Paleobiota of the Posidonia Shale

Large fossilized floating wood, with Crinoids attached Part of a series on

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The Posidonia Shale is a geological formation on Germany and the Netherlands, that spans about 3 million years during the Early Jurassic period (early Toarcian stage). It is known for its detailed fossils especially sea fauna, listed below.

## Contents

* 1 Flora
* 2 Invertebrata
* 2.1 Echinodermata
* 2.1.1 Crinoidea
* 3 Vertebrata
* 3.1 Fishes
* 3.1.1 Chondrichthyes
* 3.1.2 Actinopteri
* 3.1.3 Sarcopterygii
* 3.2 Reptiles
* 3.2.1 Ichthyosaurs
* 3.2.2 Plesiosaurs
* 3.2.3 Pterosaurs
* 3.2.4 Sphenodontia
* 3.2.5 Teleosauridae
* 3.2.6 Sauropoda
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Flora

Genus  | Species  | Location  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes

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|
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Equisetites

* Equisetites sp.

* Several Locations.[1]

|  |

Leaves

Affinities with Equisetaceae

Pagiophyllum

* Pagiophyllum sp.

* Several Locations.[1]

|  |

Leaves

Affinities with Araucariaceae

Cupressites

* Cupressites sp.

* Several Locations.[1]

|  |

Leaves

Affinities with Cupressaceae

Otozamites

* Otozamites gracilis

* Several Locations.[1]

|  |

Leaves

Affinities with Bennettitales

Pterophyllum

* Pterophyllum acutifolium

* Several Locations.[1]

|  |

Leaves

Affinities with Bennettitales

Zamites

* Zamites mandelslohi
* Zamites oblongifolius

* Several Locations.[1]

|  |

Leaves

Affinities with Bennettitales

Circoporoxylon

* Circoporoxylon grandiporosum

* Several Locations.[1]

|  |

Fossil Wood

Affinities with Podocarpaceae

Cupressinoxylon

* Cupressinoxylon sp.

* Several Locations.[1]

|  |

Fossil Wood

Affinities with Cupressaceae

Podocarpoxylon

* cf. Podocarpoxylon sp.

* Several Locations.[1]

|  |

Fossil Wood

Affinities with Podocarpaceae

Podocarpoxylon

* Protocupressinoxylon catenatum
* Protocupressinoxylon liasinum

* Several Locations.[1]

|  |

Fossil Wood

Affinities with Podocarpaceae

Protopinaceae

* Protopinaceae sp.

* Several Locations.[1]

|  |

Fossil Wood

Affinities with Woodworthia arizonica

Protophyllocladoxylon

* Protophyllocladoxylon franconicum

* Several Locations.[1]

|  |

Fossil Wood

Affinities with Podocarpaceae

Taxodioxylon

* cf. Taxodioxylon

* Several Locations.[1]

|  |

Fossil Wood

Affinities with Cupressaceae

Xenoxylon[2][3]

* Xenoxylon cf. barberi
* Xenoxylon ellipticum
* Xenoxylon latiporosum
* Xenoxylon latiporosum

* Several Locations.[1][4]

|  |

Fossil Wood

Affinities with Coniferales

## Invertebrata

### Echinodermata

#### Crinoidea

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Procomaster[5]

* Procomaster pentadactylus

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens.

A comatulid crinoid.

Seirocrinus[6]

* Seirocrinus subangularis

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens. Fossilized Rafts of +10 m long with complete colonies.

Among the tallest animals of its period, Seirocrinus is also one of the most famous fossils from the Posidonia Shale. It consists of fossils of colonies along large wood trunks, with specimens up to 14 m long. It was a open ocean organism that live in rafting woods, probably filtering food and serving as a refuge for other animals, such as ammonites.[7][8][9]

|  Close view to one specimen. Single specimen.

## Vertebrata

### Fishes

#### Chondrichthyes

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
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Bdellodus[10]

* Bdellodus bollensis

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens.

A shark of the family Hybodontidae.

|  Bdellodus.

Hybodus[11]

* Hybodus hauffianus

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens.

Type shark of the family Hybodontidae. It is the most abundant shark on the layers of the Posidonia Shale, with some of the best preserved specimens of the genus Know. It was probably an open ocean hunter, with small horns over the eyes.

|  Hybodus.

Pseudonotidanus[12]

* Pseudonotidanus politus

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens.

A shark of the family Hexanchiformes.

Synechodus[13]

* Synechodus egertoni

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens.

Thype shark of the family Synechodontiformes.

Bathytheristes[14]

* Bathytheristes gracilis

* Holzmaden

SMNS 59754

A Plownose Chimaera, among the oldest know.

Acanthorhina[15]

* Acanthorhina jaekeli

* Holzmaden

Complete Specimen

An aberrant Chimaera with an extrange enlongated nose and horns over the skull.

|  Acanthorhina.

Metopacanthus bollensis[16]

* Metopacanthus bollensis

* Holzmaden

Partial Specimen

An aberrant Chimaera with a with a second jaw-like structure on it’s head.

#### Actinopteri

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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|
|
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Saurorhynchus[17]

* Saurorhynchus hauffi
* Saurorhynchus brevirostris

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens.

The youngest representative of the family Saurichthyidae, known for its large jaws, similar to modern Belonidae.

|  Saurorhynchus.

Pholidophorus

* Pholidophorus germanicus
* Pholidophorus hartmanni

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens.

A member of the family Pholidophoridae.

|  Pholidophorus.

Leptolepis[18]

* Leptolepis jaegeri
* Leptolepis coryphaenoides

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens.

A member of the family Leptolepididae.

|  Leptolepis.

Saurostomus[19]

* Saurostomus esocinus

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens.

A member of the family Pachycormidae.

|  Saurostomus.

Pachycormus[20]

* Pachycormus macropterus
* Pachycormus bollensis

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens.

A member of the family Pachycormidae.

|  Pachycormus.

Sauropsis[21]

* Sauropsis latus

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens.

A large member of the family Pachycormidae.

|  Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationSauropsis.

Ohmdenia[22]

* Ohmdenia multidentata

* Holzmaden

Partial Specimen

A large member of the family Pachycormidae, with up to 2.5 m long. It is a key fossil on the transition to large filther feeding fishes. The jaw indicates a diet based on soft body prey.[23]

|  Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationOhmdenia.

Dapedium[24]

* Dapedium pholidotus
* Dapedium punctatus
* Dapedium caelatus

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens

A common member of the family Dapediidae.

|  Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationDapedium.

Lepidotes[25]

* Lepidotes elvensis

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens

A common member of the Lepisosteiformes.

|  Lepidotes.

Tetragonolepis[26]

* Tetragonolepis drosera
* Tetragonolepis semicincta

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens

A common member of the Semionotidae.

|  Tetragonolepis.

Strongylosteus[27]

* Strongylosteus hindenburgi

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens

A large member of the Chondrosteidae, with a size of nearly 3 m. It is related to modern Sturgeons, but with a different kind of mouth, made for hunt prey in open waters.[28]

|  Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationStrongylosteus.

#### Sarcopterygii

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Trachymetopon[29][30]

* Trachymetopon liasicum

* Holzmaden

Multiple Specimens.

A large coelacanth of the family Laugiidae. Some recent discoveries show specimens of up to 3.5 m long.[31] Probably was an open ocean swimmer.

|  Trachymetopon.

### Reptiles

#### Ichthyosaurs

Inderminate specimens are know.[32]

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
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|
|
|

Temnodontosaurus

* Temnodontosaurus trigonodon
* Temnodontosaurus burgundiae

* Rohrbach Concrete, Dotternhausen
* Holzmaden, epsilon II-5[33]

Multiple specimens.

A large Macroraptorial Ichthyosaur, apex predator of it´s environment.[34]

|  Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationTemnodontosaurus Hunting

Stenopterygius

* Stenopterygius megalorhinus[35]
* Stenopterygius eos[36]
* Stenopterygius intercedens
* Stenopterygius incessus
* Stenopterygius hauffianus
* Stenopterygius cuneiceps
* Stenopterygius promegacephalus
* Stenopterygius sp

* Frittlingen
* Holzmaden, Univ Löwen, epsilon II/3
* Schlierbach
* Hauff Quarry IX, Holzmaden, epsilon II/6

Multiple specimens. Some of them are among the best preserved Ichthyosaur remains know.[37]

A common Toarcian Ichthyosaur, present on multiple layers. The rather exquisite level of preservation has lead to know even the coloration.

|  Restoration

Suevoleviathan[38][39]

* Suevoleviathan disinteger
* Suevoleviathan integer[40]

* Holzmaden/Ohmden quarry, Wilder Schiefer epsilon III
* Holzmaden, epsilon II/6

Multiple specimens.

|  |  Suevoleviathan integer fossil

Hauffiopteryx[41]

* Hauffiopteryx typicus

* Holzmaden/Ohmden quarry, Wilder Schiefer epsilon III

Complete Specimen.

Small sized Ichthyosaur.[42]

|  Hauffiopteryx typicus fossil

#### Plesiosaurs

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

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|
|
|
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Meyerasaurus[43]

* Meyerasaurus victor

* Rohrbach Concrete, Dotternhausen
* Holzmaden, epsilon II-5

Nearly Complete Specimen.

A Rhomaleosaurid Plesiosaur. It´s detailed fossils have help to study plesiosaur movement.[44]

|  Meyerasaurus.

Hauffiosaurus[45]

* Hauffiosaurus zanoni

* Rohrbach Concrete, Dotternhausen
* Holzmaden, epsilon II-5

Complete Specimen.

A Rhomaleosaurid Plesiosaur.

|  Hauffiosaurus.

Plesiopterys[46]

* Plesiopterys wildi[47]

* Holzmaden, epsilon II-5

Complete Specimen.

A Plesiosaur.

|  Plesiopterys

Seeleyosaurus[48]

* Seeleyosaurus guilelmiimperatoris

* Holzmaden, epsilon II-5

Complete Specimen.

A Plesiosaur.

|  Seeleysaurus

Hydrorion[49]

* Hydrorion brachypterygius

* Holzmaden, epsilon II-5

Complete Specimen.

A Plesiosaur.

|  Hydrorion

#### Pterosaurs

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Campylognathoides[50][51]

* C. zitteli[51]
* C. liasicus[51]

* Rohrbach Concrete, Dotternhausen
* Holzmaden, epsilon II-5

Several Specimens with different degree of preservation.

A Novialoidean Pterosaur.

|  Campylognathoides.

Novialoidea[52]

* Indeterminate

* Schandelah

Pelvis and several vertebrae.

A Novialoidean Pterosaur. Has been assigned to the genus Campylognathoides, altrougth is clearly different than any other pterosaur from Holzmanden.

Parapsicephalus?[53]

* Indeterminate

* Altdorf, Bavaria

Skull

A Rhamphorhynchinae Pterosaur. Has been assigned to the genus Dorygnathus.

Dorygnathus[54][55]

* D. banthensis[56]

* Found near Banz Abbey in Bavaria, as well as Holzmaden (Baden-Württemberg),[51]

Multiple Specimens with different degree of preservation.[57]

A Rhamphorhynchinae Pterosaur. It is one of the best Know Early Jurassic Pterosaurs.

|  Dorygnathus.

#### Sphenodontia

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
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|

Palaeopleurosaurus[58]

* Palaeopleurosaurus posidoniae

* Holzmaden

Complete Specimens.

An acuatic sphenodont of the family Pleurosauridae. Probably has a semiacuatic style of life, recent studies suggest a shorter lifespan than modern Tuatara.[59]

|  Palaeopleurosaurus.

#### Teleosauridae

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
|
|
|
|

Steneosaurus[60]

* S. bollensis

* Holzmaden
* Posidonien-Schiefer, Holzmaden, 'Lias epsilon

Complete Specimens.

A marine crocodrylomorph with a diet probably based on fish.[61] It is the best know member of the family Teleosauriade.

|  Steneosaurus.

Mystriosaurus[62]

* Mystriosaurus laurillardi

* Posidonien-Schiefer, Holzmaden, 'Lias epsilon

Complete Specimen.

A marine crocodrylomorph with a diet probably based on fish. Was considered synonym with Steneosaurus until recently.[63]

|  Mystriosaurus.

Platysuchus[64]

* Platysuchus multiscrobiculatus

* Posidonien-Schiefer, Holzmaden, 'Lias epsilon

Complete Specimen.

A marine crocodrylomorph with a diet probably based on fish.

|  Platysuchus.

Pelagosaurus[65][66]

* Pelagosaurus typus

* Posidonien-Schiefer, Holzmaden, 'Lias epsilon

Complete Specimen.

A marine crocodrylomorph with a diet probably based on fish (one fossil specimen was found with a Leptolepis in its stomach contents). Has been considered a basal Metriorhynchidae[67] or sister taxon to both Teleosauridae and Metriorhynchidae.[68]

|  Pelagosaurus.

#### Sauropoda

Genus  | Species  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images

|
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Ohmdenosaurus[69]

* O. liasicus

* Holzmaden

Tibia and astragalus

A Gravisaurian Sauropod. One of the few formally described from the Toarcian. Has been related with Vulcanodon, altrougth, more recent studies placed it as a relative of Rhoetosaurus[70]

|  Ohmdenosaurus.

## References

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Wilde, V. (2001). Die Landpflanzen-Taphozönose aus dem Posidonienschiefer des Unteren Jura (Schwarzer Jura [Epsilon], Unter-Toarcium) in Deutschland und ihre Deutung. Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde.
2. ↑ Philippe, M., & Thevenard, F. (1996). Distribution and palaeoecology of the Mesozoic wood genus Xenoxylon: palaeoclimatological implications for the Jurassic of Western Europe. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 91(1-4), 353-370.
3. ↑ Mtiller-Stoll, W.R. and Schultze-Motel, J., 1988. Gymnospermen Hölzer des deutschen Jura. I: Xenoxylon und Dadoxylon. Z. Dtsch. Geol. Ges., 139:63 81.
4. ↑ Hallam, A. (1998). The determination of Jurassic environments using palaeoecological methods. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, 169(5), 681-687.
5. ↑ M. J. Simms. 1988. An intact comatulid crinoid from the Toarcian of Southern Germany. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 140:1-7
6. ↑ Matzke, A. T., & Maisch, M. W. (2019). Palaeoecology and taphonomy of a Seirocrinus (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) colony from the Early Jurassic Posidonienschiefer Formation (Early Toarcian) of Dotternhausen (SW Germany). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen, 291(1), 89-107.
7. ↑ Seilacher, A., Drozdzewski, G., & Haude, R. (1968). Form and function of the stem in a pseudoplanktonic crinoid (Seirocrinus). Palaeontology, 11(2), 275-282.
8. ↑ Haude, R., & Jangoux, M. (1980, June). Constructional morphology of the stems of Pentacrinitidae, and mode of life of Seirocrinus. In Proceedings of the European Colloquium on Echinoderms, Brussels. AA Balkema, Rotterdam (pp. 17-23).
9. ↑ Hagdorn, H. (2016). From benthic to pseudoplanktonic life: morphological remodeling of the Triassic crinoid Traumatocrinus and the Jurassic Seirocrinus during habitat change. PalZ, 90(2), 225-241.
10. ↑ F. A. Quenstedt. 1882. Bdellodus bollensis aus dem Posidonienschiefer von Boll. Jahreshefte des Vereins für Vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg 38:132-142
11. ↑ Jaekel, O. M. J. (1906). Neue rekonstruktionen von Pleurancanthus sessilis und von Polyacrodus (Hybodus) hauffianus. JF Starcke.
12. ↑ D. Thies. 1992. A new species of Palaeospinax (Chondrichthyes, Neoselachii) from the Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale of southern Germany. Palaeontologische Zeitschrift 66:137-146
13. ↑ A. S. Woodward. 1889. Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural History) Part 1 1-613
14. ↑ C. J. Duffin. 1995. Holocephalans in the Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde in Stuttgart 3. First chimaeroid from the Lias of Baden-Württemberg (Early Toarcian of Ohmden). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 231:1-12
15. ↑ E. Fraas. 1910. Chimäridenreste aus dem oberen Lias von Holzmaden. Jahreshefte des Vereins für Vaterländische Naturkunde in Württemberg 66:55-63
16. ↑ Reif, W. E. (1974). Metopacanthus sp.(Holocephali) und Palaeospinax egertoni S. Woodward (Selachii) aus dem unteren Toarcium von Holzmaden. Staatl. Museum für Naturkunde.
17. ↑ E. E. Maxwell and S. Stumpf. 2017. Revision of Saurorhynchus (Actinopterygii: Saurichthyidae) from the Early Jurassic of England and Germany. European Journal of Taxonomy 321:1-29
18. ↑ A. S. Woodward. 1895. Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural History), Part III 1-544
19. ↑ Woodward, A. S. (1916). I.—On a New Specimen of the Liassic Pachycormid Fish Saurostomus esocinus, Agassiz. Geological Magazine, 3(2), 49-51.
20. ↑ Lindkvist, M. (2012). A phylogenetic appraisal of pachycormus bollensis: implications for Pachycormiform evolution.
21. ↑ Agassiz, L. (1843). Recherches sur les poissons fossiles.. (Vol. 2). Petitpierre.
22. ↑ Hauff, B. 1953 Ohmdenia multidentata nov. gen. et nov. sp. Ein neuer grober Fischfund aus den Posidonienschiefern des Lias e von Ohmden/Holzmaden in Württemburg. Neues Jahrb. Geol. P.-A. 97, 39–50
23. ↑ M. Friedmann. 2012. Parallel evolutionary trajectories underlie the origin of the giant suspension-feeding whales and bony fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 279: 944-951
24. ↑ Woodward, A. S. (1893). On the cranial osteology of the Mesozoic ganoid fishes, Lepidotus and Dapedius. In Proceedings, Zoological Society of London (Vol. 38, pp. 559-565).
25. ↑ Thies, D. (1989). Sinneslinien bei dem Knochenfisch Lepidotes elvensis (Blainville 1818)(Actinopterygii, Semionotiformes) aus dem Oberlias (Unter-Toarcium) von Grimmen in der DDR. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. Monatshefte, (11), 692-704.
26. ↑ Thies, D. (1989). Der Hirnschädel und das Gehirn von Tetragonolepis semicincta Bronn 1830 (Actinopterygii, $\dagger $ Semionotiformes). Palaeontographica Abteilung A, 1-32.
27. ↑ KORN, D. Die Ammonoideen-Fauna der Plutyclymenia ahnulata-Zone vom Kattensiepen.
28. ↑ Hilton, E. J. (2002). Observations on rostral canal bones of two species of Acipenser (Actinopterygii, Acipenseriformes). Copeia, 2002(1), 213-219.
29. ↑ Dutel, Hugo; Herbin, Marc; Clément, Gaël (2015-05-04). "First occurrence of a mawsoniid coelacanth in the Early Jurassic of Europe". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (3): e929581. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.929581. ISSN 0272-4634.
30. ↑ Hennig, E. (1951). Trachymetopon liassicum, Ald., ein Reisen-Crossopterygier aus Schwäbischem Ober-Lias. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen, Stuttgart, 94, 67-79.
31. ↑ Dutel, H., Pennetier, E., & Pennetier, G. (2014). A giant marine coelacanth from the Jurassic of Normandy, France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34(5), 1239-1242.
32. ↑ W. Riegraf. 1985. Biostratigraphie, Fauna und Mikropaläontologie des Untertoarcium-Profiles von Unterstürmig (Oberfranken, Süddeutschland). Geologische Blätter für Nordost-Bayern 34/35:241-272
33. ↑ J. Ansorge. 1999. Heterophlebia buckmani (Brodie 1845) (Odonata: "Anisozygoptera") - das erste Insekt aus dem untertoarcischen Posidonienschiefer von Holzmaden (Württemberg, SW Deutschland). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 275:1-9
34. ↑ Thies, D., & Hauff, R. B. (2013). A Speiballen from the lower jurassic posidonia shale of South Germany. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen, 267(1), 117-124.
35. ↑ Anderson, K. L., Druckenmiller, P. S., Erickson, G. M., & Maxwell, E. E. (2019). Skeletal microstructure of Stenopterygius quadriscissus (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from the Posidonienschiefer (Posidonia Shale, Lower Jurassic) of Germany. Palaeontology, 62(3), 433-449.
36. ↑ Maxwell, E. E. (2012). New Metrics To Differentiate Species of Stenopterygius (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from the Lower Jurassic of Southwestern Germany DIFFERENTIATING SPECIES OF STENOPTERYGIUS (ICHTHYOSAURIA). Journal of Paleontology, 86(1), 105-115.
37. ↑ Maisch, M. W. (2008). Revision der Gattung Stenopterygius Jaekel, 1904 emend. von Huene, 1922 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) aus dem unteren Jura Westeuropas. Paleodiversity, 1, 227-271.
38. ↑ Maisch, M. W. (2001). Neue Exemplare der seltenen Ichthyosauriergattung Suevoleviathan Maisch 1998 aus dem Unteren Jura von Südwestdeutschland. Geologica et Palaeontologica, 35, 145-160.
39. ↑ Maisch, M. W. (1998). A new ichthyosaur genus from the Posidonia Shale (Lower Toarcian, Jurassic) of Holzmaden, SW-Germany with comments on the phylogeny of post-Triassic ichthyosaurs. Neues Jahrbuch Fur Geologie Und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 209, 47-48.
40. ↑ 2018\. Redescription of the ‘lost’ holotype of Suevoleviathan integer (Bronn, 1844) (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 38(2):e1439833
41. ↑ Michael W. Maisch (2008). "Revision der Gattung Stenopterygius Jaekel, 1904 emend. von Huene, 1922 (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) aus dem unteren Jura Westeuropas" (PDF). Palaeodiversity. 1: 227–271.
42. ↑ Maxwell, E. E., & Vincent, P. (2016). Effects of the early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event on ichthyosaur body size and faunal composition in the Southwest German Basin. Paleobiology, 42(1), 117-126.
43. ↑ Adam S. Smith, Peggy Vincent (2010). "A new genus of pliosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Lower Jurassic of Holzmaden, Germany". Palaeontology 53 (5): 1049–1063. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00975.x.
44. ↑ Liu, S., Smith, A. S., Gu, Y., Tan, J., Liu, C. K., & Turk, G. (2015). Computer simulations imply forelimb-dominated underwater flight in plesiosaurs. PLoS computational biology, 11(12), e1004605.
45. ↑ Vincent, P. (2011). A re-examination of Hauffiosaurus zanoni, a pliosauroid from the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) of Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 31(2), 340-351.
46. ↑ H. Hess. 1991. Neue Schlangensterne aus dem Toarcium und Aalenium des Schwäbischen Jura (Baden-Württemberg). Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, serie B, Geologie und Paläontologie 180:1-11
47. ↑ Vincent, P., Allemand, R., Taylor, P. D., Suan, G., & Maxwell, E. E. (2017). New insights on the systematics, palaeoecology and palaeobiology of a plesiosaurian with soft tissue preservation from the Toarcian of Holzmaden, Germany. The Science of Nature, 104(5-6), 51.
48. ↑ F. Grossmann. 2007. The taxonomic and phylogenetic position of the Plesiosauroidea from the Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale of south-west Germany. Palaeontology 50(3):545-564
49. ↑ Ketchum HF, Benson RBJ. Global interrelationships of Plesiosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) and the pivotal role of taxon sampling in determining the outcome of phylogenetic analyses. Biological Reviews
50. ↑ Wellnhofer, P. (1974). Campylognathoides liasicus (Quenstedt), an Upper Liassic pterosaur from Holzmaden. The Pittsburgh Specimen.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 Wellnhofer, Peter (1991). "Summary of Lower Jurassic Pterosaurs." The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Pterosaurs. London, UK: Salamander Books Limited. p. 79. ISBN 0-86101-566-5.
52. ↑ Wellnhofer, P. & Vahldiek, B.-W. (1986). "Ein Flugsaurier-Rest aus dem Posidonienschiefer (Unter-Toarcium) von Schandelah bei Braunschweig", Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 60: 329-340
53. ↑ O'Sullivan, M.; Martill, D.M. (2017). "The taxonomy and systematics of Parapsicephalus purdoni (Reptilia: Pterosauria) from the Lower Jurassic Whitby Mudstone Formation, Whitby, U.K". Historical Biology. 29 (8): 1009–1018. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1281919
54. ↑ Padian, K. (2008). The Early Jurassic pterosaur Dorygnathus banthensis (Theodori, 1830). EARLY JURASSIC PTEROSAUR DORYGNATHUS BANTHENSIS (THEODORI, 1830), (80), 69-107.
55. ↑ Wiman, C. (1923). über Dorygnathus und andere Flugsaurier. Bulletin of the Geological Institute of Upsala, 19, 23-55.
56. ↑ Broili, F. (1939). Ein Dorygnathus mit Hautresten. Verlagd. Bayer. Akad. d. Wiss..
57. ↑ Arthaber, G. (1921). Studien üder Flugsaurier auf Grund der Bearbeitung des Wiener Examplares von Dorygnathus banthensis. Denkschr. Akad. Wien, Bd. XCVII.(with the list of extensive literature on Pterosauria).
58. ↑ R. L. Carroll, R. L. (1985). A pleurosaur from the Lower Jurassic and the taxonomic position of the Sphenodontida. Palaeontographica Abteilung A, 1985. Volume 189. Pages 1-28..
59. ↑ Klein, N.; Scheyer, T.M. (2017). "Microanatomy and life history in Palaeopleurosaurus (Rhynchocephalia: Pleurosauridae) from the Early Jurassic of Germany". The Science of Nature. 104 (4): 4. doi:10.1007/s00114-016-1427-3. PMID 28005148.
60. ↑ F. Westphal. 1962. Die Krokodilier des Deutschen und Englischen Oberen Lias [The crocodiles of the German and English Upper Lias]. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 118(1-3):23-118
61. ↑ Mueller-Töwe, I. J. (2006). Feeding options in Steneosaurus bollensis (Mesoeucrocodylia. Thalattosuchia). Hantkeniana Spec, 5, 46-48.
62. ↑ Winkler, T. C. (1876). Etude sur le genre mystriosaurus et description de deux exemplaires nouveaux de ce genre (Vol. 1).
63. ↑ Sachs, S.; Johnson, M.M.; Young, M.T.; Abel, P. (2019). "The mystery of Mystriosaurus: Redescribing the poorly known Early Jurassic teleosauroid thalattosuchians Mystriosaurus laurillardi and Steneosaurus brevior" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 64 (3): 565–579. doi:10.4202/app.00557.2018.
64. ↑ B E R CK H E ME R , F. 1929. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Krokodilier des schwa¨bischen oberen Lias.Neues Jahrbuch fu¨r Mineralogie, Geologie und Pala¨ontologie, Abteilung B,64, 1–60.
65. ↑ Bronn HG. 1841. Über die fossilen Gaviale der Lias-Formation und der Oolithe. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, Berlin 8:77–82.
66. ↑ Pierce, S. E., & Benton, M. J. (2006). Pelagosaurus typus Bronn, 1841 (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) of Somerset, England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26(3), 621-635.
67. ↑ Buffetaut, E. (1980). Position systématique et phylogénétique du genre Pelagosaurus Bronn, 1841 (Crocodylia, Mesosuchia), du Toarcien d'Europe. Geobios, 13(5), 783-786.
68. ↑ Benton MJ, Clark JM. 1988. Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodylia; pp. 295–338 in MJ. Benton (ed.), The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, Vol. 1. Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds. Systematic Association Special Volume 35A. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
69. ↑ Wild, R. (1978). "Ein Sauropoden-Rest (Reptilia, Saurischia) aus dem Posidonienschiefer (Lias, Toarcium) von Holzmaden". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) (in German). 41: 1–15.
70. ↑ Nair, J. P., & Salisbury, S. W. (2012). New anatomical information on Rhoetosaurus brownei Longman, 1926, a gravisaurian sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Queensland, Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 32(2), 369-394

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* Images of fossils in the Urwelt-Museum Hauff (Holzmaden)

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