Neuvorpommern-Ruegen_48-49_0109-0126.pdf. Retrieved 24 October 2021.

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