Tonian

The Tonian (from Ancient Greek: τόνος, romanized: tónos, meaning "stretch") is the first geologic period of the Neoproterozoic Era. It lasted from 1000 to 720 Mya (million years ago). Instead of being based on stratigraphy, these dates are defined by the ICS based on radiometric chronometry. The Tonian is preceded by the Stenian Period of the Mesoproterozoic Era and followed by the Cryogenian.

Rifting leading to the breakup of supercontinent Rodinia, which had formed in the mid-Stenian, occurred during this period, starting from 900 to 850 Mya.

## Contents

* 1 Biology
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 Further reading

## Biology

See also: Earth:Huainan biota

The first putative metazoan (animal) fossils are dated to the middle to late Tonian (c. 890-800 Mya). The fossils of Otavia antiqua, which has been described as a primitive sponge by its discoverers and numerous other scholars, date back to about 800 mya. Even earlier sponge-like fossils have been reported in reefs dating back to 890 million years before the present, but their identity is highly debated.[1] This dating is consistent with molecular data recovered through genetic studies on modern metazoan species; more recent studies have concluded that the base of the animal phylogenetic tree is in the Tonian.[2]

Tonian rocks preserve some of the earliest fossils of macroalgae,[3] such as the benthic macroalgae from the Longfengshan biota of the Luotuoling Formation[4] or the green algae from the Dolores Creek Formation.[5]

The first large evolutionary radiation of acritarchs occurred during the Tonian. Vase-shaped microfossils abound in late Tonian sediments and represent the earliest testate amoebozoans.[6]

## See also

* Earth:Boring Billion - Earth history, 1.8 to 0.8 billion years ago
* Neoproterozoic oxygenation event
* Huainan biota

## References

1. ↑ Turner, Elizabeth C. (28 July 2021). "Possible poriferan body fossils in early Neoproterozoic microbial reefs". Nature 596 (7870): 87–91. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03773-z. PMID 34321662. Bibcode: 2021Natur.596...87T.
2. ↑ Kliman, Richard M. (Apr 14, 2016). Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology. Academic Press. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-12-800426-5.
3. ↑ Del Cortona, Andrea; Jackson, Christopher J.; Bucchini, François; Van Bel, Michiel; D'hondt, Sofie; Škaloud, Pavel; Delwiche, Charles F.; Knoll, Andrew H. et al. (7 January 2020). "Neoproterozoic origin and multiple transitions to macroscopic growth in green seaweeds" (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117 (5): 2551–2559. doi:10.1073/pnas.1910060117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 31911467.
4. ↑ Jing, Yinghao; Chen, Zhong-Qiang; Anderson, Ross P.; Wang, Xue; Zheng, Zemin; Feng, Xueqian (November 2022). "Microscopic and geochemical analyses of the Tonian Longfengshan biota from the Luotuoling Formation (Hebei Province, North China) with taphonomic implications" (in en). Precambrian Research 382. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2022.106899. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301926822003436. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
5. ↑ Maloney, Katie M.; Halverson, Galen P.; Schiffbauer, James D.; Xiao, Shuhai; Gibson, Timothy M.; Lechte, Maxwell A.; Cumming, Vivien M.; Millikin, Alexie E.G. et al. (22 March 2021). "New multicellular marine macroalgae from the early Tonian of northwestern Canada" (in en). Geology 49 (6): 743–747. doi:10.1130/G48508.1. ISSN 0091-7613. Bibcode: 2021Geo....49..743M. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/49/6/743/595633/New-multicellular-marine-macroalgae-from-the-early?redirectedFrom=fulltext. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
6. ↑ Tingle, Kelly E.; Porter, Susannah M.; Raven, Morgan R.; Czaja, Andrew D.; Webb, Samuel M.; Bloeser, Bonnie (18 January 2023). "Organic preservation of vase-shaped microfossils from the late Tonian Chuar Group, Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA" (in en). Geobiology 21 (3): 290–309. doi:10.1111/gbi.12544. ISSN 1472-4677. PMID 36651474. Bibcode: 2023Gbio...21..290T.

## Further reading

* "Tonian Period". GeoWhen Database. http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/stages/Tonian.html.
* Ogg, James G. (2004). "Status on Divisions of the International Geologic Time Scale". Lethaia 37 (2): 183–199. doi:10.1080/00241160410006492. Bibcode: 2004Letha..37..183O.

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Proterozoic eon
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| Neoproterozoic (541.0 Mya–1 Gya)|

* Ediacaran (541.0–~635 Mya)
* Cryogenian (~635–~720 Mya)
* Tonian (~720 Mya–1 Gya)

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Mesoproterozoic (1–1.6 Gya)|

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Hadean eon (4–4.6 Gya)|

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kya = thousands years ago. Mya = millions years ago. Gya = billions years ago.
See also: Geologic time scale

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