Wealden Group

Short description: Stratigraphic Group in England

Wealden Group
Stratigraphic range:
Late Berriasian-Aptian, 140–125 Ma

PreЄ

Coastal exposure of the Wealden Group near Bexhill-on-Sea

Type| Group
Sub-units|

* Weald Basin
* Weald Clay Formation
* Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation
* Wadhurst Clay Formation
* Ashdown Formation
* Wessex Basin
* Vectis Formation
* Wessex Formation
* Marginal - Whitchurch Sand Formation

Underlies| Lower Greensand Group
Overlies| Purbeck Group
Thickness| Up to 850 m in Weald Basin, c. 500 m in Wessex basin, few m in marginal areas
Location
Region| England
Country|  UK
Type section
Named for| Weald

The Wealden Group, occasionally also referred to as the Wealden Supergroup, is a group (a sequence of rock strata) in the lithostratigraphy of southern England . The Wealden group consists of paralic to continental (freshwater) facies sedimentary rocks of Berriasian to Aptian age and thus forms part of the English Lower Cretaceous. It is composed of alternating sands and clays. The sandy units were deposited in a flood plain of braided rivers, the clays mostly in a lagoonal coastal plain.[1]

The Wealden Group can be found in almost all Early Cretaceous basins of England: its outcrops curve from the Wessex Basin in the south to the Cleveland Basin in the northeast. It is not found in northwest England and Wales, areas which were at the time tectonic highs where no deposition took place. The same is true for the London Platform around London and Essex. Offshore, the Wealden Group can reach a thickness of 700 metres.[1] The terms Wealden and Wealden facies are also used as generic terms referring to Early Cretaceous non-marine sequences elsewhere in Europe.

## Contents

* 1 Stratigraphy
* 2 Palaeontology
* 2.1 Pterosaurs
* 2.2 Dinosaurs
* 3 Wealden elsewhere in Europe
* 4 References
* 5 Further reading
* 6 See also

## Stratigraphy

The Wealden Group lies stratigraphically on top of the Purbeck Group, which spans the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. Within the Wessex Basin, the Wealden Group consists of two formations: the Wessex Formation and overlying Vectis Formation. In the Weald Basin, the Wealden Group consists of four formations: the Ashdown Formation, the Wadhurst Clay Formation, the Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation and the Weald Clay Formation.[2] The lower three formations are sometimes collectively referred to as the Hastings Beds. In Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Wiltshire, the Wealden Group is only found as an outlier on top of hills and only consists of a single formation, the Whitchurch Sand Formation. In Yorkshire, the equivalently aged Speeton Clay Formation, a marine unit, is present.

On top of the Wealden Group is the Lower Greensand Group. The difference between these two groups has been formed by a major eustatic (global) transgression of the sea. The Greensand (Aptian/Albian in age) consists of marine deposits.

The sequence in the Weald Basin has also been described as a supergroup, containing the Weald Clay Group and Hastings Group.[3]

## Palaeontology

The Wealden Group forms outcrops covering a large part of south and south-eastern England including the Isle of Wight. It takes its name from the Weald region of Kent, Sussex, Surrey and Hampshire. It has yielded many fossils, including dinosaurs like Iguanodon and Hypsilophodon.[4] Apart from fossils, it shows many other signs of being deposited in a continental environment, such as mudcracks and -in some rare cases- dinosaur footprints. Taxa included in the table below have an uncertain provenance and cannot be placed into one of the constituent formations, thus they are placed here.

### Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs reported from the Wealden Group

Genus  | Species  | Location  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images
Coloborhynchus | C. clavirostris[5] |

* St.-Leonards-on-Sea[5]

| Hastings Beds  | "Anterior portion of rostrum"[5] | An ornithocheirid pterosaur.  |

Coloborhynchus

### Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs reported from the Wealden Group

Genus  | Species  | Location  | Stratigraphic position  | Material  | Notes  | Images
Thecospondylus[6] | T. horneri[6] |

* Kent[6]

| Hastings Beds  | "Internal mold of sacrum."[7] | Dubious genus that has been variously classified as either a saurischian or ornithischian.[8] It is currently only tentatively regarded as dinosaurian.[6] |

Therosaurus[9] | T. anglicus[9] |

* West Sussex[9]

|  |  |  |
Altispinax[10] | A. dunkeri[10] |

* East Sussex[10]

| Hastings Beds  | "Dorsal vertebrae."[11] |  |

Haestasaurus[12] | H. becklesii[10] |

* East Sussex[10]

| Hastings Beds  | Forelimb  | A ?basal macronarian  |

Pleurocoelus[13] | P. valdensis[13] |

* East Sussex[10]
* West Sussex[9]

|  |  | A dubious basal titanosauriform[13] |
Turiasauria | Indeterminate  |  | Hasting beds?[14] | Vertebra[14] |  |
Theropoda | Indeterminate  |

* West Sussex, East Sussex, Kent[15]

|  |  |  |

## Wealden elsewhere in Europe

The term "Wealden" and "Wealden facies" has been applied to other Lower Cretaceous sequences in Europe, including the "German Wealden", comprising the Berriasian aged Bückeberg Formation of the Lower Saxony Basin[16] and in Belgium, where "Wealden facies" has been used as a term to refer to the Barremian-Aptian aged sequences of the Mons Basin, including the Sainte-Barbe Clays Formation where large numbers of Iguanodon were found in the 19th century.[17]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Jackson (2008)
2. ↑ [1.pdf "A stratigraphical framework for the Lower Cretaceous of England"]. British Geological Survey. 2008. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3236/1/Lower_Cretaceous_Strat_Framework_Report[1].pdf.
3. ↑ "A new large basal tetanuran (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Wessex Formation (Barremian) of the Isle Of Wight, England". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (2): 612–615. 2009. doi:10.1671/039.029.0202. Bibcode: 2009JVPal..29..612B. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249022981.
4. ↑ Weishampel et al. (2004)
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Taxonomic review of the Ornithocheirus complex (Pterosauria) from the Cretaceous of England". ZooKeys (308): 1–112. 2013. doi:10.3897/zookeys.308.5559. PMID 23794925. Bibcode: 2013ZooK..308....1R.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "10.21 Kent, England; 1. Hastings Beds"in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 559.
7. ↑ "Table 2.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 26.
8. ↑ Huene, 1909. Skizze zu einer Systematik und Stammesgeschichte der Dinosaurier [Sketch of the systematics and origins of the dinosaurs]. Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie. 1909, 12-22.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "10.18 West Sussex, England; 1. Hastings Beds" in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 559.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 "10.19 East Sussex, England; 1. Hastings Beds" in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 559.
11. ↑ "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 73.
12. ↑ Paul Upchurch, Philip D. Mannion & Michael P. Taylor (2015) The Anatomy and Phylogenetic Relationships of “Pelorosaurus“ becklesii (Neosauropoda, Macronaria) from the Early Cretaceous of England. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0125819. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125819 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0125819
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "10.19 East Sussex, England; 1. Hastings Beds" and "10.18 West Sussex, England; 1. Hastings Beds" in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 559.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "A turiasaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Wealden Supergroup of the United Kingdom". PeerJ 7: e6348. 2019-01-24. doi:10.7717/peerj.6348. PMID 30697494.
15. ↑ "10.19 East Sussex, England; 1. Hastings Beds" and "10.18 West Sussex, England; 1. Hastings Beds" and "10.21 Kent, England; 1. Hastings Beds"in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 559.
16. ↑ Richter, Annette (2012). "The ‘German Wealden’ and the Obernkirchen Sandstone – an Introduction" (in en). Dinosaur Tracks 2011: an international symposium, Obernkirchen, April 14-17, 2011 : abstract volume and field guide to excursions. Göttingen: Universitätsverlag Göttingen. ISBN 978-3-86395-105-4. OCLC 852208407. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235944273.
17. ↑ Dejax, J.; Pons, D.; Yans, J. (2007-04-01). "Palynology of the dinosaur-bearing Wealden facies in the natural pit of Bernissart (Belgium)" (in en). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. Aspects of the Jurassic and Cretaceous palynology 144 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2005.10.004. ISSN 0034-6667. Bibcode: 2007RPaPa.144...25D. http://doc.rero.ch/record/16177/files/PAL_E3381.pdf.

## Further reading

* Bedrock geology UK south. An explanation of the bedrock geology map of England and Wales - 1:625,000 edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey. 2008. ISBN 978-0-85272-586-3.
* "Dinosaur distribution". The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley. 2004. pp. 517–606. https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis.

## See also

* List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations

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