Rauk

Short description: Landform in Sweden and Norway

Rauks (rauks) at Fårö Island, east of mainland Sweden

A rauk is a column-like landform in Sweden, often equivalent to a stack. Rauks often occur in groups called raukfält 'rauk fields'. The limestone rauks of Gotland in the Baltic Sea are among the best known examples.

## Contents

* 1 Sweden
* 2 Norway
* 3 Geology
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Sweden

Rauks are common on the island of Gotland, Sweden and on the smaller islands belonging to Gotland County.[1] Fårö island in Gotland, is particularly rich in rauks.[2] While Fårö is on the northern end of Gotland Holmhällars raukfält at Vamlingbo in the southern end of Gotland is also rich in rauks.[3] Rauks in Gotland often occur in groups or fields, so-called raukfält.[4] Rauks can be found both near Gotland's many cliffs or far away from these.[5]

Other localities with rauks include Byrum on northwestern Öland neighboring Blå Jungfrun island, Hovs Hallar and Kullaberg in northwestern Scania and Härnön in northern Sweden's High Coast.[2] Rauks on Öland are made up of limestone.[2] A few rauks are located in the Scandinavian Mountains in northern Sweden's Sarek[6] and Padjelanta[7] national parks.

## Norway

Trænstaven mountain in Træna municipality is a rauk amidst the strandflat landscape of Norway's coast.

In Norway, there are rauks in Trollholmssund where, according to local lore, the rauks are petrified trolls.[8] In Trollholmsund, rauks are made up of dolomite rock. Varanger Peninsula in northern Norway is rich in rauks and they also occur elsewhere along the Finnmark coastline.[8]

In Norway the term rauk is also applied to isolated residual mountains in the flat strandflat landscape along the coast.[9]

## Geology

Rauks are usually formed by wave erosion.[1][5] On Öland and Gotland, rauks are chiefly formed along or near the escarpment known as the Baltic Klint.[4] Gotland rauks consist of limestone representing reefs that existed in the Silurian period.[4][5][10] As waves batter against limestone cliffs, pre-existing vertical fractures begin to erode and widen. Eventually this leads to the formation of caves that merge, and the remaining central rock has now become rauks.[4]

The rauks of Gotland formed after the last ice age. It is unclear to which extent different rauks in Gotland started to form from a cliffed coast, a dissected coast or from glacial landforms.[5] A comparison of photographs from 1900 and from 1966 has shown that some rauks had been destroyed during that period.[5]

Carl Linnaeus, who visited Gotland in 1741, was the first scientist to describe rauks.[4] He called them stenjättar (stone giants) while also noting the ruiniform shape of same rauks.[4]

In Sarek National Park rauks originate as aeolian landforms, thus, contrary to other rauks, they are shaped more by wind than by water.[6] These rauks are made of sandstone that belongs to the Sierggavággenappe (Swedish: Sierggavággeskollan) of the Scandinavian Caledonides.[6]

## See also

* Byrums raukar
* Hoburgen

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Linge, Henriette (2018-02-20). "rauk" (in no). Store norske leksikon. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. https://snl.no/rauk.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 van Luik, Colette (August 5, 2018). "Glöm Gotland – här är okända svenska platserna som har raukar" (in sv). https://www.expressen.se/allt-om-resor/resmal/europa/sverige/glom-gotland-har-ar-okanda-svenska-platserna-som-har-raukar/.
3. ↑ Enderborg, Bernt. "Holmhällars raukfält" (in sv). http://www.guteinfo.com/?id=123.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Larsson, Kent (September 1, 2001). "Så stiger rauken ur havet" (in sv). https://fof.se/tidning/2001/6/artikel/sa-stiger-rauken-ur-havet.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Rudberg, Sten (1967). "The cliff coast of Gotland and the rate of cliff retreat". Geografiska Annaler 49 (2): 283–298. doi:10.2307/520895.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Norris (2014). "Sällsamheter i Sarek" (in sv). https://www.utsidan.se/cldoc/sallsamheter-i-sarek.htm.
7. ↑ Wallin, Göran. "Vandra i Padjelanta, det högre landet" (in sv). https://www.swedishlapland.com/sv/stories/vandra-i-padjelanta-det-hogre-landet/.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Dahl, Rolv Magne (July 23, 2015). "Reis til en rauk" (in no). Norges geologiske undersøkelse. https://www.ngu.no/blogg/reis-til-en-rauk.
9. ↑ (in no) ﻿Strandflatens dannelse – kystlandskapet som spiser seg inn i landblokken﻿ (Report). Høgskolen i Hedmark. 2000. ISBN 82-7671-104-9. https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/134104/rapp04_2000.pdf?sequence=1. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
10. ↑ Nose, Martin; Schmid, Dieter U.; Leinfelder, Reinhold R. (2006). "Significance of microbialites, calcimicrobes, and calcareous algae in reefal framework formation from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden". Sedimentary Geology 192 (3–4): 243–265. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.04.009. Bibcode: 2006SedG..192..243N. "At the Digerhuvud rauk field (rauk: erosional rock remnant) in the northwestern part of Fårö (Fig. 1), rauks appear to represent erosional remnants of larger patch reef complexes".

## External links

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