Perm, Russia

Short description: City in Perm Krai, Russia

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Template:Infobox Russian inhabited locality

Perm (Russian: Пермь, ru, ru; Komi-Permyak: Перем; Komi: Перым), originally known as Yagoshikha (Ягошиха; 1723–1781) and briefly as Molotov (Молотов; 1940–1957), is the administrative centre of Perm Krai in the European part of Russia. It sits on the banks of the Kama River near the Ural Mountains, covering an area of 799.68 square kilometres (308.76 square miles). With over one million residents[1] Perm is the 15th-largest city in Russia and the 5th-largest in the Volga Federal District.

## Contents

* 1 Economy
* 2 Etymology
* 3 History
* 3.1 Soviet period
* 3.2 Modern city
* 4 Geography
* 4.1 Climate
* 5 Administrative and municipal status
* 5.1 City divisions
* 6 Economy
* 7 Transport
* 7.1 Proposed metro system
* 8 Culture
* 9 Education
* 10 Demographics
* 11 Sports
* 12 People
* 12.1 Sport
* 13 Marketing
* 14 Twin towns – sister cities
* 15 See also
* 16 References
* 17 Sources
* 18 External links

## Economy

In 1723, a copper-smelting works was founded at the village of Yagoshikha. In 1781 the settlement of Yagoshikha became the town of Perm. Perm's position on the navigable Kama River, leading to the Volga, and on the Siberian Route across the Ural Mountains, helped it become an important trade and manufacturing centre. It also lay along the Trans-Siberian Railway. Perm grew considerably as industrialization proceeded in the Urals during the Soviet period, and in 1940 was named Molotov in honour of Vyacheslav Molotov. In 1957 the city returned to its historical name.

Modern Perm is still a major railway hub and one of the chief industrial centers of the Urals region. The city's diversified metallurgical and engineering industries produce equipment and machine tools for the petroleum and coal industries, as well as agricultural machinery. A major petroleum refinery uses oil transported by pipeline from the West Siberian oilfields, and the city's large chemical industry makes fertilizers and dyes. The city's institutions of higher education include the Perm A.M. Gorky State University, founded in 1916.

## Etymology

The name Perm is of Uralic etymology (Komi-Permyak: Перем, Perem; Komi: Перым, Perym). Komi is a member of the Permic branch of the Uralic languages, which is also named for Perm. In Finnish and Vepsian perämaa means "far-away land"; similarly, in Hungarian perem means "edge" or "verge". The geologic period of the Permian takes its name from the toponym.

## History

Perm is located in the old Permiak area. Perm was first mentioned as the village of Yagoshikha (Ягошиха) in 1647; however, the history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter the Great. Vasily Tatishchev, appointed by the Tsar as a chief manager of Ural factories, founded Perm together with another major centre of the Ural region, Yekaterinburg.

In the 19th century, Perm became a major trade and industrial centre with a population of more than 20,000 people in the 1860s, with several metallurgy, paper, and steamboat producing factories, including one owned by a British entrepreneur. In 1870, an opera theatre was opened in the city, and in 1871 the first phosphoric factory in Russia was built. In 1916, Perm State University—a major educational institution in modern Russia—was opened.

Pokrovskaya Street (nowadays Lenin street) in central Perm around 1910 This house is a typical example of the wooden buildings of Perm in the early twentieth century. Location home: 14a, Klimenko str.

After the outbreak of the Russian Civil War, Perm became a prime target for both sides because of its munitions factories. It was heavily rumored from July–September 1918 that the Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna and her four daughters were imprisoned at the perception and Berezine buildings. According to the file on the Tsar,[clarification needed] the Grand Duchess Anastasia would have attempted to flee. On 25 December 1918, the Siberian White Army under Anatoly Pepelyayev (who acknowledged the authority of the Omsk Government of Aleksandr Kolchak), took Perm. On 1 July 1919, the city was retaken by the Red Army.

* Early color photographs by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, taken in 1910
* General view of City of Perm

* General view of the city of Perm from Gorodskiye Gorki

* Razgulyay, outskirts of the city of Perm

* Mary Magdalene Church of the city Perm

* Summertime location of the exchange in the city Perm

* Staro-Sibirskaya Gate in the city of Perm

* Kama River near Perm. The bridge still stands today, but another similar bridge has been built alongside it. Both are painted white.

* Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration in the city of Perm

### Soviet period

In the 1930s, Perm grew as a major industrial city with aviation, shipbuilding, and chemical factories built during that period. During the Great Patriotic War (World War II), Perm was a vital center of artillery production in the Soviet Union. During the Cold War, Perm became a closed city.[2]

### Modern city

TGC-9

The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural[3] centre. The leading industries include machinery, defence, oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining, chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry.

In 1996 a memorial was erected in the Yegoshikhinskoe cemetery to deceased inmates of the Gulag, forced settlers and victims of the Great Terror.[4]

On 20 September 2021, a mass shooting occurred at Perm State University, resulting in six fatalities and 47 injuries.[5][6][7]

## Geography

The Kama River in Perm Map of Perm and the Yagoshikha River, 1898

The city is located on the bank of the Kama River upon hilly terrain. The Kama is the main tributary of the Volga River and is one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. This river is the waterway which grants the Ural Mountains access to the White Sea, Baltic Sea, Sea of Azov, Black Sea, and Caspian Sea. The Kama divides the city into two parts: the central part and the right bank part. The city stretches for 70 kilometers (43 mi) along the Kama and 40 kilometers (25 mi) across it. The city street grid parallels the Kama River, travelling generally east–west, while other main streets run perpendicularly to those following the river. The grid pattern accommodates the hills of the city where it crosses them.

Another distinguishing feature of the city's relief is the large number of small rivers and brooks. The largest of them are the Mulyanka, the Yegoshikha, the Motovilikha (all are on the left bank of Kama River), and the Gayva (on the right bank).

### Climate

Perm has a warm summer continental climate (Köppen: Dfb).[8] Winters are long, snowy and quite cold. Summers are moderately warm with cool nights, although summers are shorter than winters. Due to its far inland location, there is a distinct lack of seasonal lag resulting in rapid cooling down of the warm weather as days get shorter. This results in September, October, and November being colder than May, April, and March, respectively.

Script error: No such module "weather box".

## Administrative and municipal status

Perm is the administrative centre of the krai and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Permsky District, even though it is not a part of it.[11] As an administrative division, it is, together with two rural localities, incorporated separately as the city of krai significance of Perm—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[11] As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Perm is incorporated as Perm Urban Okrug.[12]

### City divisions

Administrative divisions Building of the Perm Administration A view from the new bridge along the Stroiteley Street

For administrative purposes, Perm is divided into seven city districts:

City District | Population (2010 Census)[13]

|

Dzerzhinsky | 155,632
Industrialny | 157,575
Kirovsky | 127,793
Leninsky | 48,520
Motovilikhinsky | 179,961
Ordzhonikidzevsky | 111,204
Sverdlovsky | 210,477

## Economy

Perm has the largest industrial output among cities in the Urals, ahead of Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Ufa, although Perm has a smaller population than these. Thirty-five per cent of Perm Oblast's industry is located in Perm.[14] The largest industries in the city are electric power engineering, oil and gas refining, machine building, chemicals and petrochemicals, forestry processing, printing and food industry.[15]

Several major industrial companies are located in Perm: Perm Motors and Aviadvigatel, major suppliers of engines to the Russian aircraft industry; rocket engine company Proton-PM, which will mass-produce the RD-191 engine for the upcoming Angara rocket family; electric engineering firms Morion JSC, Perm Scientific and Industrial Group, and Perm Electrical Engineering Plant; Russia's largest exporter of cables and wires, JSC KAMKABEL; and oil and natural gas companies such as LUKoil-Perm Ltd. and LUKoilPernefteprodukt Ltd.[14]

## Transport

Perm is a railway junction on the Trans-Siberian Railway with lines radiating to Central Russia, the north part of the Urals, and the far east of Russia. Perm has two major railway stations, the historical Perm I and the modern Perm II. The Kama River is an important direct link between the European part of Russia to the sea ports on the White, Baltic, Azov, Black, and Caspian seas.[16]

Perm is served by the international airport Bolshoye Savino, which is located 16 km (9.9 mi) southwest of the city.[17]

Perm's public transit network includes tram, bus, and city-railway routes. The formerly important trolleybus service was discontinued in July 2019.

LiAZ-5292 (CNG motor version) city bus. Perm International Airport.

### Proposed metro system

The first plans for a Perm Metro system date back to the 1970s. A feasibility study was compiled in 1990, but economic difficulties during the decade prevented its final planning and construction. The plans were revitalised in the early 2000s, but a lack of funding hampered the project and plans were once again put on hold. Light rail has also been considered.[18]

## Culture

Perm Opera and Ballet House. Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) in the building of the Perm River Terminal.

The Perm Opera and Ballet House is one of the best in Russia.[19][according to whom?] There are many other theatres in Perm, including the Drama Theater, the Puppet Theatre, the Theatre for Young Spectators, the Theatre "Stage Molot", and the mystical At the Bridge Theatre.

Among the cities museums and galleries, the Perm State Art Gallery is recognised for its outstanding collections of art, including paintings from 15th- to 18th-century art movements, and wooden sculptures from the region. It is housed in a notable early 19th-century structure, once an orthodox cathedral. The spire of the museum towers over the rest of Perm, as it is situated on the Komsomolsky Prospect.[20] Perm is receiving attention from the development of the new Museum of Contemporary Art, Perm Museum of Contemporary Art (PERMM) which officially opened in March 2009.[21][22][23]

The RAV Vast steel tongue drum was invented in Perm by Andrey Remyannikov. This instrument is unique in the tongue drum and handpan world because each note has multiple harmonic overtones that resonate with other notes in the drum. The sound consequently has long sustain and reverberation.[24][25]

The Legend of Perm Bear or The Walking Bear is a sculpture depicting a walking bear, which is also shown on the city's coat of arms. It is situated in the central part of the city on Lenin Street, in front of the Organ Concert Hall and close to the building of Legislative Assembly of Perm Krai. The author of the sculpture is Vladimir Pavlenko, a monumentalist sculptor from Nizhny Tagil, member of the Artists' Union of Russia and UNESCO International Association of Arts.[26][27]

The Permyak Salty Ears is a sculpture and one of the most visited tourist attractions in Perm.[28]

## Education

Perm is a scientific centre. Some of the scientific institutes are combined in the Perm Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Perm is a home to several major universities including Perm State University,[29] Perm State Technical University,[30] Perm branch of state university Higher school of economics,[31] Perm State Teachers' Training University, Perm State Medical Academy,[32] Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy,[33] Perm State Agricultural Academy,[34] The Institute of Art and Culture, Perm State Choreographic School,[35] and others. There are also three military schools in Perm.

## Demographics

Religion in Perm (2024)

Orthodox Christianity (70%)

Islam (10%)

Atheists / Non-Religious (15%)

other christians (4%)

difficult to say (1%)

Historical population

Year| Pop.| ±%
1897| 45,205| —
1926| 82,249| +81.9%
1939| 255,236| +210.3%
1959| 629,118| +146.5%
1970| 850,324| +35.2%
1979| 999,157| +17.5%
1989| 1,090,944| +9.2%
2002| 1,001,653| −8.2%
2010| 991,162| −1.0%
2021| 1,034,002| +4.3%
Census data

At the time of the official 2010 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (907,955) was:[36]

Ethnicity  | Population | Percentage

|
|

Russians  | 823,333 | 90.7%
Tatars  | 34,253 | 3.8%
Bashkirs  | 7,729 | 0.8%
Komi-Permyaks  | 7,301 | 0.8%
Ukrainians  | 6,507 | 0.7%
Udmurts  | 4,847 | 0.5%
Others  | 23,985 | 2.7%

## Sports

The city hosted 2002 European Amateur Boxing Championships.

Club | Sport | Founded | Current league | League
Rank | Stadium

|
|
|
|
|

Zvezda 2005 Perm  | Football  | 1994  | Women's Supreme League  | 1st  | Zvezda Stadium
Oktan Perm  | Football  | 1958  | Russian Second Division  | 3rd  | Neftyanik Stadium
Molot-Prikamye Perm  | Ice Hockey  | 1948  | Higher Hockey League  | 2nd  | Universal Sports Palace Molot
Prikamye Perm  | Volleyball  | 1983  | Volleyball Super League  | 1st  | Sukharev Sports Complex
Permskie Medvedi  | Handball  | 1999  | Handball Super League  | 1st  | Permskie Medvedi Sports Complex
Parma Basket  | Basketball  | 2012  | VTB United League  | 1st  | Universal Sports Palace Molot

In 1995–2008, Perm was the location of the Ural Great basketball team — the only Russian basketball champion besides CSKA.

There is also an amateur bandy team called Kama.[37]

## People

The following people were either born in Perm or made names for themselves while residing there.

* Tatiana Borodina (born c. 1972), opera soprano
* Sergei Diaghilev (1872–1929), ballet impresario
* Alexei Ivanov (born 1969) award-winning writer.
* Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852–1912) author of novels and short stories set in the Ural Mountains.
* Tanya Mityushina (born 1993), model
* Nikolay Moiseyev (1902–1955) a Soviet astronomer and expert in celestial mechanics
* Andronic Nikolsky (1870–1918), first Russian Orthodox Church Bishop of Kyoto, Japan
* Mikhail Osorgin (1878–1942) a Russian writer, journalist and essayist.
* Natasha Poly (born 1985), supermodel
* Alexander Stepanovich Popov (1859–1905), physicist; regarded locally as the inventor of radio
* Dmitry Rybolovlev (born 1966) oligarch, billionaire businessman and investor
* Katerina Shpitsa (born 1985), actress of theatre and cinema
* Mikhail Shuisky (1883–1953), baritone opera singer
* Arkady Shvetsov (1892–1953), aircraft engine designer
* Nikolay Slavyanov (1854–1897), inventor of an early method of arc welding
* Peter Struve (1870–1944), political economist, philosopher and editor
* Yuri Trutnev (born 1956), politician, Presidential Envoy to the Far Eastern Federal District
* Andrey Voronikhin (1759–1814), architect and painter

### Sport

* Michael Beilin (born 1976), Israeli Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler
* Vladimir Chagin (born 1970), rally raid driver in the Dakar Rally
* Alexandra Kosteniuk (born 1984), 2008 Women's World Chess Champion
* Vladimirs Lubkins (born 1963), retired Latvian ice hockey player
* Matvei Michkov (born 2004), NHL Right Wing for the Philadelphia Flyers
* Nadezhda Oleneva (born 1985), mountaineer
* Tatiana Totmianina (born 1981), pair skater, 2006 Olympic Champion
* Maxim Trankov (born 1983), pairs figure skater, 2014 Olympic Champion
* Konstantin Zyryanov (born 1977), footballer with 52 caps for Russia
* Savely Korostelev (born 2003), cross-country skier.

Writer Boris Pasternak lived in Perm for a time. The city figures in his novel Doctor Zhivago under the fictional name "Yuriatin", where Yuri sees Lara again in the public library.[38]

## Marketing

Perm is an example of city marketing in Russia, where the city also has a logo.[39]

## Twin towns – sister cities

Perm is or has been twinned with:[40]

* Agrigento, Italy (2012)
* Amnéville, France (1992)
* Duisburg, Germany (2007)
* Louisville, United States (1994; suspended)
* Oxford, United Kingdom (1995–2022)[41]
* Qingdao, China (2006)

Oxford City Council bowed to public pressure to end twinning with Perm in 2022 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine and "Russia's breaches of international law".[42] The name "Perm" has been removed from welcome signs on roads into Oxford.[43]

## See also

* Immaculate Conception Church, Perm
* Stephen of Perm

## References

1. ↑ "RUSSIA: Privolžskij Federal'nyj Okrug: Volga Federal District". City Population.de. August 4, 2020. https://www.citypopulation.de/en/russia/cities/volga/.
2. ↑ Jones, Finn-Olaf (July 22, 2011). "A Bilbao on Siberia's Edge?". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/travel/perm-russias-emerging-cultural-hotspot.html?pagewanted=all.
3. ↑ Jones, Finn-Olaf (2011-07-22). "A Bilbao on Siberia's Edge? (Published 2011)" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/24/travel/perm-russias-emerging-cultural-hotspot.html.
4. ↑ "PERM cemetery [C]** Executed & prison dead". July 25, 2014. https://en.mapofmemory.org/59-01.
5. ↑ Chernova, Anna; Said-Moorhouse, Laurne (20 September 2021). "6 people killed in shooting at Russian university". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/20/europe/perm-shooting-russia-intl/index.html. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
6. ↑ "Появились новые данные о погибших и пострадавших в результате стрельбы в Перми" (in ru). https://n4k.ru/event/84210-poyavilis-novye-dannye-o-pogibshih-i-postradavshih-v-rezultate-strelby-v-permi.html.
7. ↑ "Стрельба в университете в Перми унесла жизни 6 или 8 человек" (in ru). September 21, 2021. https://rassvet-info.ru/events/rossiya/strelba-perm-pogibshie.html.
8. ↑ "Perm, Russia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=52282&cityname=Perm,+Perm,+Russia&units=.
9. ↑ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in ru). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/28224.htm.
10. ↑ "Perm Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_II/RA/28225.TXT.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Law #416-67
12. ↑ Law #2038-446
13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2010Census`
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Industry Perm City Administration
15. ↑ English version City of Perm. Department of Industrial Policy, Investment and Entrepreneurship
16. ↑ Transport infrastructure — Perm regional server.
17. ↑ "Объемы перевозок через аэропорты России" (in ru). Federal Air Transport Agency. https://www.favt.ru/dejatelnost-ajeroporty-i-ajerodromy-osnovnie-proizvodstvennie-pokazateli-aeroportov-obyom-perevoz/.
18. ↑ "UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Russia > PERM' Metro Project". http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/prm/perm.htm. Perm' Metro Project; article (includes map); Urban Rail online; accessed .
19. ↑ "Барыкина Л. Пермяки высадились на Манхэттене//Ведомости от 25.01.2008". Vedomosti.ru. 2008-01-25. http://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/article.shtml?2008/01/25/140324.
20. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.russianmuseums.info/M1575.
21. ↑ "Perm Museums' Plan Dubbed the 'New Bilbao'". The Moscow Times. http://www.moscowtimes.ru/article/600/42/378150.htm.
22. ↑ Kishkovsky, Sophia (2009-05-28). "Modern Dance and Art Bring a Burst of Color to a Gray City". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/28/world/europe/28perm.html?ref=global-home.
23. ↑ Nechepurenko, Ivan (2016-08-24). "Moscow Crushes an Uprising, This Time an Artistic One (Published 2016)" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/25/world/europe/russia-perm-culture-art.html.
24. ↑ RAV Vast - Steel Tongue Drum (2016-11-24), Creation of RAV Drum, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33v7EzIDvoQ, retrieved 2018-04-24
25. ↑ "RAV Vast drum. Easy and enjoyable tongue drum" (in en). http://ravvast.com/.
26. ↑ Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. В центре Перми появился бурый медведь — РИА «Новый Регион».
27. ↑ Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. На пермских улицах появился медведь.
28. ↑ ПермячOk (2019-12-07). "Пермяк солёные уши: история, памятник, где находится" (in ru-RU). https://permyachok.ru/permyak-solyonye-ushi-chto-ehto-znachit/.
29. ↑ "Perm State University". Psu.ru. http://www.psu.ru/?a=0&lang=Eng&m=008.
30. ↑ "Заставка - Пермский государственный технический университет". Pstu.ru. http://www.pstu.ru/.
31. ↑ "Государственный университет - Высшая школа экономики". Hse.perm.ru. http://www.hse.perm.ru/.
32. ↑ Perm State Academy Of Medicine
33. ↑ "Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy". http://www.psfa.ru/english/.
34. ↑ "Perm State Agricultural Academy". Pgsha.ru. http://pgsha.ru/web/en/today/.
35. ↑ Site developed by Perm RCI PSTU. "Perm State Ballet college". Balletschool.perm.ru. http://balletschool.perm.ru/eng/.
36. ↑ "Итоги::Пермьстат". Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20131019151509/http://permstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/permstat/ru/census_and_researching/census/national_census_2010/score_2010/. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
37. ↑ ""Kama" Perm". https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/club/445/&sandbox=1.
38. ↑ News June 2006[Usurped!]oxfordperm-assoc.org
39. ↑ Artemy Lebedev thought up a logo of the Perm city (rus)
40. ↑ "Города-побратимы Перми" (in ru). Perm. https://www.gorodperm.ru/about/Brothers_/Twin_Cities/AMNEVILLE.
41. ↑ Hughes, Tim (4 March 2022). "Oxford City Council ends unpopular Perm twin link in U-turn". Oxford Mail. https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/19971378.oxford-city-council-ends-unpopular-perm-twin-link-u-turn/.
42. ↑ "End of official twinning agreement with Perm". Oxford City Council. 8 March 2022. https://mycouncil.oxford.gov.uk/ieDecisionDetails.aspx?Id=2272.
43. ↑ Adie, Shosha (9 March 2022). "Oxford council removes Russian twin town from welcome sign". Oxford Mail. https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/19981017.oxford-council-removes-russian-twin-town-welcome-sign/.

## Sources

* "Perm Online". Perm City Forum. https://perm.online/.
* Template:RussiaAdmMunRef/per/admlaw
* Template:RussiaAdmMunRef/per/munlist/perm
* Template:RussiaAdmMunRef/per/munlist/permsky

## External links

* Official website of Perm Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
* Official website of the Perm City Duma; Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.

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