Seven Third Summits

Kanchenjunga is the world's third highest mountain ('K3')

The Seven Third Summits are the third-highest mountains of each of the seven continents. All of these mountain peaks are separate peaks rather than a sub-peak of the continents' high point. Christian Stangl from Austria claims to be the first person to reach the summit of all seven third summit mountains after climbing Puncak Mandala and Puncak Trikora. He did this as a part of his Triple Seven Summits project. Because of glacial melting and the disagreement over exactly which 3 peaks are the tallest in the Australian continent, Stangl also climbed several additional candidate peaks including Sumantri (4,870 m (15,978 ft)) and Ngga Pulu (4,862 m (15,951 ft)).[1][2]

## Contents

* 1 Seven Third Summits definitions
* 1.1 The Bass and Messner list
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Seven Third Summits definitions

The definition of continent is a matter of some dispute among mountaineers seeking to complete this challenge.

The main ridge of the Greater Caucasus range is generally considered to form the boundary between Europe and Asia. In that case, Mount Elbrus (5,642 m (18,510 ft)) and Dykh-Tau (5,205 m (17,077 ft)), are the two highest mountains in Europe. Excluding the Caucasus Mountains, Mont Blanc (4,808 m (15,774 ft)) and Monte Rosa (4,634 m (15,203 ft)) would be Europe's two highest mountains.

The Australian continent is defined as comprising the mainland of Australia and proximate islands on the same continental shelf, including Tasmania and New Guinea. In the convention of the seven continents, one of the continents is the region of Australasia, which includes for example the mountainous islands of New Zealand. For both the geological and conventional continent, New Guinea's Puncak Jaya / Carstensz Pyramid (4,884 m (16,024 ft)) and Puncak Mandala (4,758 m (15,610 ft)) are the two highest summits. When considering a continent as a continuous landmass surrounded by oceans, mainland Australia would be its own continent, with Mount Kosciuszko (2,228 m (7,310 ft)) and Mount Townsend (2,209 m (7,247 ft)) as its two highest summits.

### The Bass and Messner list

The Third Seven Summits list follows the Seven Summits list created by Richard Bass,[3] who chose the highest mountain of mainland Australia, Mount Kosciuszko (2,228 m (7,310 ft)), to represent the Australian continent's highest summit. Reinhold Messner proposed another list (the Messner or Carstensz list) replacing Mount Kosciuszko with Western New Guinea's Puncak Jaya (4,884 m (16,024 ft)), which is part of Indonesia.

Following the Bass list, Mount Twynam is the third-highest summit (2,196 m (7,205 ft)) in Australia . According to the Messner list, Puncak Trikora (4,750 m) on New Guinea is the third-highest of the Australian continent.[4][5] Heights of mountain peaks in West Papua are poorly established. However, SRTM data do support Puncak Mandala being taller than Puncak Trikora.

Both lists consider the Caucasus Mountains as European. This makes Shkhara (5,193 m (17,037 ft)), located on the border between Georgia and Russia , the third-highest summit in Europe. Those who exclude the Caucasus Mountains from Europe will count Dom (4,545 m (14,911 ft)), located in Switzerland , as Europe's third-highest summit.

Seven Third Summits (sorted by elevation)

Peak  | Bass list  | Messner list  | Elevation  | Prominence | Isolation | Continent  | Range  | Country
Kangchenjunga  | ✔  | ✔  | 8,586 m (28,169 ft)[6] | 3,922 m (12,867 ft)[6] | 124.32 km (77.25 mi)[6] | Asia | Himalayas  | Nepal / India
Monte Pissis | ✔  | ✔  | 6,793 m (22,287 ft)[7] | 2,143 m (7,031 ft)[7] | 75.9 km (47.2 mi)[7] | South America | Andes | Argentina
Pico de Orizaba  | ✔  | ✔  | 5,636 m (18,491 ft)[8] | 4,922 m (16,148 ft)[8] | 2,690.14 km (1,671.58 mi)[8] | North America | Cordillera Neovolcanica  | Mexico
Shkhara  | ✔  | ✔  | 5,193 m (17,037 ft)[9] | 1,357 m (4,452 ft)[9] | 6.02 km (3.74 mi)[9] | Europe | Caucasus | Georgia
Mawenzi | ✔  | ✔  | 5,149 m (16,893 ft)[10] | 849 m (2,785 ft)[10][11] | 11.07 km (6.88 mi)[10] | Africa | \-  | Tanzania
Mount Shinn  | ✔  | ✔  | 4,661 m (15,292 ft)[12] | 961 m (3,153 ft)[12] | 6.55 km (4.07 mi)[12] | Antarctica | Sentinel  | \-
Puncak Trikora  |  | ✔  | 4,750 m (15,584 ft)[13] | 1,268 m (4,160 ft)[13] | 167.29 km (103.95 mi)[13] | Australia (continent) | Maoke  | Indonesia
Mount Twynam  | ✔  |  | 2,195 m (7,201 ft)[14] | 155 m (509 ft)[14] | 6.03 km (3.75 mi)[14] | Australia | Snowies  | Australia

## See also

* Seven Summits
* Seven Second Summits
* Volcanic Seven Summits
* Three Poles Challenge
* Explorers Grand Slam, also known as The Adventurers Grand Slam
* Eight-thousander
* Territorial claims of Antarctica
* Kashmir conflict

## References

1. ↑ Stangl, Christian (2013). "The target is reached". skyrunning.at. http://skyrunning.at/en/content/target-reached. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
2. ↑ MacDonald, Dougald (28 August 2013). "Stangl Completes Triple Seven Summits". Climbing Magazine. http://www.climbing.com/news/stangl-completes-triple-seven-summits/. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
3. ↑ Bass, Dick; Wells, Frank; Ridgeway, Rick (1986). Seven Summits. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-51312-1.
4. ↑ See for example the lists at peaklist, peakbagger.com, and gunungbagging.com
5. ↑ Several other summits of Mount Carstensz besides Puncak Jaya (Sumantri (4,870 m), Ngga Pulu (4,862 m) and Carstensz East (4,820 m)) are higher than both Puncak Mandala and Puncak Trikora, but because of their low prominence (200-300 m) and isolation (2.2-2.6 km) these are usually not regarded as separate mountains.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 ? (1 November 2004). "Kangchenjunga, India/Nepal". peakbagger.com. http://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10653. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 ? (1 November 2004). "Monte Pissis, Argentina". peakbagger.com. http://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8578. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 ? (1 November 2004). "Pico de Orizaba, Mexico". peakbagger.com. http://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=8049. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 ? (1 November 2004). "Shkhara, Georgia/Russia". peakbagger.com. http://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10416. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 ? (1 November 2004). "Mawensi, Tanzania". peakbagger.com. http://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11203. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
11. ↑ Andalkar, Amar (26 November 2010). "The Volcanic Seven Summits". skimountaineer.com. http://www.skimountaineer.com/ROF/VolcanicSeven.html. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 ? (1 November 2004). "Mount Shinn, Antarctica". peakbagger.com. http://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=12106. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 ? (1 November 2004). "Puncak Trikora, Indonesia". peakbagger.com. http://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11361. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 ? (1 November 2004). "Mount Twynam, Australia". peakbagger.com. http://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=11607. Retrieved 29 December 2013.

## External links

* Peak Bagger
* Climbing Carstensz Pyramid, Papua Indonesia

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