Cluster II (spacecraft)

Short description: European Space Agency mission

Cluster II

Artist's impression of the Cluster constellation.

Mission type| Magnetospheric research
Operator| ESA with NASA collaboration
COSPAR ID| FM6 (SALSA): 2000-041A
FM7 (SAMBA): 2000-041B
FM5 (RUMBA): 2000-045A
FM8 (TANGO): 2000-045B
SATCAT no.| FM6 (SALSA): 26411
FM7 (SAMBA): 26410
FM5 (RUMBA): 26463
FM8 (TANGO): 26464
Website| http://sci.esa.int/cluster
Mission duration| Planned: 5 years
Elasped: 23 years, 11 months and 29 days
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer| Airbus (ex. Dornier)[1]
Launch mass| 1,200 kg (2,600 lb)[1]
Dry mass| 550 kg (1,210 lb)[1]
Payload mass| 71 kg (157 lb)[1]
Dimensions| 2.9 m × 1.3 m (9.5 ft × 4.3 ft)[1]
Power| 224 watts[1]
Start of mission
Launch date| FM6: 16 July 2000, 12:39 UTC (2000-07-16UTC12:39Z)
FM7: 16 July 2000, 12:39 UTC (2000-07-16UTC12:39Z)
FM5: 09 August 2000, 11:13 UTC (2000-08-09UTC11:13Z)
FM8: 09 August 2000, 11:13 UTC (2000-08-09UTC11:13Z)
Rocket| Soyuz-U/Fregat
Launch site| Baikonur 31/6
Contractor| Starsem
End of mission
Last contact| September 2024 (planned)
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Geocentric
Regime| Elliptical Orbit
Perigee altitude| FM6: 16,118 km (10,015 mi)
FM7: 16,157 km (10,039 mi)
FM5: 16,022 km (9,956 mi)
FM8: 12,902 km (8,017 mi)
Apogee altitude| FM6: 116,740 km (72,540 mi)
FM7: 116,654 km (72,485 mi)
FM5: 116,786 km (72,567 mi)
FM8: 119,952 km (74,535 mi)
Inclination| FM6: 135 degrees
FM7: 135 degrees
FM5: 138 degrees
FM8: 134 degrees
Period| FM6: 3259 minutes
FM7: 3257 minutes
FM5: 3257 minutes
FM8: 3258 minutes
Epoch| 13 March 2014, 11:15:07 UTC

ESA solar system insignia for Cluster II

Horizon 2000

<- XMM-Newton

INTEGRAL ->

Cluster II[2] is a space mission of the European Space Agency, with NASA participation, to study the Earth's magnetosphere over the course of nearly two solar cycles. The mission is composed of four identical spacecraft flying in a tetrahedral formation. As a replacement for the original Cluster spacecraft which were lost in a launch failure in 1996, the four Cluster II spacecraft were successfully launched in pairs in July and August 2000 onboard two Soyuz-Fregat rockets from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. In February 2011, Cluster II celebrated 10 years of successful scientific operations in space. In February 2021, Cluster II celebrated 20 years of successful scientific operations in space. (As of March 2023), its mission has been extended until September 2024.[3] The China National Space Administration/ESA Double Star mission operated alongside Cluster II from 2004 to 2007.

## Contents

* 1 Mission overview
* 2 History
* 3 Scientific objectives
* 4 Instrumentation on each Cluster satellite
* 5 Double Star mission with China
* 6 Awards
* 7 Discoveries and mission milestones
* 7.1 2023
* 7.2 2022
* 7.3 2021
* 7.4 2020
* 7.5 2019
* 7.6 2018
* 7.7 2017
* 7.8 2016
* 7.9 2015
* 7.10 2014
* 7.11 2013
* 7.12 2012
* 7.13 2011
* 7.14 2010
* 7.15 2009
* 7.16 2008
* 7.17 2007
* 7.18 2006
* 7.19 2005
* 7.20 2004
* 7.21 2001–2003
* 8 References
* 9 Selected publications
* 10 External links

## Mission overview

The four identical Cluster II satellites study the impact of the Sun's activity on the Earth's space environment by flying in formation around Earth. For the first time in space history, this mission is able to collect three-dimensional information on how the solar wind interacts with the magnetosphere and affects near-Earth space and its atmosphere, including aurorae.

The spacecraft are cylindrical (2.9 x 1.3 m, see online 3D model) and are spinning at 15 rotations per minute. After launch, their solar cells provided 224 watts power for instruments and communications. Solar array power has gradually declined as the mission progressed, due to damage by energetic charged particles, but this was planned for and the power level remains sufficient for science operations. The four spacecraft maneuver into various tetrahedral formations to study the magnetospheric structure and boundaries. The inter-spacecraft distances can be altered and has varied from around 4 to 10,000 km. The propellant for the transfer to the operational orbit, and the maneuvers to vary inter-spacecraft separation distances made up approximately half of the spacecraft's launch weight.

The highly elliptical orbits of the spacecraft initially reached a perigee of around 4 RE (Earth radii, where 1 RE = 6371 km) and an apogee of 19.6 RE. Each orbit took approximately 57 hours to complete. The orbit has evolved over time; the line of apsides has rotated southwards so that the distance at which the orbit crossed the magnetotail current sheet progressively reduced, and a wide range of dayside magnetopause crossing latitudes were sampled. Gravitational effects impose a long term cycle of change in the perigee (and apogee) distance, which saw the perigees reduce to a few 100 km in 2011 before beginning to rise again. The orbit plane has rotated away from 90 degrees inclination. Orbit modifications by ESOC have altered the orbital period to 54 hours. All these changes have allowed Cluster to visit a much wider set of important magnetospheric regions than was possible for the initial 2-year mission, improving the scientific breadth of the mission.

The European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) acquires telemetry and distributes to the online data centers the science data from the spacecraft. The Joint Science Operations Centre JSOC at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK coordinates scientific planning and in collaboration with the instrument teams provides merged instrument commanding requests to ESOC.

The Cluster Science Archive is the ESA long term archive of the Cluster and Double Star science missions. Since 1 November 2014, it is the sole public access point to the Cluster mission scientific data and supporting datasets. The Double Star data are publicly available via this archive. The Cluster Science Archive is located alongside all the other ESA science archives at the European Space Astronomy Center, located near Madrid, Spain. From February 2006 to October 2014, the Cluster data could be accessed via the Cluster Active Archive.

## History

The Cluster mission was proposed to ESA in 1982 and approved in 1986, along with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), and together these two missions constituted the Solar Terrestrial Physics "cornerstone" of ESA's Horizon 2000 missions programme. Though the original Cluster spacecraft were completed in 1995, the explosion of the Ariane 5 rocket carrying the satellites in 1996 delayed the mission by four years while new instruments and spacecraft were built.

On July 16, 2000, a Soyuz-Fregat rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome launched two of the replacement Cluster II spacecraft, (Salsa and Samba) into a parking orbit from where they maneuvered under their own power into a 19,000 by 119,000 kilometer orbit with a period of 57 hours. Three weeks later on August 9, 2000, another Soyuz-Fregat rocket lifted the remaining two spacecraft (Rumba and Tango) into similar orbits. Spacecraft 1, Rumba, is also known as the Phoenix spacecraft, since it is largely built from spare parts left over after the failure of the original mission. After commissioning of the payload, the first scientific measurements were made on February 1, 2001.

The European Space Agency ran a competition to name the satellites across all of the ESA member states.[4] Ray Cotton, from the United Kingdom , won the competition with the names Rumba, Tango, Salsa and Samba.[5] Ray's town of residence, Bristol, was awarded with scale models of the satellites in recognition of the winning entry,[6][7] as well as the city's connection with the satellites. However, after many years of being stored away, they were finally given a home at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.

Originally planned to last until the end of 2003, the mission has been extended several times. The first extension took the mission from 2004 until 2005, and the second from 2005 to June 2009. The mission has now been extended until September 2024.[3]

## Scientific objectives

Previous single and two-spacecraft missions were not capable of providing the data required to accurately study the boundaries of the magnetosphere. Because the plasma comprising the magnetosphere cannot be viewed using remote sensing techniques, satellites must be used to measure it in-situ. Four spacecraft allow scientists make the 3D, time-resolved measurements needed to create a realistic picture of the complex plasma interactions occurring between regions of the magnetosphere and between the magnetosphere and the solar wind.

Each satellite carries a scientific payload of 11 instruments designed to study the small-scale plasma structures in space and time in the key plasma regions: solar wind, bow shock, magnetopause, polar cusps, magnetotail, plasmapause boundary layer and over the polar caps and the auroral zones.

* The bow shock is the region in space between the Earth and the Sun where the solar wind decelerates from super- to sub-sonic before being deflected around the Earth. In traversing this region, the spacecraft make measurements which help characterize processes occurring at the bow shock, such as the origin of hot flow anomalies and the transmission of electromagnetic waves through the bow shock and the magnetosheath from the solar wind.
* Behind the bow shock is the thin plasma layer separating the Earth and solar wind magnetic fields known as the magnetopause. This boundary moves continuously due to the constant variation in solar wind pressure. Since the plasma and magnetic pressures within the solar wind and the magnetosphere, respectively, should be in equilibrium, the magnetosphere should be an impenetrable boundary. However, plasma has been observed crossing the magnetopause into the magnetosphere from the solar wind. Cluster's four-point measurements make it possible to track the motion of the magnetopause as well as elucidate the mechanism for plasma penetration from the solar wind.
* In two regions, one in the northern hemisphere and the other in the south, the magnetic field of the Earth is perpendicular rather than tangential to the magnetopause. These polar cusps allow solar wind particles, consisting of ions and electrons, to flow into the magnetosphere. Cluster records the particle distributions, which allow the turbulent regions at the exterior cusps to be characterized.
* The regions of the Earth's magnetic field that are stretched by the solar wind away from the Sun are known collectively as the magnetotail. Two lobes that reach past the Moon in length form the outer magnetotail while the central plasma sheet forms the inner magnetotail, which is highly active. Cluster monitors particles from the ionosphere and the solar wind as they pass through the magnetotail lobes. In the central plasma sheet, Cluster determines the origins of ion beams and disruptions to the magnetic field-aligned currents caused by substorms.
* The precipitation of charged particles in the atmosphere creates a ring of light emission around the magnetic pole known as the auroral zone. Cluster measures the time variations of transient particle flows and electric and magnetic fields in the region.

## Instrumentation on each Cluster satellite

Number  | Acronym  | Instrument  | Measurement  | Purpose

|
|
|
|

1  | ASPOC  | Active Spacecraft Potential Control experiment  | Regulation of spacecraft's electrostatic potential  | Enables the measure by PEACE of cold electrons (a few eV temperature), otherwise hidden by spacecraft photoelectrons
2  | CIS  | Cluster Ion Spectroscopy experiment  | Ion times-of-flight (TOFs) and energies from 0 to 40 keV  | Composition and 3D distribution of ions in plasma
3  | DWP  | Digital Wave Processing instrument  | Coordinates the operations of the EFW, STAFF, WBD and WHISPER instruments.  | At the lowest level, DWP provides electrical signals to synchronise instrument sampling. At the highest level, DWP enables more complex operational modes by means of macros.
4  | EDI  | Electron Drift Instrument  | Electric field E magnitude and direction  | E vector, gradients in local magnetic field B
5  | EFW  | Electric Field and Wave experiment  | Electric field E magnitude and direction  | E vector, spacecraft potential, electron density and temperature
6  | FGM  | Fluxgate Magnetometer  | Magnetic field B magnitude and direction  | B vector and event trigger to all instruments except ASPOC
7  | PEACE  | Plasma Electron and Current Experiment  | Electron energies from 0.0007 to 30 keV  | 3D distribution of electrons in plasma
8  | RAPID  | Research with Adaptive Particle Imaging Detectors  | Electron energies from 39 to 406 keV, ion energies from 20 to 450 keV  | 3D distributions of high-energy electrons and ions in plasma
9  | STAFF  | Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuation experiment  | Magnetic field B magnitude and direction of EM fluctuations, cross-correlation of E and B | Properties of small-scale current structures, source of plasma waves and turbulence
10  | WBD  | Wide Band Data receiver  | High time resolution measurements of both electric and magnetic fields in selected frequency bands from 25 Hz to 577 kHz. It provides a unique new capability to perform Very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) measurements.  | Properties of natural plasma waves (e.g. auroral kilometric radiation) in the Earth magnetosphere and its vicinity including: source location and size and propagation.
11  | WHISPER  | Waves of High Frequency and Sounder for Probing of Density by Relaxation  | Electric field E spectrograms of terrestrial plasma waves and radio emissions in the 2–80 kHz range; triggering of plasma resonances by an active sounder.  | Source location of waves by triangulation; electron density within the range 0.2–80 cm−3

## Double Star mission with China

In 2003 and 2004, the China National Space Administration launched the Double Star satellites, TC-1 and TC-2, that worked together with Cluster to make coordinated measurements mostly within the magnetosphere. TC-1 stopped operating on 14 October 2007. The last data from TC-2 was received in 2008. TC-2 made a contribution to magnetar science[8][9] as well as to magnetospheric physics. The TC-1 examined density holes near the Earth's bow shock that can play a role in bow shock formation[10][11] and looked at neutral sheet oscillations.[12]

## Awards

Cluster team awards

* 2019 Royal Astronomical Society Group Achievement Award[13]
* 2015 ESA 15th anniversary award
* 2013 ESA team award
* 2010 International Academy of Astronautics Laurels for team achievements for Cluster and Double Star teams[14]
* 2005 ESA Cluster 5th anniversary award
* 2004 NASA group achievement award
* 2000 Popular science best of what's new award
* 2000 ESA Cluster launch award

Individual awards

* 2023 Hermann Opgenoorth (Univ. of Umea, Sweden), former Cluster Ground Based Working Group lead, was awarded the 2023 EGU Julius Bartels Medal[15]
* 2020 Daniel Graham (Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden) was awarded the COSPAR Zeldovich medal[16]
* 2019 Margaret Kivelson (UCLA, USA), Cluster FGM CoI, received RAS gold medal[17]
* 2018 Hermann Opgenoorth (Univ. of Umea, Sweden), former Cluster Ground Based Working Group lead, was awarded the 2018 Baron Marcel Nicolet Space Weather and Space Climate medal[18]
* 2016 Stephen Fuselier (SWRI, USA), Cluster CIS CoI, received EGU Hannes Alfvén Meda[19]
* 2016 Mike Hapgood, Cluster mission scientific operations expert was awarded the Baron Marcel Nicolet Medal for Space Weather and Space Climate[20]
* 2014 Rumi Nakamura (IWF, Austria), Cluster CIS/EDI/FGM CoI, received EGU Julius Bartels Medal[21]
* 2013 Mike Hapgood (RAL, UK), Cluster JSOC project scientist received RAS service award[22]
* 2013 Göran Marklund, EFW Co-I, received the EGU Hannes Alfvén Medal 2013.[23]
* 2013 Steve Milan, Cluster Ground based representative of the Cluster mission received UK Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) Chapman medal[24]
* 2012 Andrew Fazakerley, Cluster and Double Star PI (PEACE), received the Royal Astronomical Society Chapman Medal[25]
* 2012 Zuyin Pu (Pekin U., China), RAPID/CIS/FGM CoI, received AGU International Award[26]
* 2012 Jolene Pickett (Iowa U., USA), a Cluster WBD PI, received the State of Iowa Board of Regents Staff Excellence[27]
* 2012 Jonathan Eastwood (Imperial College, UK), FGM Co-I, received COSPAR Yakov B. Zeldovich medal[28]
* 2008 Andre Balogh (Imperial College, UK), Cluster FGM PI, received RAS Chapman medal[29]
* 2006 Steve Schwartz (QMW, UK), Cluster UK data system scientist and PEACE co-I, received RAS Chapman medal[25]

## Discoveries and mission milestones

### 2023

* April 28 - Magnetic reconnection at high and low latitudes during the passage of an ICME[30]
* March 24 - Properties of Flapping Current Sheet of the Martian Magnetotail[31]
* March 23 - Scaling laws for the energy transfer in space plasma turbulence[32]
* March 01 - Turbulent MHD cascade in the Jovian magnetosheath[33]
* January 26 - Evidence for lunar tide effects in Earth’s plasmasphere[34]
* January 20 - Ion Outflow in Middle Altitude LLBL/Cusp from Different Origins[35]

### 2022

* December 05 - Magnetosphere distortions during the “satellite killer” storm of February 3–4, 2022[36]
* October 14 - New insights on the formation of transpolar auroral arc[37]
* September 20 - A highway for atmospheric ion escape from Earth during the impact of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection[38]
* August 03 - Joint Cluster/ground-based studies in the first 20 years of the Cluster mission[39]
* July 18 – In situ observation of a magnetopause indentation that is correspondent to throat aurora and is caused by magnetopause reconnection[40]
* June 16 - Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices as an interplay of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere coupling[41]
* June 02 - ESA highlight: Magnetic vortices explain mysterious auroral beads[42][43]
* May 16 - The influence of localized dynamics on dusk-dawn convection in the Earth’s magnetotail[44]
* April 1 - Dawn-dusk ion flow asymmetry in the plasma sheet[45]
* February 1 - South Pole Station ground-based and Cluster satellite measurements of leaked and escaping Auroral Kilometric Radiation[46]
* January 1 - Massive multi-mission statistical study and analytical modeling of the Earth's magnetopause[47]

### 2021

* December 15 - ESA highlight: Swarm and Cluster get to the bottom of geomagnetic storms[48][49]
* November 7 - Unique MMS and Cluster observations about magnetic reconnection extent at the magnetopause[50]
* November 2 - Spatial distribution of energetic protons in the magnetosphere based on 17 years of data[51]
* October 11 - Unique MMS and Cluster observation of disturbances in the near-Earth magnetotail before a magnetic substorm[52]
* September 7 - AGU EOS spotlight: Understanding Aurora Formation with ESA’s Cluster Mission[53]
* May 2 - Cluster and MMS uncover anisotropic spatial correlation functions at kinetic range in the magnetosheath turbulence[54]
* April 9 - The Solar-cycle Variations of the Anisotropy of Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in the Solar Wind Turbulence[55]
* February 18 - Heavy Metal and Rock in Space: Cluster RAPID Observations of Fe and Si[56]

### 2020

* December 1 - Cluster, Helios and Ulysses reveal characteristics of solar wind supra thermal halo electrons[57]
* November 1 - Cluster, Swam and CHAMP join forces to explain hemispheric asymmetries in the Earth magnetotail[58]

* October 21 - Space plasma regimes classified with Cluster data[59]
* October 1 - Effects of Solar Activity on Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in Solar Wind Magnetic Fluctuations[60]
* September 1 - Van Allen Probes and Cluster join forces to study Outer Radiation Belt Electrons[61]

* August 9 - Cluster’s 20 years of studying Earth’s magnetosphere], celebrating 20 years after the launch of the second pair of Cluster spacecraft[62]
* July 31 - ESA science highlight: Auroral substorms triggered by short circuiting of plasma flows[63][64]
* July 16 - BBC skyatnight podcast with Dr. Mike Hapgood on 20 years of ESA’s Cluster mission,[65] celebrating 20 years after the launch of the first pair of Cluster satellites
* April 20 - What drives some of the largest and most dynamic auroral forms?[66]
* March 19 - ESA science highlight: Iron is everywhere in Earth's vicinity, suggest two decades of Cluster data[67][68]
* February 27 - What makes Kelvin Helmholtz vortices grow at the Earth's magnetopause?[69]

### 2019

* December 23 - Magnetized dust clouds penetrate the terrestrial bow shock[70]
* November 18 - Earth’s magnetic song recorded for the first time during a solar storm[71][72]
* October 10 - What is the source of the energetic oxygen ions found in the high-altitude cusp region?[73]
* August 27 - Cluster and XMM pave the way for SMILE[74][75]
* August 20 - Asymmetric transport of the Earth's polar outflows by the interplanetary magnetic field[76]
* August 5 - Energetic electron acceleration found by Cluster in unconfined reconnection jets for the first time[77]
* May 1 - Kelvin‐Helmholtz waves magnetic curvature and vorticity: Four‐spacecraft Cluster observations[78]
* March 4 - ESA science highlight: Cluster helps solve mysteries of geomagnetic storms[79]
* February 27 - ESA science highlight: Cluster reveals inner workings of Earth's cosmic particle accelerator[80]
* February 13 - Statistical survey of the terrestrial bow shock observed by the Cluster spacecraft[81]
* January 14 - Super-efficient electron acceleration by an isolated magnetic reconnection[82]

### 2018

* November 28 – Complete picture of the O+ circulation (and escape) in the outer magnetosphere and its dependence on geomagnetic activity[83]

* November 8 - ESA science highlight: Windy with a chance of magnetic storms – space weather science with Cluster
* September 30 - O+ escape during the extreme space weather event of 4–10 September 2017[84]
* August 8 - Statistical survey of day-side magnetospheric current flow using Cluster observations: bow shock[85]
* June 20 – Detection of magnetic nulls around reconnection fronts (open access)[86]
* May 21 – Tailward propagation of magnetic energy density variations with respect to substorm onset times (open access)[87]
* April 24 – Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability: lessons learned and ways forward[88]
* March 29 – Three-dimensional density and compressible magnetic structure in solar wind turbulence[89]
* February 8 – ESA spotlight on... Understanding Earth: what the Cluster mission has taught us so far
* January 29 – ESA research highlight: Cluster measures turbulence in Earth's magnetic environment[90]
* January 22 – Science nugget of the 2013-2014 Cluster Inner Magnetosphere campaign[91]

### 2017

* December 11, 2017 – Empirical modeling of the quiet and storm time geosynchronous magnetic field[92]

* December 6, 2017 – Direct measurement of anisotropic and asymmetric wave vector spectrum in ion-scale solar wind turbulence[93]

* October 30, 2017 – Coherent structures at ion scales in the fast solar wind: Cluster observations[94]

* September 18, 2017 – An intense magnetic substorm scrutinized by a fleet of satellites including Cluster and MMS (open access)[95]

* August 28, 2017 – Relationship between electron field‐aligned anisotropy and dawn‐dusk magnetic field: nine years of Cluster observations in the Earth magnetotail[96]

* August 1, 2017 – Collisionless shock velocity estimation at Venus and Earth (open access)[97]

* June 16, 2017 – Cover of GRL: Global ULF waves generated by a hot flow anomaly[98]
* April 10, 2017 - ESA research highlight: O marks the spot for magnetic reconnection[99]
* April 7, 2017 – EOS research spotlight: Explaining unexpected twists in the Sun's Magnetic Field[100]

* March 23, 2017 – Occurrence frequency and location of magnetic islands at the dayside magnetopause[101]

* February 18, 2017 – Magnetic reconnection and their associated auroral enhancements (open access)[102]

### 2016

* October 3, 2016 – What happens to the Earth's magnetosphere when its bow shock disappears?[103]

* September 6, 2016 – Embry-Riddle University (FL, USA) science highlight: Space plasma hurricanes could lead to new sources of energy[104]

* July 20, 2016 – Cluster and MMS join forces to understand the origin of northern lights[105]

* July 8 – Transport of solar wind H+ and He++ ions across Earth's bow shock[106]

* July 7 – ESA science highlight: the curious case of Earth's leaking atmosphere[107][108]

* June 11 – Substructures within a dipolarization front revealed by high-temporal resolution Cluster observations[109]

* May 11 – Cone angle control of the interaction of magnetic clouds with the Earth's bow shock[110]

* March 21 – The particle carriers of field‐aligned currents in the Earth's magnetotail during a substorm[111]

* February 29 – The role of ionospheric O+ outflow in the generation of earthward propagating plasmoids[108]
* January 11 – A statistical study of plasmaspheric plumes and ionospheric outflows observed at the dayside magnetopause[107]

### 2015

* December 7 - Coalescence of magnetic flux ropes in the ion diffusion region of magnetic reconnection[112]
* October 22 - Wide-banded Non-Thermal Continuum (NTC) radiation: local to remote observations by the four Cluster satellites[113]
* September 3 - Statistics and accuracy of magnetic null identification in multispacecraft data (open access)[114]
* August 22 - Cusp dynamics under northward IMF using three‐dimensional global particle‐in‐cell simulations (open access)[115]
* July 14 - Cluster solves the mystery of equatorial noise[116]
* July 1 - Seven ESA satellites team up to explore the Earth's magnetic field[117]
* April 9 - Heart of the black auroras revealed by Cluster[118]
* March 25 - Cluster satellite catches up
* February 19 - Magnetospheric signatures of ionospheric density cavities observed by Cluster (open access)[119]
* February 16 - Solar illumination control of ionospheric outflow above polar cap arcs (open access)[120]
* January 16 – Rejigging the Cluster quartet at the bow shock and in the solar wind

### 2014

* December 18 – Origin of high-latitude auroras revealed[121]
* November 20 - The Cluster mission is extended by ESA up to 2018
* September 4 - Full particle electromagnetic simulations of entropy generation across a collisionless shock[122]
* August 28 – A mixed-up magnetic storm[123]
* July 1 - Dawn–dusk asymmetries in the coupled solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere system: a review[124]
* June 15 - Solar wind breaks through the Earth's magnetic field[125]

* May 28 - Evidence of strong energetic ion acceleration in the near‐Earth magnetotail (free access)[126]

* May 7 - Cluster helps to model Earth's mysterious magnetosphere[127]

* March 15 - Direct calculation of the ring current distribution and magnetic structure seen by Cluster during geomagnetic storms (open access)[128]

* January 13 - Low-altitude electron acceleration due to multiple flow bursts in the magnetotail (open access)[129]

### 2013

* November 26 - Cluster takes a tilt at radio wave sources[130]
* November 15 – On the relation between asymmetries in the ring current and magnetopause current (free access)[131]

* September 20 - ESA's Cluster satellites in closest-ever 'dance in space'
* September 10 – Cluster shows plasmasphere interacting with Van Allen belts[132]
* July 18 - Wobbly magnetic reconnection speeds up electrons[133]
* July 2 - Cluster discovers steady leak in the Earth's plasmasphere[134]
* May 2 - Cluster hears the heartbeat of magnetic reconnection[135]
* April 15 - From solar activity to stunning aurora (ESA Space Science's image of the week)
* April 10 – Cluster finds source of aurora energy boost[136]

### 2012

* December 18 – The solar wind is swirly[137]
* October 24 - Cluster observes a 'porous' magnetopause[138]

* August 1 – Cluster looks into waves in the magnetosphere's thin boundaries[139]
* July 2 - Hidden Portals in Earth's Magnetic Field (NASA science cast video)
* June 6 – Origin of particle acceleration in cusps of Earth's magnetosphere uncovered[140]
* March 7 - Earth’s magnetic field provides vital protection[141]
* February 27 - Northern lights mystery may be solved (Space.com)[142]
* February 23 - Surprise Ions (Science News for kids)
* January 26 - Giant veil of cold plasma discovered high above Earth (National Geographic)
* January 24 – Elusive matter found to be abundant far above Earth (AGU press release) [143]

### 2011

* November 16 – Cluster reveals Earth's bow shock is remarkably thin[144]
* September 6 – Ultra fast substorm auroras explained[145]
* August 31 - 40 year old Mariner 5 solar wind problem finds answer[146]
* July 5–10 - Aurora explorer: the Cluster mission exhibit at the Royal Society summer science exhibition 2011
* July 4 – Cluster observes jet braking and plasma heating[147]
* June 30 - 'Dirty hack' restores Cluster mission from near loss
* March 21 - How vital is a planet's magnetic field? New debate rises
* February 5 – Cluster encounters a natural particle accelerator[148]
* January 7 - ESA spacecraft model magnetic boundaries[149]

### 2010

* November 22 - ESA extends the Cluster mission until December 2014
* October 4 – Cluster helps disentangle turbulence in the solar wind[150]
* September 1 - 10 years of success for Cluster quartet[151]
* July 26 - Cluster makes crucial step in understanding space weather[152][153]
* July 16 - Cluster's decade of discovery
* July 8 - Announcement of opportunity for Cluster guest investigators
* June 3 – The Cluster archive: more than 1000 users[154]
* April 24 - High-speed plasma jets: origin uncovered[155]
* March 11 - Shocking recipe for 'killer electrons'[156]
* January 20 - Multiple rifts in Earth's magnetic shield[157]

### 2009

* October 7 - ESA extends the Cluster mission until December 2012
* July 16 – Cluster shows how solar wind is heated at electron scales[158]
* June 18 - Cluster and Double Star: 1000 publications
* April 29 - Monitoring the impact of extreme solar events[159]
* March 25 - Cluster's insight into space turbulence[160]
* February 9 - ESA extends the Cluster mission until the end of 2009
* January 14 – Cluster detects invisible escaping ions[161]

### 2008

* December 15 - The science of space weather[162]
* December 5 - Looking at Jupiter to understand Earth[163]
* October 17 - Highlights from Cluster-THEMIS workshop
* August 27 - Cluster examines Earth-escaping ions[164]
* August 11 - Electron trapping within reconnection[165][166]
* June 27 - Beamed radio emission from Earth[167]
* June 9 - Reconnection - Triggered by Whistlers?[168]
* March 7 - Solitons found in the magnetopause[169]
* January 23 - Cluster result impacts future space missions[170]

### 2007

* December 6 - Cluster explains nightside ion beams[171]
* November 21 - Cluster captures the impact of a Coronal Mass Ejection[172][173]
* November 9 - Cluster probes generalized Ohm's law in space [174]
* October 22 - Cluster monitors convection cells over the polar caps[175][176]
* September 11 - Cluster and Double Star pinpoint the source of bright aurorae[177]
* July 26 - Cluster helps reveal how the Sun shakes the Earth's magnetic field[178][179]
* June 29 - Cluster unveils a new 3D vision of magnetic reconnection[180]
* June 21 - Formation flying at closest-ever separation
* May 11 - Cluster reveals the reformation of the Earth's bow shock[181]
* April 12 - Cluster finds new clues on what triggers space tsunamis[182]
* March 26 - First direct evidence in space of magnetic reconnection in turbulent plasma[183]
* March 12 - A leap forward in probing magnetic reconnection in space[184]
* February 9 - New insights in the auroral electrical circuit revealed by Cluster[185]

### 2006

* December 29 - 1000th Orbit for the Cluster Mission
* December 6 - Cluster finds magnetic reconnection within giant swirls of plasma[186]
* November 13 - Cluster takes a new look at the plasmasphere[187][188]
* October 5 - Double Star and Cluster witness pulsated reconnection for several hours[189]
* August 24 - Cluster links magnetic substorms and Earthward directed high-speed flows[190]
* July 18 - Magnetic heart of a 3D reconnection event revealed by Cluster[191]
* June 20 - Space is fizzy[192]
* May 19 - New Microscopic Properties of Magnetic Reconnection Derived by Cluster[193]
* March 30 - Cluster and Double Star reveal the extent of neutral sheet oscillations[194]
* February 24 - Cluster reveals fundamental 3-D properties of magnetic turbulence[195]
* February 1 - The Cluster Active Archive goes live
* January 11 - Cover of Nature Magazine: Feel the Force[196]

### 2005

* December 22 - Cluster helps to protect astronauts and satellites against killer electrons[197]
* September 21 - Double Star and Cluster observe first evidence of crustal cracking
* August 10 - From ‘macro’ to ‘micro’ – turbulence seen by Cluster[198]
* July 28 - First direct measurements of the ring current[199]
* July 14 - Five years of formation flying with Cluster
* April 28 - Calming effect of a solar storm[200][201]
* February 18 - Cluster will become the first multi-scale mission
* February 4 - Direct observation of 3D magnetic reconnection[202]

### 2004

* December 12 - Cluster determines the spatial scale of high speed flows in the magnetotail[203]
* November 24 Four-point observations of solar wind discontinuities[204]
* September 17 - Cluster locates the source of non-thermal terrestrial continuum radiation by triangulation[205]
* August 12 - Cluster finds giant gas vortices at the edge of Earth's magnetic bubble[206]
* June 23 - Cluster discovers internal origin of the plasma sheet oscillations[207]
* May 13 - Cluster captures a triple cusp[208]
* April 5 - First attempt to estimate Earth's bow shock thickness[209]

### 2001–2003

* 3 December 2003 - Cracks in Earth's magnetic shield (NASA website)[210]
* 29 June 2003 - Multi-point observations of magnetic reconnection[211]
* 20 May 2003 - ESA's Cluster solves auroral puzzle[212]
* 29 January 2003 - Bifurcation of the tail current[213]
* 28 January 2003 - Electric current measured in space for the first time[214]
* 29 December 2002 - Thickness of the tail current sheet estimated in space for the first time[215]
* 1 October 2002 - Telescopic/Microscopic view of a substorm[216]
* 11 December 2001 - Cluster quartet probes the secrets of the black aurora[217]
* 31 October 2001 - First measurements of density gradients in space[218]
* 9 October 2001 - Double cusp observed by Cluster[219]
* 1 February 2001 – Official start of scientific operations

## References

* Escoubet, C.P.; A. Masson; H. Laakso; M.L. Goldstein (2021). "Cluster after 20 years of operations: Science highlights and technical challenges". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 126 (8). doi:10.1029/2021JA029474. Bibcode: 2021JGRA..12629474E.
* Escoubet, C.P.; A. Masson; H. Laakso; M.L. Goldstein (2015). "Recent highlights from Cluster, the first 3-D magnetospheric mission". Annales Geophysicae 33 (10): 1221–1235. doi:10.5194/angeo-33-1221-2015. Bibcode: 2015AnGeo..33.1221E.
* Escoubet, C.P.; M. Taylor; A. Masson; H. Laakso; J. Volpp; M. Hapgood; M.L. Goldstein (2013). "Dynamical processes in space: Cluster results". Annales Geophysicae 31 (6): 1045–1059. doi:10.5194/angeo-31-1045-2013. Bibcode: 2013AnGeo..31.1045E.
* Taylor, M.; C.P. Escoubet; H. Laakso; A. Masson; M. Goldstein (2010). "The Cluster Mission: Space Plasma in Three Dimensions". in H. Laakso. The Cluster Active Archive. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. Astrophys. & Space Sci. Proc., Springer. pp. 309–330. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3499-1_21. ISBN 978-90-481-3498-4.
* Escoubet, C.P.; M. Fehringer; M. Goldstein (2001). "The Cluster mission". Annales Geophysicae 19 (10/12): 1197–1200. doi:10.5194/angeo-19-1197-2001. Bibcode: 2001AnGeo..19.1197E.
* Escoubet, C.P.; R. Schmidt; M.L. Goldstein (1997). "Cluster - Science and Mission Overview". Space Science Reviews 79: 11–32. doi:10.1023/A:1004923124586. Bibcode: 1997SSRv...79...11E.

## Selected publications

All 3701 publications related to the Cluster and the Double Star missions (count as of 31 December 2023) can be found on the publication section of the ESA Cluster mission website. Among these publications, 3208 are refereed publications, 342 proceedings, 121 PhDs and 30 other types of theses.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Cluster (Four Spacecraft Constellation in Concert with SOHO)". ESA. https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/c-missions/cluster.
2. ↑ "Cluster II operations". European Space Agency. http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Operations/SEMYSMQJNVE_0.html.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Extended life for ESA's science missions". ESA. 7 March 2023. https://sci.esa.int/web/director-desk/-/extended-life-for-esa-s-science-missions.
4. ↑ "European Space Agency Announces Contest to Name the Cluster Quartet". XMM-Newton Press Release (European Space Agency): 4. 2000. Bibcode: 2000xmm..pres....4.. http://www.uv.es/~maicasj/cluster-contest.pdf.
5. ↑ "Bristol and Cluster – the link". European Space Agency. http://sci.esa.int/cluster/27816-bristol-and-cluster-the-link/.
6. ↑ "Cluster II – Scientific Update and Presentation of Model to the City of Bristol". Spaceref (SpaceRef Interactive Inc.). 9 July 2001. http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=5446.
7. ↑ "Cluster – Presentation of model to the city of Bristol and science results overview". European Space Agency. http://sci.esa.int/cluster/27719-cluster-presentation-of-model-to-the-city-of-bristol-and-science-results-overview/.
8. ↑ Schwartz, S. (2005). "A γ-ray giant flare from SGR1806-20: evidence for crustal cracking via initial timescales". The Astrophysical Journal 627 (2): L129–L132. doi:10.1086/432374. Bibcode: 2005ApJ...627L.129S.
9. ↑ "ESA Science & Technology - Double Star and Cluster observe first evidence of crustal cracking" (in en-US). September 21, 2005. https://sci.esa.int/web/cluster/-/37944-double-star-and-cluster-reveal-crustal-cracking-on-a-magnetar.
10. ↑ "ESA Science & Technology - Cluster and Double Star discover density holes in the solar wind". June 20, 2006. https://sci.esa.int/web/double-star/-/39559-cluster-and-double-star-discover-density-holes-in-the-solar-wind.
11. ↑ Britt, Robert Roy (June 20, 2006). "CNN.com - Earth surrounded by giant fizzy bubbles - Jun 20, 2006". http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/space/06/20/space.bubbles/index.html.
12. ↑ "ESA Science & Technology - Cluster and Double Star reveal the extent of neutral sheet oscillations". March 30, 2006. https://sci.esa.int/web/double-star/-/38999-cluster-and-double-star-reveal-the-extent-of-neutral-sheet-oscillations.
13. ↑ "Citation for the 2019 RAS Group Achievement Award (G): The Cluster Science and Operations teams". https://ras.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-01/awards/Group Achievement Award - Cluster.pdf.
14. ↑ "Laurels for Cluster-Double Star teams". ESA. 28 September 2010. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Cluster/Laurels_for_Cluster-Double_Star_teams.
15. ↑ "EGU announces its 2023 awards and medals!". European Geosciences Union. 30 November 2022. https://www.egu.eu/news/937/egu-announces-its-2023-awards-and-medals/.
16. ↑ Nilsson, Anne Klint (8 May 2020). "Young IRF scientist awarded a Zeldovich Medal". Swedish Institute of Space Physics. https://www.irf.se/en/news/2020/05/08/young-irf-scientist-awarded-a-zeldovich-medal/.
17. ↑ "Citation for the 2019 RAS 'G' Gold Medal: Professor Margaret Kivelson". https://ras.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-01/awards/Gold Medal - Margaret Kivelson.pdf.
18. ↑ "ESSC member, Prof Hermann J Opgenoorth, awarded the Baron Marcel Nicolet Space Weather Medal 2018". 7 November 2018. http://www.esf.org/newsroom/news-and-press-releases/article/essc-member-prof-hermann-j-opgenoorth-awarded-the-baron-marcel-nicolet-space-weather-medal-2018/.
19. ↑ "Stephen A. Fuselier". European Geosciences Union. https://www.egu.eu/awards-medals/hannes-alfven/2016/stephen-a-fuselier/.
20. ↑ "UK Space Weather Expert wins prestigious international award". Science and Technology Facilities Council. 15 November 2016. http://www.stfc.ac.uk/news/uk-space-weather-expert-wins-prestigious-international-award/.
21. ↑ "Rumi Nakamura". European Geosciences Union. https://www.egu.eu/awards-medals/julius-bartels/2014/rumi-nakamura/.
22. ↑ "Service Award". Royal Astronomical Society. http://www.ras.org.uk/awards-and-grants/awards/2210-winners-of-the-2013-awards-medals-and-prizes#service.
23. ↑ "Göran Marklund". European Geosciences Union. https://www.egu.eu/awards-medals/hannes-alfven/2013/goran-marklund/.
24. ↑ "Chapman Medal (G)". Royal Astronomical Society. http://www.ras.org.uk/awards-and-grants/awards/2210-winners-of-the-2013-awards-medals-and-prizes#chapman.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Chapman Medal Winners". Royal Astronomical Society. https://ras.ac.uk/sites/default/files/chapman_medallists.pdf.
26. ↑ "Zuyin Pu Receives 2012 International Award: Response". Eos (American Geophysical Union) 94 (3): 35-36. 15 January 2013. doi:10.1002/2013EO030019. https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2013EO030019.
27. ↑ "UI staff, faculty honored for excellence" (Press release). University of Iowa. 10 October 2012. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013.
28. ↑ "Zeldovich Medals". https://cosparhq.cnes.fr/awards/zeldovich-medals/.
29. ↑ "Prof. André Balogh". Astronomy & Geophysics (Royal Astronomical Society) 49 (1): 1.36-1.36. February 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2008.49135_5.x. ISSN 1468-4004. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-4004.2008.49135_5.x.
30. ↑ Wing, S.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2023). "Multispacecraft Observations of the Simultaneous Occurrence of Magnetic Reconnection at High and Low Latitudes During the Passage of a Solar Wind Rotational Discontinuity Embedded in the April 9-11, 2015 ICME". Geophys. Res. Lett. 50 (9). doi:10.1029/2023GL103194. Bibcode: 2023GeoRL..5003194W.
31. ↑ Zhang, C.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2023). "Properties of Flapping Current Sheet of the Martian Magnetotail". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 128 (4). doi:10.1029/2022JA031232. Bibcode: 2023JGRA..12831232Z.
32. ↑ Marino, R.; Sorriso-Valvo, L. (2023). "Scaling laws for the energy transfer in space plasma turbulence". Physics Reports 1006: 1-144. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2022.12.001. Bibcode: 2023PhR..1006....1M.
33. ↑ Andrés, N.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2023). "Observation of Turbulent Magnetohydrodynamic Cascade in the Jovian Magnetosheath". Astrophysical Journal 945 (8): 8. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acb7e0. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...945....8A.
34. ↑ Xiao, C.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2023). "Evidence for lunar tide effects in Earth's plasmasphere". Nature Physics 19 (4): 486–491. doi:10.1038/s41567-022-01882-8. Bibcode: 2023NatPh..19..486X.
35. ↑ Li, B.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2023). "Cluster Observation of Ion Outflow in Middle Altitude LLBL/Cusp from Different Origins". Magnetochemistry 9 (2): 39. doi:10.3390/magnetochemistry9020039.
36. ↑ Tsyganenko, N.A.; Andreeva, V.A.; Sitnov, M.I.; Stephens, G.K. (2022). "Magnetosphere distortions during the "satellite killer" storm of February 3–4, 2022, as derived from a hybrid empirical model and archived data mining". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 127 (12). doi:10.1029/2022JA031006. Bibcode: 2022JGRA..12731006T.
37. ↑ Li, W. (2022). "The Dawn-Dusk Tail Lobe Magnetotail Configuration and the Formation of Aurora Transpolar Arc". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 127 (10). doi:10.1029/2022JA030676. Bibcode: 2022JGRA..12730676L.
38. ↑ Zhang, H. (2022). "A highway for atmospheric ion escape from Earth during the impact of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection". Astrophysical Journal 937 (4): 4. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8a93. Bibcode: 2022ApJ...937....4Z.
39. ↑ Fear, R.C. (2022). "Joint Cluster/ground-based studies in the first 20 years of the Cluster mission". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 127 (8). doi:10.1029/2021JA029928. Bibcode: 2022JGRA..12729928F. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/471515/1/JGR_Space_Physics_2022_Fear_Joint_Cluster_Ground_Based_Studies_in_the_First_20_Years_of_the_Cluster_Mission.pdf.
40. ↑ Qiu, H.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2022). "In situ observation of a magnetopause indentation that is correspondent to throat aurora and is caused by magnetopause reconnection". Geophys. Res. Lett. 49 (15). doi:10.1029/2022GL099408. Bibcode: 2022GeoRL..4999408Q.
41. ↑ Hwang, K.-J.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2022). "Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices as an interplay of Magnetosphere-Ionosphere coupling". Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences 9: 895514. doi:10.3389/fspas.2022.895514. Bibcode: 2022FrASS...9.5514H.
42. ↑ "Magnetic vortices explain mysterious auroral beads". 2 June 2022. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Cluster/Magnetic_vortices_explain_mysterious_auroral_beads.
43. ↑ Petrinec, S.M.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2022). "Multi-Spacecraft Observations of Fluctuations Occurring Along the Dusk Flank Magnetopause, and Testing the Connection to an Observed Ionospheric Bead". Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences 9: 827612. doi:10.3389/fspas.2022.827612. Bibcode: 2022FrASS...927612P.
44. ↑ Lane, J.H.; Grocott, A.; Case, N.A. (2022). "The influence of localized dynamics on dusk-dawn convection in the Earth's magnetotail". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 127 (5). doi:10.1029/2021JA030057. Bibcode: 2022JGRA..12730057L.
45. ↑ Chong, G.S.; Pitkänen, T.; Hamrin, M.; Kullen, A. (2022). "Dawn-dusk ion flow asymmetry in the plasma sheet". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 127 (4). doi:10.1029/2021JA030208. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-194471.
46. ↑ LaBelle, J.; Yearby, K.; Pickett, J.S. (2022). "South Pole Station ground-based and Cluster satellite measurements of leaked and escaping Auroral Kilometric Radiation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 127 (2). doi:10.1029/2021JA029399. Bibcode: 2022JGRA..12729399L. https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/183355/1/JGR Space Physics - 2022 - LaBelle - South Pole Station Ground‐Based and Cluster Satellite Measurements of Leaked and.pdf.
47. ↑ Nguyen, G.; Aunai, N.; Michotte de Welle, B.; Jeandet, A.; Lavraud, B.; Fontaine, D. (2022). "Massive multi-mission statistical study and analytical modeling of the Earth's magnetopause". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 127 (1). doi:10.1029/2021JA029773. https://hal-cnrs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03841293/file/nguyen2022a.pdf.
48. ↑ "Swarm and Cluster get to the bottom of geomagnetic storms". ESA. 15 December 2021. https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/Swarm/Swarm_and_Cluster_get_to_the_bottom_of_geomagnetic_storms.
49. ↑ Wei, D.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (2021). "Intense dB/dt variations driven by near-Earth bursty bulk flows (BBFs): A case study". Geophysical Research Letters 48 (4). doi:10.1029/2020GL091781. Bibcode: 2021GeoRL..4891781W.
50. ↑ Toledo-Rodeondo, S. (2021). "Solar Wind—Magnetosphere Coupling During Radial Interplanetary Magnetic Field Conditions: Simultaneous Multi-Point Observations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 126 (11). doi:10.1029/2021JA029506. Bibcode: 2021JGRA..12629506T. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029506.
51. ↑ Kronberg, E. (2021). "Prediction of Soft Proton Intensities in the Near-Earth Space Using Machine Learning". Astrophysical Journal 921 (1): 76. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1b30. Bibcode: 2021ApJ...921...76K.
52. ↑ Nakamura, R. (2021). "Thin Current Sheet Behind the Dipolarization Front". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 126 (10). doi:10.1029/2021JA029518. Bibcode: 2021JGRA..12629518N. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029518.
53. ↑ Marklund, G.; Lindqvist, P.-A. (2021). "Cluster Multi-Probing of the Aurora During Two Decades". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 126 (6). doi:10.1029/2021JA029497. Bibcode: 2021JGRA..12629497M.
54. ↑ Huang, S.Y. (2021). "Multi-spacecraft measurement of anisotropic spatial correlation functions at kinetic range in the magnetosheath turbulence". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 126 (5). doi:10.1029/2020JA028780. Bibcode: 2021JGRA..12628780H. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA028780.
55. ↑ Zhou, H.; He, H.-Q. (2021). "The Solar-cycle Variations of the Anisotropy of Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in the Solar Wind Turbulence". Astrophysical Journal Letters 911 (1): L2. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abef00. Bibcode: 2021ApJ...911L...2Z.
56. ↑ Haaland, S. (2021). "Heavy Metal and Rock in Space: Cluster RAPID Observations of Fe and Si". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 126 (3). doi:10.1029/2020JA028852. Bibcode: 2021JGRA..12628852H.
57. ↑ Lazar, M.; Pierrard, S. (2020). "Characteristics of solar wind suprathermal halo electrons". Astronomy and Astrophysics 642 (A130): A130. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038830. Bibcode: 2020A&A...642A.130L. https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/661643.
58. ↑ Hatch, S.M.; Haaland, S. (2020). "Seasonal and hemispheric asymmetries of F region polar cap plasma density: Swarm and CHAMP observations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 125 (11): e2020JA028084. doi:10.1029/2020JA028084. Bibcode: 2020JGRA..12528084H.
59. ↑ Bakrania, M.R.; Rae, I.J.; Walsh, A.P. (2020). "Using Dimensionality Reduction and Clustering Techniques to Classify Space Plasma Regimes". Front. Astron. Space Sci. 7 (80): 80. doi:10.3389/fspas.2020.593516. Bibcode: 2020FrASS...7...80B.
60. ↑ Zhou, G.; He, H.-Q.; Wan, W. (2020). "Effects of Solar Activity on Taylor Scale and Correlation Scale in Solar Wind Magnetic Fluctuations". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 899 (L32): L32. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abaaa9. Bibcode: 2020ApJ...899L..32Z.
61. ↑ Aryan, H.; Agapitov, O.V. (2020). "Outer Radiation Belt Electron Lifetime Model Based on Combined Van Allen Probes and Cluster VLF Measurements". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 125 (8): e2020JA028018. doi:10.1029/2020JA028018. Bibcode: 2020JGRA..12528018A.
62. ↑ "Cluster’s 20 years of studying Earth’s magnetosphere". ESA. 7 August 2020. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Cluster/Cluster_s_20_years_of_studying_Earth_s_magnetosphere.
63. ↑ "Auroral substorms triggered by 'short circuiting' of plasma flows". ESA. 31 July 2020. https://sci.esa.int/web/cluster/-/auroral-substorms-triggered-by-short-circuiting-of-plasma-flows.
64. ↑ Mishin, E.; Streltsov, A. (2020). "Prebreakup Arc Intensification due to Short Circuiting of Mesoscale Plasma Flows Over the Plasmapause". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 125 (5): e2019JA027666. doi:10.1029/2019JA027666. Bibcode: 2020JGRA..12527666M.
65. ↑ "Podcast: 20 years of ESA's Cluster mission". BBC. 15 July 2020. https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/podcasts/esa-cluster-mission/.
66. ↑ Forsyth, C.; Sergeev, V.A.; Henderson, M.G.; Nishimura, Y.; Gallardo-Lacourt, B. (2020). "Physical Processes of Meso-Scale, Dynamic Auroral Forms". Space Sci. Rev. 216 (3): 46. doi:10.1007/s11214-020-00665-y. Bibcode: 2020SSRv..216...46F.
67. ↑ "Iron is everywhere in Earth's vicinity, suggest two decades of Cluster data". ESA. 19 March 2020. https://sci.esa.int/web/cluster/-/iron-is-everywhere-in-earth-s-vicinity-suggest-two-decades-of-cluster-data.
68. ↑ Haaland, S.; Daly, P.W.; Vilenius, E.; Dandouras, I. (2020). "Suprathermal Fe in the Earth's plasma environment: Cluster RAPID observations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 125 (2): e2019JA027596. doi:10.1029/2019JA027596. Bibcode: 2020JGRA..12527596H.
69. ↑ Nakamura, T.K.M.; Stawarz, J.E.; Hasegawa, H.; Narita, Y.; Franci, L.; Narita, Y.; Nakamura, R.; Nystrom, W.D (2020). "Effects of Fluctuating Magnetic Field on the Growth of the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability at the Earth's Magnetopause". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 125 (3): e2019JA027515. doi:10.1029/2019JA027515. Bibcode: 2020JGRA..12527515N. https://doi.org//10.1029/2019JA027515.
70. ↑ Lai, H.R.; Russell, C.T.; Jia, Y.D.; Connors, M. (2019). "First observations of the disruption of the Earth's foreshock wave field during magnetic clouds". Geophysical Research Letters 46 (24): 14282–14289. doi:10.1029/2019GL085818.
71. ↑ "Earth’s magnetic song recorded for the first time during a solar storm". ESA. 18 November 2019. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Earth_s_magnetic_song_recorded_for_the_first_time_during_a_solar_storm.
72. ↑ Turc, L.; Roberts, O.W.; Archer, M.O.; Palmroth, M.; Battarbee, M.; Brito, T.; Ganse, U.; Grandin, M. et al. (2019). "First observations of the disruption of the Earth's foreshock wave field during magnetic clouds". Geophysical Research Letters 46 (22): 1612–1624. doi:10.1029/2019GL084437. Bibcode: 2019GeoRL..4612644T. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02408174/file/LTurcetal_GRL_subm_20190802.pdf. Retrieved 2020-03-17.
73. ↑ Duan, S.; Dai, L.; Wang, C.; Cai, C.; He, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Rème, H.; Dandouras, I. (2019). "Conjunction Observations of Energetic Oxygen Ions O+ Accumulated in the Sequential Flux Ropes in the High-Altitude Cusp". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 124 (10): 7912–7922. doi:10.1029/2019JA026989. Bibcode: 2019JGRA..124.7912D. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02408921/file/Suping Duan_Conjunction observations of oxygen ions in flux ropes _20190517.pdf.
74. ↑ "Cluster and XMM-Newton pave the way for SMILE". ESA. 27 August 2019. https://sci.esa.int/web/smile/-/61516-cluster-and-xmm-newton-pave-the-way-for-smile.
75. ↑ Connor, H.K.; Carter, J.A. (2019). "Exospheric neutral hydrogen density at the nominal 10 RE subsolar point deduced from XMM-Newton X-ray observations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 124 (3): 1612–1624. doi:10.1029/2018JA026187. Bibcode: 2019JGRA..124.1612C.
76. ↑ Wang, J. (2019). "Asymmetric transport of the Earth's polar outflows by the interplanetary magnetic field". Astrophysical Journal Letters 881 (2): L34. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab385d. Bibcode: 2019ApJ...881L..34W.
77. ↑ Chen, G.; Fu, H.S.; Zhang, Y.; Li, X.; Ge, Y.S.; Du, A.M.; Liu, C.M.; Xu, Y. (2019). "Energetic electron acceleration in unconfined reconnection jets". The Astrophysical Journal 881 (1): L8. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab3041. Bibcode: 2019ApJ...881L...8C.
78. ↑ Kieokaew, R.; Foullon, C. (2019). "Kelvin-Helmholtz waves magnetic curvature and vorticity: Four-spacecraft Cluster observations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 124 (5): 3347–3359. doi:10.1029/2019JA026484. Bibcode: 2019JGRA..124.3347K.
79. ↑ Damiano, P.A.; Chaston, C.C.; Hull, A.J.; Johnson, J.R. (2018). "Electron distributions in kinetic scale field line resonances: A comparison of simulations and observations". Geophysical Research Letters 45 (12): 5826–5835. doi:10.1029/2018GL077748. Bibcode: 2018GeoRL..45.5826D.
80. ↑ Dimmock, A.P. (2019). "Direct evidence of nonstationary collisionless shocks in space plasmas". Science Advances 5 (2): eaau9926. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau9926. PMID 30820454. Bibcode: 2019SciA....5.9926D.
81. ↑ Kruparova, O. (2019). "Statistical survey of the terrestrial bow shock observed by the Cluster spacecraft". J. Geophysical. Res. 124 (3): 1539–1547. doi:10.1029/2018JA026272. Bibcode: 2019JGRA..124.1539K. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03145271/file/Kruparova_et_al-2019-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Space_Physics.pdf.
82. ↑ Fu, H.S.; Xu, Y.; Vaivads, A.; Khotyaintsev, Y.V. (2019). "Super-efficient electron acceleration by an isolated magnetic reconnection". Astrophysical Journal Letters 870 (L22): L22. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aafa75. Bibcode: 2019ApJ...870L..22F.
83. ↑ Slapak, R.; Nilsson, H. (2018). "The Oxygen Ion Circulation in The Outer Terrestrial Magnetosphere and Its Dependence on Geomagnetic Activity". Geophys. Res. Lett. 45 (23): 12,669– 12,676. doi:10.1029/2018GL079816. Bibcode: 2018GeoRL..4512669S.
84. ↑ Schillings, A.; Nilsson, H.; Slapak, R.; Wintoft, P.; Yamauchi, M.; Wik, M.; Dandouras, I.; Carr, C.M. (2018). "O+ escape during the extreme space weather event of 4–10 September 2017". Space Weather 16 (4): 1363–1376. doi:10.1029/2018sw001881. Bibcode: 2018SpWea..16.1363S.
85. ↑ Liebert, E.; Nabert, C.; Glassmeier, K.-H. (2018). "Statistical survey of day-side magnetospheric current flow using Cluster observations: bow shock". Annales Geophysicae 36 (4): 1073–1080. doi:10.5194/angeo-36-1073-2018. Bibcode: 2018AnGeo..36.1073L.
86. ↑ Liu, C.M.; H. S. Fu; D. Cao; Y. Xu; A. Divin (2018). "Detection of magnetic nulls around reconnection fronts". The Astrophysical Journal 860 (2): 128. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aac496. Bibcode: 2018ApJ...860..128L.
87. ↑ Coxon, J.C.; Freeman, M.P.; Jackman, C.M.; Forsyth, C.; Rae, I.J.; Fear, R.C. (2018). "Tailward propagation of magnetic energy density variations with respect to substorm onset times". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 123 (6): 4741–4754. doi:10.1029/2017JA025147. Bibcode: 2018JGRA..123.4741C.
88. ↑ Masson, A.; Nykyri, K. (2018). "Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability: lessons learned and ways forward". Space Science Reviews 214 (4): 71. doi:10.1007/s11214-018-0505-6. Bibcode: 2018SSRv..214...71M. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11214-018-0505-6.pdf.
89. ↑ Roberts, O. W.; Narita, Y.; Escoubet, C.-P (2018). "Three-dimensional density and compressible magnetic structure in solar wind turbulence". Annales Geophysicae 36 (2): 527–539. doi:10.5194/angeo-36-527-2018. Bibcode: 2018AnGeo..36..527R.
90. ↑ Hadid, L. Z.; Sahraoui, F.; Galtier, S.; Huang, S. Y. (January 2018). "Compressible Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in the Earth's Magnetosheath: Estimation of the Energy Cascade Rate Using in situ Spacecraft Data". Physical Review Letters 120 (5): 055102. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.055102. PMID 29481187. Bibcode: 2018PhRvL.120e5102H.
91. ↑ Grigorenko, E.E.; Dubyagin, S.; Malykhin, A.; Khotyaintsev, Y.V.; Kronberg, E.A.; Lavraud, B.; Ganushkina, N.Yu (2018). "Intense current structures observed at electron kinetic Scales in the near-Earth magnetotail during dipolarization and substorm current wedge formation". Geophysical Research Letters 45 (2): 602–611. doi:10.1002/2017GL076303. Bibcode: 2018GeoRL..45..602G. https://zenodo.org/record/3492316. Retrieved 2019-10-31.
92. ↑ Andreeva V. A.; Tsyganenko N. A. (2017). "Empirical Modeling of the Quiet and Storm Time Geosynchronous Magnetic Field". Space Weather 16 (1): 16–36. doi:10.1002/2017SW001684. Bibcode: 2018SpWea..16...16A.
93. ↑ Roberts, O.W.; Y. Narita; C.P. Escoubet (2017). "Direct measurement of anisotropic and asymmetric wave vector Spectrum in ion-scale solar wind turbulence". The Astrophysical Journal 851 (1): L11. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa9bf3. Bibcode: 2017ApJ...851L..11R.
94. ↑ Perrone, D.; O. Alexandrova; O.W. Roberts; S. Lion; C. Lacombe; A. Walsh; M. Maksimovic; I. Zouganelis (2017). "Coherent structures at ion scales in the fast solar wind: Cluster observations". The Astrophysical Journal 849 (1): 49. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa9022. Bibcode: 2017ApJ...849...49P.
95. ↑ Perrone, D.; O. Alexandrova; O.W. Roberts; S. Lion; C. Lacombe; A. Walsh; M. Maksimovic; I. Zouganelis (2017). "Near-Earth plasma sheet boundary dynamics during substorm dipolarization". Earth, Planets and Space 69 (1): 129. doi:10.1186/s40623-017-0707-2. PMID 32009832. Bibcode: 2017EP&S...69..129N.
96. ↑ Yushkov, E.; A. Petrukovich; A. Artemyev; R. Nakamura (2017). "Relationship between electron field-aligned anisotropy and dawn-dusk magnetic field: nine years of Cluster observations in the Earth magnetotail". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 122 (9): 9294–9305. doi:10.1002/2016JA023739. Bibcode: 2017JGRA..122.9294Y.
97. ↑ Giagkiozis, S.; S. N. Walker; S. A. Pope; G. Collinson (2017). "Validation of single spacecraft methods for collisionless shock velocity estimation". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 122 (8): 8632–8641. doi:10.1002/2017JA024502. Bibcode: 2017JGRA..122.8632G.
98. ↑ Zhao, L.L.; Zhang, H.; Zong, Q.G. (2017). "Global ULF waves generated by a hot flow anomaly". Geophysical Research Letters 44 (11): 5283–5291. doi:10.1002/2017GL073249. Bibcode: 2017GeoRL..44.5283Z.
99. ↑ Fu, H.S.; A. Vaivads; Y.V. Khotyaintsev; M. André; J. B. Cao; V. Olshevsky; J. P. Eastwood; A. Retinò (2017). "Intermittent energy dissipation by turbulent reconnection". Geophysical Research Letters 44 (1): 37–43. doi:10.1002/2016GL071787. Bibcode: 2017GeoRL..44...37F.
100. ↑ Turc, L.; D. Fontaine; C.P. Escoubet; E.K.J. Kilpua; A.P. Dimmock (2017). "Statistical study of the alteration of the magnetic structure of magnetic clouds in the Earth's magnetosheath". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 122 (3): 2956–2972. doi:10.1002/2016JA023654. Bibcode: 2017JGRA..122.2956T. https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/37770.
101. ↑ Vines, S.K.; S.A. Fuselier; S.M. Petrinec; K.J. Trattner; R.C. Allen (2017). "Occurrence frequency and location of magnetic islands at the dayside magnetopause". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 122 (4): 4138–4155. doi:10.1002/2016JA023524. Bibcode: 2017JGRA..122.4138V.
102. ↑ Case, N. A.; A. Grocott; S. E. Milan; T. Nagai; J. P. Reistad (2017). "An analysis of magnetic reconnection events and their associated auroral enhancements". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 122 (2): 2922–2935. doi:10.1002/2016JA023586. Bibcode: 2017JGRA..122.2922C.
103. ↑ Lugaz, N.; C.J. Farrugia; C.-L. Huang; R.M. Winslow; H.E. Spence; N.A. Schwadron (2016). "Earth's magnetosphere and outer radiation belt under sub-Alfvénic solar wind". Nature Communications 7: 13001. doi:10.1038/ncomms13001. PMID 27694887. Bibcode: 2016NatCo...713001L.
104. ↑ Moore, T.W.; Nykyri, K.; Dimmock, A.P. (2016). "Cross-scale energy transport in space plasmas". Nature Physics 12 (12): 1164–1169. doi:10.1038/nphys3869. Bibcode: 2016NatPh..12.1164M.
105. ↑ Schmid, D. et al. (2016). "A comparative study of dipolarization fronts at MMS and Cluster". Geophysical Research Letters 43 (12): 6012–6019. doi:10.1002/2016GL069520. PMID 27478286. Bibcode: 2016GeoRL..43.6012S.
106. ↑ Parks, G.K.; E. Lee; S.Y. Fu; H.E. Kim; Y.Q. Ma; Z.W. Yang; Y. Liu; N. Lin et al. (2016). "Transport of solar wind H+ and He++ ions across Earth's bow shock". The Astrophysical Journal 825 (2): L27. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/825/2/L27. Bibcode: 2016ApJ...825L..27P.
107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 Lee, S.H.; H. Zhang; Q.-G. Zong; A. Otto; H. Rème; E. Liebert (2016). "A statistical study of plasmaspheric plumes and ionospheric outflows observed at the dayside magnetopause". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 121 (1): 492–506. doi:10.1002/2015JA021540. Bibcode: 2016JGRA..121..492L.
108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Zhang, B.; O.J. Brambles; W. Lotko; J.E. Ouellette; J.G. Lyon (2016). "The role of ionospheric O+ outflow in the generation of earthward propagating plasmoids". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 121 (2): 1425–1435. doi:10.1002/2015JA021667. Bibcode: 2016JGRA..121.1425Z.
109. ↑ Yao, Z. et al. (2016). "Substructures within a dipolarization front revealed by high-temporal resolution Cluster observations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 121 (6): 5185–5202. doi:10.1002/2015JA022238. Bibcode: 2016JGRA..121.5185Y.
110. ↑ L. Turc; C.P. Escoubet; D. Fontaine; E.K.J. Kilpua; S. Enestam (2016). "Cone angle control of the interaction of magnetic clouds with the Earth's bow shock". Geophysical Research Letters 43 (10): 4781–4789. doi:10.1002/2016GL068818. Bibcode: 2016GeoRL..43.4781T. https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/32773.
111. ↑ "The particle carriers of field-aligned currents in the Earth's magnetotail during a substorm". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 121 (4): 3058–3068. 2016. doi:10.1002/2015JA022071. Bibcode: 2016JGRA..121.3058C.
112. ↑ Wang, R.; Q. Lu; R. Nakamura; C. Huang; A. Du; F. Guo; W. Teh; M. Wu et al. (2015). "Coalescence of magnetic flux ropes in the ion diffusion region of magnetic reconnection". Nature Physics 12 (3): 263–267. doi:10.1038/nphys3578. Bibcode: 2016NatPh..12..263W.
113. ↑ Décréau, P.M.E.; Aoutou, S.; Denazelle, A.; Galkina, I.; Rauch, J.-L.; Vallières, X.; Canu, P.; Rochel Grimald, S. et al. (2015). "Wide-banded NTC radiation: local to remote observations by the four Cluster satellites". Annales Geophysicae 33 (10): 1285–1300. doi:10.5194/angeo-33-1285-2015. Bibcode: 2015AnGeo..33.1285D.
114. ↑ Eriksson, E.; A. Vaivads; Y. V. Khotyaintsev; V. M. Khotyayintsev; M. André (2015). "Statistics and accuracy of magnetic null identification in multispacecraft data". Geophysical Research Letters 42 (17): 6883–6889. doi:10.1002/2015GL064959. Bibcode: 2015GeoRL..42.6883E. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-253244.
115. ↑ Cai, D.; A. Esmaeili; B. Lembège; K.-I. Nishikawa (2015). "Cusp dynamics under northward IMF using three-dimensional global particle-in-cell simulations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 120 (10): 8368–8386. doi:10.1002/2015JA021230. Bibcode: 2015JGRA..120.8368C. https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01231973/file/2015JA021230.pdf.
116. ↑ Balikhin, M.A.; Y.Y. Shprits; S.N. Walker; L. Chen; N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin; I. Dandouras; O. Santolik; C. Carr et al. (2015). "Observations of Discrete Harmonics Emerging From Equatorial Noise". Nature Communications 6: 7703. doi:10.1038/ncomms8703. PMID 26169360. Bibcode: 2015NatCo...6.7703B.
117. ↑ Dunlop, M.W.; J.-Y. Yang; Y.-Y. Yang; C. Xiong; H. Lühr; Y. V. Bogdanova; C. Shen; N. Olsen et al. (2015). "Simultaneous field-aligned currents at Swarm and Cluster satellites". Geophysical Research Letters 42 (10): 3683–3691. doi:10.1002/2015GL063738. Bibcode: 2015GeoRL..42.3683D.
118. ↑ Russell, A. J. B.; Karlsson, T.; Wright, A. N. (2015). "Magnetospheric signatures of ionospheric density cavities observed by Cluster". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 120 (3): 1876–1887. doi:10.1002/2014JA020937. Bibcode: 2015JGRA..120.1876R. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/6471056/2014JA020937_preprint.pdf.
119. ↑ Russell, A.J.B.; T. Karlsson; A.N. Wright (2015). "Magnetospheric signatures of ionospheric density cavities observed by Cluster". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 120 (3): 1876–1887. doi:10.1002/2014JA020937. Bibcode: 2015JGRA..120.1876R. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/ws/files/6471056/2014JA020937_preprint.pdf.
120. ↑ Maes, L.; Maggiolo, R.; De Keyser, J.; Dandouras, I.; Fear, R.C.; Fontaine, D.; Haaland, S. (2015). "Solar illumination control of ionospheric outflow above polar cap arcs". Geophysical Research Letters 42 (5): 1304–1311. doi:10.1002/2014GL062972. Bibcode: 2015GeoRL..42.1304M.
121. ↑ Fear, R.C.; S.E. Milan; R. Maggiolo; A.N. Fazakerley; I. Dandouras; S.B. Mende (2014). "Direct observation of closed magnetic flux trapped in the high latitude magnetosphere". Science 346 (6216): 1506–1510. doi:10.1126/science.1257377. PMID 25525244. Bibcode: 2014Sci...346.1506F. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/377292/1/Fear_etal_2014_preprint.pdf.
122. ↑ Zhongwei, Y.; Y.D. Liu; G.K. Parks; P. Wu; C. Huang; R. Shi; R. Wang; H. Hu (2014). "Full particle electromagnetic simulations of entropy generation across a collisionless shock". The Astrophysical Journal 793 (1): L11. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/793/1/L11. Bibcode: 2014ApJ...793L..11Y.
123. ↑ Kozyra (2014). "Solar filament impact on 21 January 2005: Geospace consequences". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 119 (7): 2169–9402. doi:10.1002/2013JA019748. Bibcode: 2014JGRA..119.5401K.
124. ↑ Walsh, A. P.; Haaland, S.; Forsyth, C.; Keesee, A. M.; Kissinger, J.; Li, K.; Runov, A.; Soucek, J. et al. (2014). "Dawn–dusk asymmetries in the coupled solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere system: a review". Annales Geophysicae 32 (7): 705–737. doi:10.5194/angeo-32-705-2014. Bibcode: 2014AnGeo..32..705W.
125. ↑ Graham, D.B.; Yu. V. Khotyaintsev; A. Vaivads; M. Andre; A. N. Fazakerley (2014). "Electron Dynamics in the Diffusion Region of Asymmetric Magnetic Reconnection". Physical Review Letters 112 (21): 215004. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.215004. Bibcode: 2014PhRvL.112u5004G.
126. ↑ "Evidence of strong energetic ion acceleration in the near-Earth magnetotail". Geophysical Research Letters 41 (11): 3724–3730. 2014. doi:10.1002/2014GL060252. Bibcode: 2014GeoRL..41.3724L.
127. ↑ Tsyganenko, N. (2014). "Data-based modeling of the geomagnetosphere with an IMF-dependent magnetopause". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 119 (1): 335–354. doi:10.1002/2013JA019346. Bibcode: 2014JGRA..119..335T.
128. ↑ Shen, C.; Y.Y. Yang; Z.J. Rong; X. Li; M. Dunlop; C.M. Carr; Z.X. Liu; D.N. Baker et al. (2014). "Direct calculation of the ring current distribution and magnetic structure seen by Cluster during geomagnetic storms". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 119 (4): 2458–2465. doi:10.1002/2013JA019460. Bibcode: 2014JGRA..119.2458S.
129. ↑ Nakamura, R.; T. Karlsson; M. Hamrin; H. Nilsson; O. Marghitu; O. Amm; C. Bunescu; V. Constantinescu et al. (2014). "Low-altitude electron acceleration due to multiple flow bursts in the magnetotail". Geophysical Research Letters 41 (3): 777–784. doi:10.1002/2013GL058982. Bibcode: 2014GeoRL..41..777N.
130. ↑ Décréau, P.M.E. (2013). "Remote sensing of a NTC radio source from a Cluster tilted spacecraft pair". Annales Geophysicae 31 (11): 2097–2121. doi:10.5194/angeo-31-2097-2013. Bibcode: 2013AnGeo..31.2097D.
131. ↑ Haaland, S.; J. Gjerloev (2013). "On the relation between asymmetries in the ring current and magnetopause current". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 118 (7): 7593–7604. doi:10.1002/jgra.50239. Bibcode: 2013JGRA..118.7593H.
132. ↑ Darrouzet, F. (2013). "Links between the plasmapause and the radiation belt boundaries as observed by the instruments CIS, RAPID, and WHISPER onboard Cluster". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 118 (7): 4176–4188. doi:10.1002/jgra.50239. Bibcode: 2013JGRA..118.4176D.
133. ↑ Fu, H.S. (2013). "Energetic electron acceleration by unsteady magnetic reconnection". Nature Physics 9 (7): 426–430. doi:10.1038/nphys2664. Bibcode: 2013NatPh...9..426F.
134. ↑ Dandouras, I. (2013). "Detection of a plasmaspheric wind in the Earth's magnetosphere by the Cluster spacecraft". Annales Geophysicae 31 (7): 1143–1153. doi:10.5194/angeo-31-1143-2013. Bibcode: 2013AnGeo..31.1143D.
135. ↑ Viberg, H. (2013). "Mapping High-Frequency Waves in the Reconnection Diffusion Region". Geophysical Research Letters 40 (6): 1032–1037. doi:10.1002/grl.50227. Bibcode: 2013GeoRL..40.1032V.
136. ↑ Cao, J. (2013). "Kinetic analysis of the energy transport of bursty bulk flows in the plasma sheet". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 118 (1): 313–320. doi:10.1029/2012JA018351. Bibcode: 2013JGRA..118..313C.
137. ↑ Perri, S. (2012). "Detection of small scale structures in the dissipation regime of solar wind turbulence". Physical Review Letters 109 (19): 191101. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.191101. PMID 23215371. Bibcode: 2012PhRvL.109s1101P.
138. ↑ Hwang, K.-J. (2012). "The first in situ observation of Kelvin-Helmholtz waves at high-latitude magnetopause during strongly dawnward interplanetary magnetic field conditions". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 117 (A8): A08233. doi:10.1029/2011JA017256. Bibcode: 2012JGRA..117.8233H.
139. ↑ Norgren, C. (2012). "Lower hybrid drift waves: space observations". Physical Review Letters 109 (5): 55001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.055001. PMID 23006181. Bibcode: 2012PhRvL.109e5001N.
140. ↑ Nykyri, K. (2012). "On the origin of high-energy particles in the cusp diamagnetic cavity". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 87–88 (Special Issue on Physical Process in the Cusp: Plasma Transport and Energization): 70–81. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2011.08.012. Bibcode: 2012JASTP..87...70N.
141. ↑ Wei, Y. (2012). "Enhanced atmospheric oxygen outflow on Earth and Mars driven by a corotating interaction region". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 117 (A16): 3208. doi:10.1029/2011JA017340. Bibcode: 2012JGRA..117.3208W. http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:246326.
142. ↑ Egedal, J. (2012). "Large-scale electron acceleration by parallel electric fields during magnetic reconnection". Nature Physics 8 (4): 321–324. doi:10.1038/nphys2249. Bibcode: 2012NatPh...8..321E.
143. ↑ André, M.; C.M. Cully (February 2012). "Low-energy ions: A previously hidden solar system particle population, in press". Geophysical Research Letters 39 (3): n/a. doi:10.1029/2011GL050242. Bibcode: 2012GeoRL..39.3101A.
144. ↑ Schwartz, S.J. (2011). "Electron temperature gradient scale at collisionless shocks". Physical Review Letters 107 (21): 215002. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.215002. PMID 22181889. Bibcode: 2011PhRvL.107u5002S. https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01310858/file/PhysRevLett.107.pdf.
145. ↑ Shay, M.A. (2011). "Super-Alfvénic Propagation of Substorm Reconnection Signature and Poynting Flux". Physical Review Letters 107 (6): 065001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.065001. PMID 21902330. Bibcode: 2011PhRvL.107f5001S.
146. ↑ Turner, A.J. (2011). "Nonaxisymmetric Anisotropy of Solar Wind Turbulence". Physical Review Letters 107 (9): 095002. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.095002. PMID 21929247. Bibcode: 2011PhRvL.107i5002T.
147. ↑ Khotyaintsev, Y. (2011). "Plasma Jet Braking: Energy Dissipation and Nonadiabatic Electrons". Physical Review Letters 106 (16): 165001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.165001. PMID 21599373. Bibcode: 2011PhRvL.106p5001K. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349824/1/1349824.pdf.
148. ↑ Marklund, G.T. (2011). "Altitude distribution of the auroral acceleration potential determined from Cluster satellite data at different heights". Physical Review Letters 106 (5): 055002. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.055002. PMID 21405403. Bibcode: 2011PhRvL.106e5002M.
149. ↑ Echim, M. (2011). "Comparative investigation of the terrestrial and Venusian magnetopause: Kinetic modeling and experimental observations by Cluster and Venus Express". Planetary and Space Science 59 (10): 1028–1038. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2010.04.019. Bibcode: 2011P&SS...59.1028E.
150. ↑ Sahraoui, F. (2010). "Three dimensional anisotropic k spectra of turbulence at subproton scales in the solar wind". Physical Review Letters 105 (13): 131101. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.131101. PMID 21230758. Bibcode: 2010PhRvL.105m1101S.
151. ↑ Masson, A. (2011), "A decade revealing the Sun-Earth connection in three dimensions", Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 92 (1): 4, doi:10.1029/2011EO010007, Bibcode: 2011EOSTr..92Q...4M
152. ↑ "Cusp as a source for oxygen in the plasma sheet during geomagnetic storms". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 115 (A3): A03209. 2010. doi:10.1029/2009JA014838. Bibcode: 2010JGRA..115.3209K.
153. ↑ Yuan, Z. (2010). "Link between EMIC waves in a plasmaspheric plume and a detached sub-auroral proton arc with observations of Cluster and IMAGE satellites". Geophysical Research Letters 37 (7): L07108. doi:10.1029/2010GL042711. Bibcode: 2010GeoRL..37.7108Y. https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-03036035/file/2010GL042711.pdf.
154. ↑ Laakso, Harri; Taylor, Matthew; Escoubet, C. Philippe (2010). Laakso, H.. ed. The Cluster Active Archive – Studying the Earth's Space Plasma Environment. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. 11. Astrophys. & Space Sci. Proc. series, Springer. pp. 1–489. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3499-1. ISBN 978-90-481-3498-4. Bibcode: 2010ASSP...11.....L. https://cds.cern.ch/record/1339571.
155. ↑ Hietala, H. (2009). "Supermagnetosonic jets behind a collisionless quasiparallel shock". Physical Review Letters 103 (24): 245001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.103.245001. PMID 20366203. Bibcode: 2009PhRvL.103x5001H.
156. ↑ Zong, Q.-G. (2009). "Energetic electron response to ULF waves induced by interplanetary shocks in the outer radiation belt". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 114 (A10): A10204. doi:10.1029/2009JA014393. Bibcode: 2009JGRA..11410204Z.
157. ↑ Dunlop, M. (2009). "Reconnection at High Latitudes: Antiparallel Merging". Physical Review Letters 102 (7): 075005. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.075005. PMID 19257682. Bibcode: 2009PhRvL.102g5005D.
158. ↑ Sahraoui, F. (2009). "Evidence of a cascade and dissipation of solar-wind turbulence at the electron gyroscale". Physical Review Letters 102 (23): 231102. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.231102. PMID 19658919. Bibcode: 2009PhRvL.102w1102S.
159. ↑ Dandouras, I. (2009). "Magnetosphere response to the 2005 and 2006 extreme solar events as observed by the Cluster and Double Star spacecraft". Advances in Space Research 43 (23): 618–623. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2008.10.015. Bibcode: 2009AdSpR..43..618D.
160. ↑ Yordanova, E. (2008). "Magnetosheath plasma turbulence and its spatiotemporal evolution as observed by the Cluster spacecraft". Physical Review Letters 100 (20): 205003. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.205003. PMID 18518544. Bibcode: 2008PhRvL.100t5003Y.
161. ↑ Engwall, E. (2009). "Magnetosheath plasma turbulence and its spatiotemporal evolution as observed by the Cluster spacecraft". Nature Geoscience 2 (1): 24–27. doi:10.1038/ngeo387. Bibcode: 2009NatGe...2...24E.
162. ↑ Eastwood, J. (2008). "The science of space weather". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366 (1884): 4489–4500. doi:10.1098/rsta.2008.0161. PMID 18812302. Bibcode: 2008RSPTA.366.4489E.
163. ↑ Kronberg, E. (2008). "Comparison of periodic substorms at Jupiter and Earth". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (A4): A04212. doi:10.1029/2007JA012880. Bibcode: 2008JGRA..113.4212K.
164. ↑ Nilsson, H. (2008). "An assessment of the role of the centrifugal acceleration mechanism in high altitude polar cap oxygen ion outflow". Annales Geophysicae 26 (1): 145–157. doi:10.5194/angeo-26-145-2008. Bibcode: 2008AnGeo..26..145N.
165. ↑ He, J.-S. (2008). "Electron trapping around a magnetic null". Geophysical Research Letters 35 (14): L14104. doi:10.1029/2008GL034085. Bibcode: 2008GeoRL..3514104H. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/165067/1/2008GL034085.pdf.
166. ↑ He, J.-S. (2008). "A magnetic null geometry reconstructed from Cluster spacecraft observations". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (A5): A05205. doi:10.1029/2007JA012609. Bibcode: 2008JGRA..113.5205H.
167. ↑ Mutel, R.L. (2008). "Cluster multispacecraft determination of AKR angular beaming". Geophysical Research Letters 35 (7): L07104. doi:10.1029/2008GL033377. Bibcode: 2008GeoRL..35.7104M.
168. ↑ Wei, X.H. (2007). "Cluster observations of waves in the whistler frequency range associated with magnetic reconnection in the Earth's magnetotail". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 112 (A10): A10225. doi:10.1029/2006JA011771. Bibcode: 2007JGRA..11210225W.
169. ↑ Trines, R. (2007). "Spontaneous Generation of Self-Organized Solitary Wave Structures at Earth's Magnetopause". Physical Review Letters 99 (20): 205006. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.205006. PMID 18233152. Bibcode: 2007PhRvL..99t5006T. https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/51798/1/Trines_etal_PRL2007_generation_of_self_organized_solitary_wave_structures.pdf.
170. ↑ Phan, T. (2007). "Evidence for an Elongated (>60 Ion Skin Depths) Electron Diffusion Region during Fast Magnetic Reconnection". Physical Review Letters 99 (25): 255002. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.255002. PMID 18233527. Bibcode: 2007PhRvL..99y5002P.
171. ↑ Grigorenko, E.E. (2007). "Spatial-Temporal characteristics of ion beamlets in the plasma sheet boundary layer of magnetotail". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 112 (A5): A05218. doi:10.1029/2006JA011986. Bibcode: 2007JGRA..112.5218G.
172. ↑ Lavraud, B. (2007). "Strong bulk plasma acceleration in Earth's magnetosheath: A magnetic slingshot effect?". Geophysical Research Letters 34 (14): L14102. doi:10.1029/2007GL030024. Bibcode: 2007GeoRL..3414102L.
173. ↑ Rosenqvist, L. (2007). "An unusual giant spiral arc in the polar cap region during the northward phase of a Coronal Mass Ejection". Annales Geophysicae 25 (2): 507–517. doi:10.5194/angeo-25-507-2007. Bibcode: 2007AnGeo..25..507R.
174. ↑ Lui, A.T.Y. (2007). "Breakdown of the frozen-in condition in the Earth's magnetotail". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 112 (A4): A04215. doi:10.1029/2006JA012000. Bibcode: 2007JGRA..112.4215L.
175. ↑ Haaland, S.E. (2007). "High-latitude plasma convection from Cluster EDI measurements: method and IMF-dependence". Annales Geophysicae 25 (1): 239–253. doi:10.5194/angeo-25-239-2007. Bibcode: 2007AnGeo..25..239H.
176. ↑ Förster, M. (2007). "High-latitude plasma convection from Cluster EDI: variances and solar wind correlations". Annales Geophysicae 25 (7): 1691–1707. doi:10.5194/angeo-25-1691-2007. Bibcode: 2007AnGeo..25.1691F.
177. ↑ Sergeev, V.; Semenov, V.; Kubyshkina, M.; Ivanova, V.; Baumjohann, W.; Nakamura, R.; Penz, T.; Runov, A. et al. (2007). "Observation of repeated intense near-Earth reconnection on closed field lines with Cluster, Double Star, and other spacecraft". Geophysical Research Letters 34 (2): L02103. doi:10.1029/2006GL028452. Bibcode: 2007GeoRL..34.2103S.
178. ↑ Rae, J. (2005). "Evolution and characteristics of global Pc5 ULF waves during a high solar wind speed interval". Journal of Geophysical Research 110 (A12): A12211. doi:10.1029/2005JA011007. Bibcode: 2005JGRA..11012211R. https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/6675/1/art_731.pdf.
179. ↑ Zong, Q.-G. (2007). "Ultralow frequency modulation of energetic particles in the dayside magnetosphere". Geophysical Research Letters 34 (12): L12105. doi:10.1029/2007GL029915. Bibcode: 2007GeoRL..3412105Z.
180. ↑ Xiao, C.J. (2007). "Satellite observations of separator-line geometry of three-dimensional magnetic reconnection". Nature Physics 3 (9): 603–607. doi:10.1038/nphys650. Bibcode: 2007NatPh...3..609X.
181. ↑ Lobzin, V.V. (2007). "Nonstationarity and reformation of high-Mach-number quasiperpendicular shocks: Cluster observations". Geophysical Research Letters 34 (5): L05107. doi:10.1029/2006GL029095. Bibcode: 2007GeoRL..34.5107L. https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01556657/file/Lobzin_et_al-2007-Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf.
182. ↑ Lui, A.T.Y. (2006). "Cluster observation of plasma flow reversal in the magnetotail during a substorm". Annales Geophysicae 24 (7): 2005–2013. doi:10.5194/angeo-24-2005-2006. Bibcode: 2006AnGeo..24.2005L.
183. ↑ Retinò, A. (2007). "In situ evidence of magnetic reconnection in turbulent plasma". Nature Physics 3 (4): 236–238. doi:10.1038/nphys574. Bibcode: 2007NatPh...3..236R.
184. ↑ Henderson, P. (2006). "Cluster PEACE observations of electron pressure tensor divergence in the magnetotail". Geophysical Research Letters 33 (22): L22106. doi:10.1029/2006GL027868. Bibcode: 2006GeoRL..3322106H. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/9892/1/2006GL027868.pdf.
185. ↑ Marklund, G. (2007). "Cluster observations of an auroral potential and associated field-aligned current reconfiguration during thinning of the plasma sheet boundary layer". Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 112 (A1): n/a. doi:10.1029/2006JA011804. Bibcode: 2007JGRA..112.1208M.
186. ↑ Nykyri, K. (2006). "Cluster observations of reconnection due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the dawnside magnetospheric flank". Annales Geophysicae 24 (10): 2619–2643. doi:10.5194/angeo-24-2619-2006. Bibcode: 2006AnGeo..24.2619N.
187. ↑ Darrouzet, F. (2006). "Spatial gradients in the plasmasphere from Cluster". Geophysical Research Letters 33 (8): L08105. doi:10.1029/2006GL025727. Bibcode: 2006GeoRL..33.8105D.
188. ↑ Darrouzet, F. (2006). "Analysis of plasmaspheric plumes: CLUSTER and IMAGE observations". Annales Geophysicae 24 (6): 1737–1758. doi:10.5194/angeo-24-1737-2006. Bibcode: 2006AnGeo..24.1737D.
189. ↑ Marchaudon, A. (2005). "Simultaneous Double Star and Cluster FTEs observations on the dawnside flank of the magnetosphere". Annales Geophysicae 23 (8): 2877–2887. doi:10.5194/angeo-23-2877-2005. Bibcode: 2005AnGeo..23.2877M.
190. ↑ Cao, J.B. (2006). "Joint observations by Cluster satellites of bursty bulk flows in the magnetotail". Journal of Geophysical Research 111 (A4): A04206. doi:10.1029/2005JA011322. Bibcode: 2006JGRA..111.4206C.
191. ↑ Xiao, C.J. (2006). "In situ evidence for the structure of the magnetic null in a 3D reconnection event in the Earth's magnetotail". Nature Physics 2 (7): 478–483. doi:10.1038/nphys342. Bibcode: 2006NatPh...2..478X.
192. ↑ Parks, G. (2006). "Larmor radius size density holes discovered in the solar wind upstream of Earth's bow shock". Physics of Plasmas 13 (5): 050701. doi:10.1063/1.2201056. Bibcode: 2006PhPl...13e0701P.
193. ↑ Mozer, F. (2005). "Spatial gradients in the plasmasphere from Cluster". Geophysical Research Letters 32 (24): L24102. doi:10.1029/2005GL024092. Bibcode: 2005GeoRL..3224102M.
194. ↑ Zhang, T.L.. (2005). "Double Star/Cluster observation of neutral sheet oscillations on 5 August 2004". Annales Geophysicae 23 (8): 2909–2914. doi:10.5194/angeo-23-2909-2005. Bibcode: 2005AnGeo..23.2909Z.
195. ↑ Sahraoui, F. (2006). "Anisotropic turbulent spectra in the terrestrial magnetosheath: Cluster observations". Physical Review Letters 96 (7): 075002. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.075002. PMID 16606099. Bibcode: 2006PhRvL..96g5002S. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00153449/file/sahraoui2006.pdf.
196. ↑ Phan, T. (2006). "A magnetic reconnection X-line extending more than 390 Earth radii in the solar wind". Nature 439 (7073): 175–178. doi:10.1038/nature04393. PMID 16407946. Bibcode: 2006Natur.439..175P.
197. ↑ Horne, R.B. (2005). "Wave acceleration of electrons in the Van Allen radiation belts". Nature 437 (7056): 227–230. doi:10.1038/nature03939. PMID 16148927. Bibcode: 2005Natur.437..227H.
198. ↑ Sundkvist, D. (2005). "In situ multi-satellite detection of coherent vortices as a manifestation of Alfvénic turbulence". Nature 436 (7052): 825–828. doi:10.1038/nature03931. PMID 16094363. Bibcode: 2005Natur.436..825S.
199. ↑ Vallat, C. (2005). "First current density measurements in the ring current region using simultaneous multi-spacecraft CLUSTER-FGM data". Annales Geophysicae 23 (5): 1849–1865. doi:10.5194/angeo-23-1849-2005. Bibcode: 2005AnGeo..23.1849V.
200. ↑ Øieroset, M. (2005). "Global cooling and densification of the plasma sheet during an extended period of purely northward IMF on October 22–24, 2003". Geophysical Research Letters 32 (12): L12S07. doi:10.1029/2004GL021523. Bibcode: 2005GeoRL..3212S07O.
201. ↑ Li, W. (2005). "Plasma sheet formation during long period of northward IMF". Geophysical Research Letters 32 (12): L12S08. doi:10.1029/2004GL021524. Bibcode: 2005GeoRL..3212S08L.
202. ↑ Louarn, P. (2004). "Cluster observations of complex 3D magnetic structures at the magnetopause". Geophysical Research Letters 31 (19): L19805. doi:10.1029/2004GL020625. Bibcode: 2004GeoRL..3119805L.
203. ↑ Nakamura, R. (2004). "Spatial scale of high-speed flows in the plasma sheet observed by Cluster". Geophysical Research Letters 31 (9): L09804. doi:10.1029/2004GL019558. Bibcode: 2004GeoRL..31.9804N.
204. ↑ Knetter, T. (2004). "Four-point discontinuity observations using Cluster magnetic field data: A statistical survey". Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (A6): A06102. doi:10.1029/2003JA010099. Bibcode: 2004JGRA..109.6102K.
205. ↑ Décréau, P. (2004). "Observation of continuum radiations from the Cluster fleet: first results from direction finding". Annales Geophysicae 22 (7): 2607–2624. doi:10.5194/angeo-22-2607-2004. Bibcode: 2004AnGeo..22.2607D.
206. ↑ Hasegawa, H. (2004). "Transport of solar wind into Earth's magnetosphere through rolled-up Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices". Nature 430 (7001): 755–758. doi:10.1038/nature02799. PMID 15306802. Bibcode: 2004Natur.430..755H.
207. ↑ Sergeev, V. (2004). "Orientation and propagation of current sheet oscillations". Geophysical Research Letters 31 (5): L05807. doi:10.1029/2003GL019346. Bibcode: 2004GeoRL..31.5807S.
208. ↑ Zong, Q.-G. (2004). "Triple cusps observed by Cluster-Temporal or spatial effect?". Geophysical Research Letters 31 (9): L09810. doi:10.1029/2003GL019128. Bibcode: 2004GeoRL..31.9810Z.
209. ↑ Bale, S. (2003). "Density-Transition Scale at Quasiperpendicular Collisionless Shocks". Physical Review Letters 91 (26): 265004. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.265004. PMID 14754061. Bibcode: 2003PhRvL..91z5004B.
210. ↑ Frey, H. (2003). "Continuous magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause". Nature 426 (6966): 533–537. doi:10.1038/nature02084. PMID 14654835. Bibcode: 2003Natur.426..533F.
211. ↑ Runov, A. (2003). "Current sheet structure near magnetic X-line observed by Cluster". Geophysical Research Letters 30 (10): 1579. doi:10.1029/2002GL016730. Bibcode: 2003GeoRL..30.1579R.
212. ↑ Phan, T. (2003). "Simultaneous Cluster and IMAGE Observations of Cusp Reconnection and Auroral Spot for Northward IMF". Geophysical Research Letters 30 (10): n/a. doi:10.1029/2003GL016885. Bibcode: 2003GeoRL..30.1509P.
213. ↑ Runov, A. (2003). "Cluster observation of a bifurcated current sheet". Geophysical Research Letters 30 (2): 1036. doi:10.1029/2002GL016136. Bibcode: 2003GeoRL..30.1036R.
214. ↑ Dunlop, M. (2002). "Four-point Cluster application of magnetic field analysis tools: The Curlometer". Journal of Geophysical Research 107 (A11): 1384. doi:10.1029/2001JA005088. Bibcode: 2002JGRA..107.1384D.
215. ↑ Nakamura, R. (2002). "Fast flow during current sheet thinning". Geophysical Research Letters 29 (23): 2140. doi:10.1029/2002GL016200. Bibcode: 2002GeoRL..29.2140N. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/143678/1/2002GL016200.pdf.
216. ↑ Baker, D.N. (2002). "A telescopic and microscopic view of a magnetospheric substorm on 31 March 2001". Geophysical Research Letters 29 (18): 1862. doi:10.1029/2001GL014491. Bibcode: 2002GeoRL..29.1862B.
217. ↑ Marklund, G. (2001). "Temporal evolution of the electric field accelerating electrons away from the auroral ionosphere". Nature 414 (6865): 724–727. doi:10.1038/414724a. PMID 11742392. Bibcode: 2001Natur.414..724M.
218. ↑ Décréau, P. (2001). "Early results from the Whisper instrument on Cluster: an overview". Annales Geophysicae 19 (10/12): 1241–1258. doi:10.5194/angeo-19-1241-2001. Bibcode: 2001AnGeo..19.1241D.
219. ↑ Outer Magnetospheric Boundaries: Cluster Results. reprinted from Space Sci. Rev., 118, 1–4, Springer, Berlin. 2005. pp. 1–434. Bibcode: 2005ombc.book.....P.

## External links

* ESA Cluster mission website
* The Cluster Science Archive, the public data archive of the Cluster and the Double Star missions
* More on spacecraft operations
* ESA Cluster mission Twitter account
* Imperial College London role in the Cluster mission
* University College London's Mullard Space Science Laboratory's role in the Cluster mission
* Cluster: aurora explorer, an exhibit at the Royal Society Summer Exhibition 2011
* The Cluster Active Archive (former public data archive, up to 2014)
* Cluster mission article on eoPortal by ESA

* v
* t
* e

Magnetospherics

Submagnetosphere|

* Atmospheric circulation
* Aurora
* Earth's magnetic field
* Geosphere
* Jet stream
* Polar wind

Earth's magnetosphere|

* Birkeland current
* Bow shock
* Ionosphere
* Magnetopause
* Magnetosheath
* Magnetosphere
* Magnetosphere chronology
* Magnetosphere particle motion
* Plasmasphere
* Ring current
* Van Allen radiation belt

Solar wind|

* Coronal cloud
* Coronal mass ejection
* Solar flare
* Geomagnetic storm
* Heliosphere
* Interplanetary magnetic field
* Heliospheric current sheet
* Heliopause
* Solar particle event
* Space climate
* Space weather

Satellites|

* Full list
* Arase (2016)
* Cluster II
* Double Star
* Geotail
* IMAGE
* MMS (2015)
* Polar
* THEMIS
* Van Allen Probes
* Wind

Research projects|

* EISCAT
* HAARP
* SHARE
* Unwin Radar
* SuperDARN
* Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility

Other magnetospheres|

* Hermian
* Lunar
* Jovian
* Ganymedian
* Saturnian
* Uranian
* Neptunian

Related topics|

* Flux tube
* Gas torus
* Lunar swirls
* Planetary rings
* Jupiter
* Saturn
* Uranus
* Neptune

* v
* t
* e

European Space Agency

| Spaceports|

* Guiana Space Centre
* Esrange

|

Launch vehicles|

* Ariane 5
* Ariane 6
* Arianespace Soyuz
* Vega

Facilities|

* Space Operations Centre
* Space Research and Technology Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* European Astronaut Centre
* Space Astronomy Centre
* Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility

Communications|

* ESTRACK
* European Data Relay System

Programmes|

* Aurora
* ATV
* Copernicus
* Sentinel
* Columbus
* CryoSat
* EGNOS
* GALILEO
* ELIPS
* ExoMars
* FLPP
* Living Planet Programme
* Orion
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Science Programme
* Horizon 2000
* Cosmic Vision
* Pride

Predecessors|

* European Launcher Development Organisation
* European Space Research Organisation

Related topics|

* Arianespace
* ESA Television
* EUMETSAT
* European Space Camp
* GEWEX
* Planetary Science Archive

Projects and missions

Science|

| Solar physics|

* ISEE-2 (1977–87)
* Ulysses (1990–2009)
* SOHO (1995–present)
* Cluster II (2000–present)
* Solar Orbiter (2020)
* Lagrange (2020s)

|

Planetary science|

* Giotto (1985–92)
* Huygens (1997–2005)
* SMART-1 (2003–06)
* Mars Express (2003–present)
* Rosetta/Philae (2004–16)
* Venus Express (2005–14)
* ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (2016–present)
* BepiColombo (2018–present)
* Rosalind Franklin rover (2020)
* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2022)
* Comet Interceptor (2028)

Astronomy and
cosmology

* Cos-B (1975–82)
* IUE (1978–96)
* EXOSAT (1983–86)
* Hipparcos (1989–93)
* Hubble (1990–present)
* Eureca (1992–93)
* ISO (1995–98)
* XMM-Newton (1999–present)
* INTEGRAL (2002–present)
* CoRoT (2006–13)
* Planck (2009–13)
* Herschel (2009–13)
* Gaia (2013–present)
* CHEOPS (2019)
* James Webb (2021)
* Euclid (2022)
* PLATO (2026)
* ARIEL (2028)
* ATHENA (2031)
* LISA (2034)

Earth observation|

* Copernicus (1988–)
* Meteosat First Generation (1977–97)
* ERS-1 (1991–2000)
* ERS-2 (1995–2011)
* Meteosat Second Generation (2002–present)
* Envisat (2002–12)
* Double Star (2003–07)
* MetOp (2006–present)
* GOCE (2009–13)
* SMOS (2009–present)
* CryoSat-2 (2010–present)
* Swarm (2013–present)
* Sentinel-1 / 1A / 1B (2014–present)
* Sentinel-2 / 2A / 2B (2015–present)
* Sentinel-3 / 3A / 3B (2016–present)
* Sentinel-5 Precursor (2017–present)
* ADM-Aeolus (2018–present)
* Biomass (2022)
* EarthCARE (2022)
* MetOp-SG-A (2022)
* FLEX (2023)
* Meteosat Third Generation (Sentinel-4) (2023)
* MetOp-SG-B (2023)
* SMILE (2023)
* FORUM (2026)

ISS spaceflight|

* ISS contribution (1998–present)
* Columbus (2008–present)
* Jules Verne (2008)
* Cupola (2010–present)
* Johannes Kepler (2011)
* Edoardo Amaldi (2012)
* Albert Einstein (2013)
* Georges Lemaître (2014)
* European Robotic Arm (2020)

Telecommunications|

* GEOS 2 (1978)
* Olympus-1 (1989–93)
* Artemis (2001–present)
* GIOVE-A (2005–present)
* GIOVE-B (2008–present)
* HYLAS-1 (2010–present)
* Galileo IOV (2011–present)
* Galileo FOC (2014–present)
* EGNOS
* European Data Relay System (2016–present)

Technology
demonstrators

* ARD (1998)
* PROBA-1 (2001–present)
* YES2 (2007)
* PROBA-2 (2009–present)
* PROBA-V (2013–present)
* IXV (2015)
* LISA Pathfinder (2015–17)
* OPS-SAT (2019)
* PROBA-3 (2021)
* AIDA (2023)

Cancelled and proposed|

* ALTIUS
* Ariane 5 ME
* Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer
* CSTS
* Darwin Mission
* Don Quijote
* e.Deorbit
* EChO
* Eddington
* EnVision
* EXPERT
* Hermes
* Hopper
* LOFT
* Luna 27
* Lunar Lander
* Marco Polo
* MarcoPolo-R
* Mars sample return mission
* ODINUS
* SPICA
* STE-QUEST
* THESEUS
* THOR
* XIPE

Failed|

* Cluster
* CryoSat-1
* GEOS 1
* Schiaparelli EDM

Future missions in italics

* Category
* Commons
* Wikinews
* WikiProject

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster II (spacecraft). Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Engineering:Cluster_II_(spacecraft)&oldid=3717227"
*[no.]: number
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template