Sustainable Development Goal 13

Short description: UN goal to combat climate change

Sustainable Development Goal 13

File:300x300px
Mission statement| "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy"
Commercial?| No
Type of project| Non-Profit
Location| Global
Founder| United Nations
Established| 2015
Website| sdgs.un.org

Template:United Nations series Sustainable Development Goal 13 (SDG 13 or Global Goal 13) is the United Nations Global Goal to limit and adapt to climate change. It is one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. The official mission statement of this goal is to "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts".[1] SDG 13 and SDG 7 on clean energy are closely related and complementary.[2]: 101

SDG 13 has five targets which are to be achieved by 2030. They cover a wide range of issues surrounding climate action. The first three targets are outcome targets. The first target is to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity towards climate change-related disasters. The second target is to integrate climate change measures into policies and planning. The third target is to build knowledge and capacity. The remaining two targets are means of implementation targets.[3] These include implementing the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and to promote mechanisms to raise capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management. Along with each target, there are indicators that provide a method to review the overall progress of each target. The UNFCCC is the main intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.

Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, nations collectively agreed to keep warming "well under 2°C". However, with pledges made under the Agreement, global warming would still reach about 2.7 °C (4.9 °F) by the end of the century.[4]

As of 2020, many countries are now implementing their national climate change adaptation plans which is to be achieved by 2030.[5]: 15

## Contents

* 1 Context
* 2 Targets, indicators and progress
* 2.1 Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters
* 2.2 Target 13.2: Integrate climate change measures into policy and planning
* 2.3 Target 13.3: Build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change
* 2.4 Target 13.a: Implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
* 2.5 Target 13.b: Promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management
* 2.6 Custodian agencies
* 3 Monitoring
* 4 Challenges
* 4.1 Climate migration
* 4.2 Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
* 4.3 Russian invasion of Ukraine
* 5 Links with other SDGs
* 6 Organizations
* 6.1 United Nations organizations
* 7 References
* 7.1 Sources
* 8 External links

## Context

Main article: Earth:Climate change

Surface air temperature change over the past 50 years[6] Change in average surface air temperature since the Industrial Revolution, plus drivers for that change. Human activity has caused increased temperatures, with natural forces adding some variability.[7]

Some effects of climate change, clockwise from top left: Wildfire intensified by heat and drought, worsening droughts compromising water supplies, and bleaching of coral caused by marine heatwaves

SDG 13 intends to take urgent action in order to combat climate change and its impacts.[9] Many climate change impacts are already felt at the current 1.2 °C (2.2 °F) level of warming. Additional warming will increase these impacts and can trigger tipping points, such as the melting of the Greenland ice sheet.[10] Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, nations collectively agreed to keep warming "well under 2 °C". However, with pledges made under the Agreement, global warming would still reach about 2.7 °C (4.9 °F) by the end of the century.[4]

Reducing emissions requires generating electricity from low-carbon sources rather than burning fossil fuels. This change includes phasing out coal and natural gas fired power plants, vastly increasing use of wind, solar, and other types of renewable energy, and reducing energy use.[11]

## Targets, indicators and progress

SDG 13 has five targets. The targets include to strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters (Target 13.1), integrate climate change measures into policies and planning (Target 13.2), build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change (Target 13.3), implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Target 13.a), and promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management (Target 13.b).[12]

Each target includes one or more indicators that help to measure and monitor the progress. Some of the indicators are number of deaths, missing people and directly affected people attributed to disasters per 100,000 population (13.1.1) or total greenhouse emissions generated by year (13.2.2). [12]

World map related to Indicator 13.1.1 in 2017: Internally displaced persons from natural disasters[13] World map related to Indicator 13.1.2 in 2018. The map shows the number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.[13]

### Target 13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters

The full text of Target 13.1 is: "Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries".[1]

This target has 3 indicators.[13]

* Indicator 13.1.1: "Number of deaths, missing people and directly affected people attributed to disasters per 100,000 population"
* Indicator 13.1.2: "Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030"
* Indicator 13.1.3: "Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies"[14]

Indicator 13.1.2 serves as a bridge between the Sustainable Development Goals and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.[15]

In April 2020, the number of countries and territories that adopted national disaster risk reduction strategies increased to 118 compared to 48 from the first year of the Sendai Framework.[16]

Average carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita measured in tonnes per year[17]

### Target 13.2: Integrate climate change measures into policy and planning

The full text of Target 13.2 is: "Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning".[1]

This target has two indicators:

* Indicator 13.2.1: "Number of countries with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans, strategies as reported in adaptation communications and national communications".[13]
* Indicator 13.2.2: "Total greenhouse gas emissions per year"[14]

In order to stay under 1.5 °C of global warming, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from G20 countries need to decline by about 45% by 2030 and attain net zero in 2050.[18] To be able to meet the 1.5 °C or even 2 °C, which is the maximum set by the Paris Agreement, greenhouse gas emissions must start to fall by 7.6% per year starting on 2020.[19] However, there is a large gap between these overall temperature targets and the nationally determined contributions set by individual countries.[19] Between 2000 and 2018, greenhouse gas emissions of transition economies and developed countries have declined by 6.5%. In contrast, developing countries saw their emissions go up by 43% between 2000 and 2013.[19]

As of 2015, 170 countries are a part of at least one multilateral environmental agreement,[20] with each year having an increase in the number of countries signing onto environmental agreements.

Carbon dioxide emissions by sector

### Target 13.3: Build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change

The full text of Target 13.3 is: "Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning".[1]

This target has two indicators:[13]

* Indicator 13.3.1: "The extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment"
* Indicator 13.3.2: "Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions"[14]

The indicator 13.3.1 measures the extent to which countries mainstream Global Citizenship Education (GCED) and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in their education systems and educational policies.[21]

The indicator 13.3.2 identifies countries who have and have not adopted and implemented disaster risk management strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The goal by 2030 is to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries.[13]

To explain the concept of "Education for Sustainable Development and Global Citizenship seeks to equip learners with the knowledge of how their choices impact others and their immediate environment.[22]

There is currently no data available for this indicator as of September 2020.[13]

### Target 13.a: Implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

World map for Indicator 13.A.1: Green Climate Fund mobilization of $100 billion, 2018[13]

The full text of Target 13.a is: "Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible."[1]

This target only has one indicator: Indicator 13.a is the "Amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the $100 billion commitment through to 2025".[23]

Previously, the indicator was worded as "Mobilized amount of United States dollars per year between 2020 and 2025 accountable towards the $100 billion commitment".[23]

This indicator measures the current pledged commitments from countries to the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars (USD) per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the US$100 billion commitment to 2025.[13]

A report by the UN stated in 2020 that the financial flows for global climate finance as well as for renewable energy are "relatively small in relation to the scale of annual investment needed for a low-carbon, climate-resilient transition".[5]: 15

### Target 13.b: Promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management

This indicator identifies countries who have and have not adopted and implemented disaster risk management strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.[24]

The full text of Target 13.b is: "Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change."[1]

This target has one indicator: Indicator 13.b.1 is the "Number of least developed countries and small island developing states with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans, strategies as reported in adaptation communications and national communications".

A previous version of this indicator was: "Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing states that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities."[23] This indicator's previous focus on women, youth and local and marginalized communities is not included anymore in the latest version of the indicator.

Annual UN reports are monitoring how many countries are implementing national adaptation plans.[5]: 15

### Custodian agencies

Custodian agencies are in charge of reporting on the following indicators:[25]

* Indicators 13.1.1, 13.1.2 and 13.1.3: UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR).
* Indicator 13.2.1: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization-Institute for Statistics (UNESCO-UIS).
* Indicators 13.3.1, 13.a.1 and 13.b.1: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

## Monitoring

High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United Nations Secretary General.[5] Updates and progress can also be found on the SDG website that is managed by the United Nations[26] and at Our World in Data.[27]

## Challenges

### Climate migration

SDG 13 does not directly address the link between nations most vulnerable to climate change and increased migration flows (climate migration). It therefore misses the chance to recognize migration as an adaptive response of mobile populations.[28] Weather-related disasters displace millions of people, but the goal's focus on national policies overlooks the role of migration. SDG 13 could instead track government policies on relocating communities, a practice likely to grow in the future.[28]

### Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a reduction in economic activity.[19][29] This resulted in a 6% drop in greenhouse gas emissions from what was initially projected for 2020, however these improvements were only temporary.[30] Greenhouse gas emissions rebounded later in the pandemic as many countries began lifting restrictions, with the direct impact of pandemic policies having a negligible long-term impact on climate change.[31] A rebound in transport pollution has occurred since restrictions of government lockdown policies have been lifted.[32] Transport pollution accounts for roughly 21% of global carbon emissions due to it being still 95% dependent on oil.[33]

Post pandemic, there is a rush for governments globally to stimulate local economies by putting money towards fossil fuel production and in turn economic stimulation.[34] Funding for economic policies will likely divert the emergency funds usually afforded to climate funding like The Green Climate Fund and other sustainable policies, unless an emphasis is put on green deals in the redirection of monetary funds.[35][36][37]

A 2022 publication reported that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted progress on SDG 13 and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) processes. Travel restrictions and reduced in-person meetings disrupted climate-related work, delaying actions and some planned deliverables. Scientists in developing countries faced greater challenges than their colleagues in higher-income countries due to weaker communication infrastructure and higher work demands in developing countries.[38]

### Russian invasion of Ukraine

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting trade sanctions had a further adverse effect on SDG 13, as some countries responded to the crisis by increasing domestic oil production.[39]

## Links with other SDGs

Sustainable Development Goal 13 connects with the other 16 SDGs. For example, increasing access to sustainable energy (SDG 7) will reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[2]: 101 Combating climate change can improve agricultural yield which will lead to zero hunger (SDG 2).[40]

## Organizations

### United Nations organizations

* Climate target
* United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)[41]
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)[42]
* Conferences of the Parties (COP)[43]
* World Meteorological Organization (WMO)[44]
* UN-Habitat[45]
* United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)[46]
* Green Climate Fund (GCF)[47]
* United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) [48]
* United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 IEA, IRENA, UNSD, WB, WHO (2019), Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2019, Washington DC (on Tracking SDG 7 website)
3. ↑ Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara (December 2018). "Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation". npj Clean Water 1 (1): 3. doi:10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0. Bibcode: 2018npjCW...1....3B. 50x50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 United Nations Environment Programme 2021, p. 36: "A continuation of the effort implied by the latest unconditional NDCs and announced pledges is at present estimated to result in warming of about 2.7 °C (range: 2.2–3.2 °C) with a 66 per cent chance."
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General, High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (E/2020/57), 28 April 2020
6. ↑ "GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4)". https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/index_v4.html.
7. ↑ IPCC AR6 WG1 2021, SPM-7
8. ↑ Ivanova, Irina (June 2, 2022). "California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years". CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/water-cutbacks-california-6-million-people-drought/.
9. ↑ "Goal 13: Climate Action - SDG Tracker" (in en). https://sdg-tracker.org/climate-change.
10. ↑ IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021, p. 71
11. ↑ M. Pathak, R. Slade, P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Pichs-Madruga, D. Ürge-Vorsatz,2022: Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.002.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Goal 13 Climate Action". https://www.globalgoals.org/13-climate-action.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 Hannah Ritchie, Max Roser, Jaiden Mispy, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina (2018) "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 13) SDG-Tracker.org, website 50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "Goal 13 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13.
15. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Stats". https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-13-01-02.pdf.
16. ↑ "Goal 13 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13.
17. ↑ "Per capita CO2 emissions". https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-per-capita.
18. ↑ "Report of the Secretary General on the 2019 Climate Action Summit and the way Forward in 2020". https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/assets/pdf/cas_report_11_dec.pdf.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "SDG Report 2020". https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/goal-13/.
20. ↑ "Goal 13: Climate Action - SDG Tracker" (in en). https://sdg-tracker.org/climate-change.
21. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Stats, SDG 13, Target 3". https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-13-03-01.pdf.
22. ↑ Goal 13, Indicator 13.31. "sustainable development goals". https://sdgdata.gov.uk/13-3-1/.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "SDG Indicator changes (15 October 2018 and onward) - current to 17 April 2020". 17 April 2020. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/List_of_changes_since_15_Oct_2018.pdf.
24. ↑ "Score of adoption and implementation of national strategies in line with Sendai framework". https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/countries-with-legislative-regulatory-provisions-for-managing-disaster-risk.
25. ↑ "United Nations (2018) Economic and Social Council, Conference of European Statisticians, Geneva," (PDF). United Nations (SDG 13) Custodian Agencies"". https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/2018/CES_39.pdf.
26. ↑ "Goal 6 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6.
27. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (2020-05-11). "CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions". Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Adger, W Neil; Boyd, Emily; Fábos, Anita; Fransen, Sonja; Jolivet, Dominique; Neville, George; de Campos, Ricardo Safra; Vijge, Marjanneke J (2019). "Migration transforms the conditions for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals" (in en). The Lancet Planetary Health 3 (11): e440–e442. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30213-X. PMID 31777332. 50x50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
29. ↑ "Fall in COVID-linked carbon emissions won't halt climate change - UN weather agency chief". United Nations News. United Nations. https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/04/1062332.
30. ↑ United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs (2020). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020. United Nations. ISBN 978-92-1-101425-9. OCLC 1191239852.
31. ↑ "COVID curbed carbon emissions in 2020 - but not by much". Nature 589 (7842): 343. January 2021. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00090-3. PMID 33452515. Bibcode: 2021Natur.589..343T.
32. ↑ Helm, Dieter (May 2020). "The Environmental Impacts of the Coronavirus" (in en). Environmental and Resource Economics 76 (1): 21–38. doi:10.1007/s10640-020-00426-z. ISSN 0924-6460. PMID 32382212. Bibcode: 2020EnREc..76...21H.
33. ↑ Brand, Christian (10 November 2021). "Seven reasons global transport is so hard to decarbonise" (in en). http://theconversation.com/seven-reasons-global-transport-is-so-hard-to-decarbonise-170908.
34. ↑ "Carbon emissions to soar in 2021 by second highest rate in history" (in en). 2021-04-20. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/20/carbon-emissions-to-soar-in-2021-by-second-highest-rate-in-history.
35. ↑ Naidoo, Robin; Fisher, Brendan (July 2020). "Reset Sustainable Development Goals for a pandemic world" (in en). Nature 583 (7815): 198–201. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01999-x. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 32632244. Bibcode: 2020Natur.583..198N.
36. ↑ Yoshino, Naoyuki; Taghizadeh-Hesary, Farhad; Otsuka, Miyu (July 2020). "Covid-19 and Optimal Portfolio Selection for Investment in Sustainable Development Goals" (in en). Finance Research Letters 38. doi:10.1016/j.frl.2020.101695. PMID 32837379.
37. ↑ Markard, Jochen; Rosenbloom, Daniel (2020-12-10). "A tale of two crises: COVID-19 and climate" (in en). Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy 16 (1): 53–60. doi:10.1080/15487733.2020.1765679. ISSN 1548-7733. Bibcode: 2020SSPP...16...53M.
38. ↑ Filho, Walter Leal; Hickmann, Thomas; Nagy, Gustavo J.; Pinho, Patricia; Sharifi, Ayyoob; Minhas, Aprajita; Islam, M Rezaul; Djalanti, Riyanti et al. (2022). "The Influence of the Corona Virus Pandemic on Sustainable Development Goal 13 and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Processes". Frontiers in Environmental Science 10. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.784466. ISSN 2296-665X. Bibcode: 2022FrEnS..1084466F. 50x50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
39. ↑ "The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". https://sdgs.un.org/documents/sustainable-development-goals-report-2023-53220.
40. ↑ "Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture — SDG Indicators". https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/goal-02/.
41. ↑ "About the Secretariat - What is the purpose of the Secretariat?". https://unfccc.int/about-us/about-the-secretariat.
42. ↑ "About the IPCC". https://www.ipcc.ch/about/.
43. ↑ "Conferences of the Parties (COP)". https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/supreme-bodies/conference-of-the-parties-cop.
44. ↑ "About us". 27 November 2015. https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us.
45. ↑ "UN Habitat, About us - Sustainable Development Goals". https://unhabitat.org/about-us/sustainable-development-goals.
46. ↑ "United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) established". http://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/united-nations-environmental-programme-unep-established.
47. ↑ "About GCF". 18 February 2021. https://www.greenclimate.fund/about.
48. ↑ "A Liveable Planet for Every Child | UNICEF" (in en). https://www.unicef.org/documents/liveable-planet-every-child.

### Sources

* United Nations Environment Programme (2021). Emissions Gap Report 2021. Nairobi. ISBN 978-92-807-3890-2. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/36991/EGR21_ESEN.pdf.
* Arias, Paola A.; Bellouin, Nicolas; Coppola, Erika; Jones, Richard G. et al. (2021). "Technical Summary". IPCC AR6 WG1 2021. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf.
* Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A. et al., eds (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press (In Press). https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf.

## External links

* UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform – SDG 13
* "Global Goals" Campaign - SDG 13
* SDG-Track.org - SDG 13
* UN SDG 13 in the US

Template:Sustainable Development Goals

* v
* t
* e

Climate change

Overview

* Causes of climate change
* Effects of climate change
* Climate change mitigation
* Climate change adaptation
* By country and region

Causes

| Overview|

* Climate system
* Greenhouse effect (Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Earth)
* Scientific consensus on climate change

|

Sources|

* Deforestation
* Fossil fuel
* Greenhouse gases
* Greenhouse gas emissions
* Carbon accounting
* Carbon footprint
* Carbon leakage
* from agriculture
* from wetlands
* World energy supply and consumption

History

* History of climate change policy and politics
* History of climate change science
* Svante Arrhenius
* James Hansen
* Charles David Keeling
* United Nations Climate Change conferences
* Years in climate change
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* 2024
* 2025
* 2026

Effects and issues

| Physical|

* Abrupt climate change
* Anoxic event
* Arctic methane emissions
* Arctic sea ice decline
* Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
* Drought
* Extreme weather
* Flood
* Coastal flooding
* Heat wave
* Marine
* Urban heat island
* Oceans
* acidification
* deoxygenation
* heat content
* sea surface temperature
* stratification
* temperature
* Ozone depletion
* Permafrost thaw
* Retreat of glaciers since 1850
* Sea level rise
* Season creep
* Climate sensitivity
* Tipping points in the climate system
* Tropical cyclones
* Water cycle
* Wildfires

|

Flora and fauna|

* Biomes
* Mass mortality event
* Birds
* Extinction risk
* Forest dieback
* Invasive species
* Marine life
* Plant biodiversity

Social and economic|

* Agriculture
* Livestock
* Multi-breadbasket failure
* In the United States
* Children
* Cities
* Civilizational collapse
* Crime
* Depopulation of settlements
* Destruction of cultural heritage
* Disability
* Economic impacts
* U.S. insurance industry
* Fisheries
* Gender
* Health
* Infectious diseases
* Mental health
* In the United Kingdom
* In the Philippines
* Human rights
* Indigenous peoples
* Migration
* Poverty
* Psychological impacts
* Security and conflict
* Urban flooding
* Water scarcity
* Water security

By country and region|

* Africa
* Americas
* Antarctica
* Arctic
* Asia
* Australia
* Caribbean
* Europe
* Middle East and North Africa
* Small island countries
* by individual country

Mitigation

| Economics and finance|

* Carbon budget
* Carbon emission trading
* Carbon offsets and credits
* Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
* Carbon price
* Carbon tax
* Climate debt
* Climate finance
* Climate risk insurance
* Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
* Economics of climate change mitigation
* Fossil fuel divestment
* Green Climate Fund
* Low-carbon economy
* Net zero emissions

|

Energy|

* Carbon capture and storage
* Energy transition
* Fossil fuel phase-out
* Nuclear power
* Renewable energy
* Sustainable energy

Preserving and enhancing
carbon sinks|

* Blue carbon
* Carbon dioxide removal
* Carbon sequestration
* Direct air capture
* Carbon farming
* Climate-smart agriculture
* Forest management
* afforestation
* forestry for carbon sequestration
* REDD+
* reforestation
* Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF and AFOLU)
* Nature-based solutions

Other|

* Earth Strike
* Fridays for Future
* Geoengineering
* Individual action on climate change
* Positive tipping points
* Sustainable architecture
* Sustainable transport

Society and adaptation

| Society|

* Business action
* Climate action
* Climate emergency declaration
* Climate movement
* School Strike for Climate
* Denial
* Ecological grief
* Governance
* Justice
* Litigation
* Politics
* Public opinion
* Women

|

Adaptation|

* Adaptation strategies on the German coast
* Adaptive capacity
* Disaster risk reduction
* Ecosystem-based adaptation
* Flood control
* Loss and damage
* Managed retreat
* Nature-based solutions
* Resilience
* Risk
* Vulnerability
* The Adaptation Fund
* National Adaptation Programme of Action

Communication|

* Climate Change Performance Index
* Climate crisis (term)
* Climate spiral
* Education
* Media coverage
* Popular culture depictions
* art
* fiction
* video games
* Warming stripes

International agreements|

* Glasgow Climate Pact
* Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market
* Taskforce on Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets
* Kyoto Protocol
* Paris Agreement
* Cooperative mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
* Nationally determined contributions
* Sustainable Development Goal 13
* United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Background and theory

| Measurements|

* Global surface temperature
* Instrumental temperature record
* Proxy
* Satellite temperature measurement

|

Theory|

* Albedo
* Carbon cycle
* atmospheric
* biologic
* oceanic
* permafrost
* Carbon sink
* Climate sensitivity
* Climate variability and change
* Cloud feedback
* Cloud forcing
* Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
* Cryosphere
* Earth's energy budget
* Extreme event attribution
* Feedbacks
* Global warming potential
* Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
* Orbital forcing
* Radiative forcing

Research and modelling|

* Climate change scenario
* Climate model
* Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
* Paleoclimatology
* Representative Concentration Pathway
* Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

* '
* Category
* Glossary
* Index

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable Development Goal 13. Read more

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