Serac

Short description: Large block or column of glacial ice

Fox Glacier, New Zealand

A serac (/sɛˈrækˌˈsɛræk/) (from Swiss French sérac) is a block or column of glacial ice, often formed by intersecting crevasses on a glacier. Commonly house-sized or larger, they are dangerous to mountaineers, since they may topple with little warning. Even when stabilized by persistent cold weather, they can be an impediment to glacier travel.

Seracs are found within an icefall, often in large numbers, or on ice faces on the lower edge of a hanging glacier.[1] Notable examples of the overhanging glacier edge type are well-known obstacles on some of the world's highest mountains, including K2 at "The Bottleneck" and Kanchenjunga on the border of India and Nepal. Significant seracs in the Alps are found on the northeast face of Piz Roseg, the north face of the Dent d'Hérens, and the north face of Lyskamm.

## Contents

* 1 Incidents
* 2 Gallery
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Incidents

* On a 1969–1970 Japanese expedition to Mount Everest, Kyak Tsering was killed by a falling serac.[2]
* In 1990, an earthquake caused a block of serac to fall off Lenin Peak, triggering an avalanche which hit a camp, killing 43 people.[3]
* In the August 2008 K2 disaster, the collapse of large seracs was responsible for at least 8 of the 11 mountaineers' deaths.[4]
* The April 2014 Mount Everest ice avalanche responsible for the deaths of 16 climbers was caused when a large serac broke off.
* In October 2018, nine climbers from South Korea were killed at Mount Gurja basecamp in Nepal from a gust of wind, driven by falling seracs and snow.[5]
* On 3 July 2022, a serac collapse on the Marmolada Glacier in Italy killed eleven people and injured eight others.[6][7]
* On April 12, 2023 three Sherpas died from a collapse of a serac in the Khumbu Icefall section of the South Col route of Mt. Everest.

## Gallery

* Serac, Russell Glacier in Greenland

* Seracs in firn at 3,050 metres (10,000 feet) on the Winthrop Glacier of Mount Rainier in Washington, United States of America

* Seracs, Bossons Glacier, southeastern France

* Seracs, Bossons Glacier

* Seracs, Piloto Glacier, Cordillera Darwin, Tierra del Fuego

* Seracs at Catalunyan Saddle in Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in Antarctica

## See also

* Penitente (snow formation)

## References

1. ↑ Post, Austin; Lachapelle, Edward R. (2000). Glacier Ice (Revised ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97910-0.
2. ↑ "THE JAPANESE MOUNT EVEREST EXPEDITION, 1969-1970". https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/31/8/the-japanese-mount-everest-expedition-1969-1970/.
3. ↑ "Worst mountaineering disaster". https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/68451-worst-mountaineering-disaster.
4. ↑ Perlez, Jane (August 5, 2008). "More Are Feared Dead Near K2's Harsh Summit". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/05/world/asia/05K2.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss.
5. ↑ "Nepal rescuers retrieve bodies of nine climbers". https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/nepal-rescuers-retrieve-bodies-of-nine-climbers-10826616/.
6. ↑ Matt Murphy, Marmolada glacier collapse in Italy kills seven, BBC News, 4 July 2022.
7. ↑ "Marmolada, il bilancio definitivo: trovata l'undicesima vittima". Rai News. 9 July 2022. https://www.rainews.it/amp/articoli/2022/07/marmolada-il-bilancio-definitivo-trovata-lundicesima-vittima--7690e417-f4de-48e3-938b-741d81366e97.html.

## External links

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Glaciers

Types|

* Aufeis
* Cirque
* Ice cap
* Ice field
* Ice sheet
* Ice shelf
* Ice stream
* Ledoyom
* Outlet glacier
* Piedmont glacier
* Rock glacier
* Valley glacier

Anatomy|

* Ablation zone
* Accumulation zone
* Bergschrund
* Blue ice
* Crevasse
* Dirt cone
* Firn
* Glacier cave
* Glacier head
* Ice divide
* Ice tongue
* Icefall
* Lateral moraine
* Medial moraine
* Moraine
* Moulin
* Penitente
* Randkluft
* Sérac
* Terminus

Processes|

* Ablation
* Accumulation
* Basal sliding
* Calving
* Creep
* Motion
* Outburst flood
* Overdeepening
* Plucking
* Retreat
* Starvation
* Surge

Measurements|

* Ice core
* Mass balance

Volcanic relations|

* Jökulhlaup
* Subglacial eruption
* Subglacial volcano
* Tuya

Landforms|

| Erosional|

* Arête
* Cirque
* Cirque stairway
* Crag and tail
* Finger lake
* Fjord
* Glacial horn
* Glacial lake
* Glacial striae
* Hanging valley
* Ribbon lake
* Roche moutonnée
* Suncup
* Tarn
* Trough lake
* Trough valley
* Tunnel valley
* U-valley
* Valley step
* Zungenbecken

|

Depositional|

* Drumlin
* Erratic block
* Moraine
* Moraine-dammed lake
* Pulju moraine
* Rogen moraine
* Sevetti moraine
* Terminal moraine
* Till plain
* Veiki moraine

Glacifluvial|

* Alpentor
* Diluvium
* Esker
* Giant current ripples
* Kame
* Kame delta
* Kettle hole
* Outwash fan
* Sandur
* Urstromtal

* Glaciology
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