Comparison of display technology

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This is a comparison of various properties of different display technologies.

## Contents

* 1 General characteristics
* 2 Temporal characteristics
* 3 Research
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## General characteristics

Display tech­nology  | Screen shape  | Largest known diagonal  | Typical use  | Usable in bright room

|
|
|
|

(in)  | (cm)
Eidophor front projection  | Flat  | (limited only by brightness)  | TV | No
Shadow mask CRT | Spherical curve or flat  | 42[1] | 107  | TV, computer monitor | Yes
Aperture grille CRT | Cylindrical curve or flat  | 43[2] | 109  | TV, computer monitor | Yes
Mono­chrome CRT | Spherical curve or flat  | 30[3] | 76  | TV, computer monitor, radar display, oscilloscope | Yes
Direct view Charactron CRT | Spherical curve  | 24  | 61  | Computer monitor, radar display | No
CRT self-contained rear-projection  | Flat lenticular | 80[4] | 203  | TV | Yes
CRT front projection  | Flat  | (limited only by brightness)  | TV or presentation  | No
Plasma display | Flat  | 152[5] | 386  | TV, computer monitor
(In some early "portable" computers. They required too much power for battery-powered laptops)[6][7][8][9] | Partial
LCD | Flat  | 115[10] | 292  | TV, computer monitor | Yes
LCD self-contained rear-projection | Flat lenticular | 70[11] | 178  | TV | Yes
LCD front-projection | Flat  | (limited only by brightness)  | TV or presentation  | Yes
DLP self-contained rear-projection  | Flat lenticular | 120[12] | 305  | TV | Yes
DLP front-projection  | Flat  | (limited only by brightness)  | TV or presentation  | Yes
LCoS self-contained rear-projection  | Flat  | 110[13] | 279  | TV | Yes
LCoS front-projection  | Flat  | (limited only by brightness)  | TV or presentation  | Yes
Laser self-contained rear projection  | Flat lenticular | 75[14] | 191  | TV | Yes
LED | Flat  | 279.92[15] | 711  | Billboards, TV | Yes
SED | Flat  | 55[16] | 140  | Computer monitor, TV | Yes
FED | Flat  | ?  | ?  | Computer monitor, TV | Yes
EPD (e-paper)  | Flat (flexible)  | ?  | ?  | Electronic paper | Yes
OLED  | Any, but most commonly flat rectangular with or without rounded edges, notch(es) and holes, circular, or curved (flexible)[17] | 88[18] | 223.52  | Computer monitor, TV, Mobile phone | Yes
Telescopic pixel display |  |  |  |  |
Ferro­electric LCD |  |  |  |  |
'mLED' LED  | Curved or flat  | ??  | ??  | Mobile phones, wearable electronics, VR displays, smart­watches, optical instruments, AR displays  | Yes
QDLED[19][20][21][22] | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | Yes
IMOD | Flat  | 1.2[23] | 3  | Mobile phone[24] | Yes
Laser Phosphor Display (LPD)  | Flat / Box  | 196  | 497.8  | Presentation  | Yes
Virtual retinal display | Any shape  | N/A  | N/A  | Ex­per­i­men­tal, possibly virtual reality | Depends on system

Major technologies are CRT, LCD and its derivatives (Quantum dot display, LED backlit LCD, WLCD, OLCD), Plasma, and OLED and its derivatives (Transparent OLED, PMOLED, AMOLED). An emerging technology is Micro LED. Cancelled and now obsolete technologies are SED and FED.

## Temporal characteristics

Different display technologies have vastly different temporal characteristics, leading to perceptual differences of motion, flicker, etc.

Sketch of some common display technologies' temporal behaviour

The figure shows a sketch of how different technologies present a single white/grey frame. Time and intensity is not to scale. Notice that some have a fixed intensity, while the illuminated period is variable. This is a kind of pulse-width modulation. Others can vary the actual intensity in response to the input signal.

* Single-chip DLPs use a kind of "chromatic multiplexing" in which each color is presented serially. The intensity is varied by modulating the "on" time of each pixel within the time-span of one color. Multi-chip DLPs are not represented in this sketch, but would have a curve identical to the plasma display.
* LCDs have a constant (backlit) image, where the intensity is varied by blocking the light shining through the panel.
* CRTs use an electron beam, scanning the display, flashing a lit image. If interlacing is used, a single full-resolution image results in two "flashes". The physical properties of the phosphor are responsible for the rise and decay curves.
* Plasma displays modulate the "on" time of each sub-pixel, similar to DLP.
* Movie theaters use a mechanical shutter to illuminate the same frame 2 or 3 times, increasing the flicker frequency to make it less perceptible to the human eye.

## Research

Researchers announced a display that uses silicon metasurface pixels that do not require polarized light and require half the energy. It employs a transparent conductive oxide as a heater that can quickly change the pixels. The pixels are 100 times thinner than liquid crystal. Response times are under 1 millisecond. They claim that the metasurface array could replace the liquid crystal layer in today's displays, eliminating the need for production technology.[25]

## See also

* Computer monitor
* Large-screen television technology

## References

1. ↑ "DEAD MITSUBISHI 40-INCH TV. help!! - ecoustics.com". http://forum.ecoustics.com/bbs/messages/2/161960.html.
2. ↑ Database, C. R. T. (2024-12-22). "Sony PVM-4300 | CRT Database" (in en). https://crtdatabase.com/crts/sony/sony-pvm-4300.
3. ↑ "Monochrome CRT". Archived from the original on 2009-10-09. http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091009163303/http://www.earlytelevision.org/dumont_ra119.html.
4. ↑ "Self-contained Rear Projection CRT". http://thejournal.com/articles/13021.
5. ↑ "Panasonic Develops World's Largest 152-Inch Full HD 3D Plasma Display - Headquarters News - Panasonic Newsroom Global". http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en100107-11/en100107-11.html.
6. ↑ "Gas Plasma Screen - Compaq Portable 386". December 19, 2018. https://www.retropaq.com/the-beginning/.
7. ↑ "Compaq Portable 386 - Computer - Computing History". http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/3949/Compaq-Portable-386/.
8. ↑ "Toshiba T3100/20 - Computer - Computing History". http://www.computinghistory.org.uk/det/2235/Toshiba-T3100-20/.
9. ↑ "T-5100-Computer Museum". http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0024.html.
10. ↑ "TCL's Huge 115-inch TV Is Among the Biggest, Brightest Screens I've Seen". CNET. https://www.cnet.com/tech/home-entertainment/tcls-huge-115-inch-tv-is-among-the-biggest-brightest-screens-ive-seen/.
11. ↑ "LCD Rear Projection". http://news.sel.sony.com/en/press_room/consumer/television/microdisplay/3lcd/release/9365.html.
12. ↑ Casamassina, Matt (8 January 2007). "CES 2007: Optoma's $50k 120-inch Set". http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/01/08/ces-2007-optomas-50k-120-inch-set.
13. ↑ "JVC Develops 110-inch". http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/NEWS_EN/20060929/121684/.
14. ↑ "Mitsubishi Electric LaserVue® - Products". Archived from the original on 2009-08-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20090825105355/http://laservuetv.com/products.php. Retrieved 2009-09-08.
15. ↑ "Largest LED 3D TV". http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-10000/largest-led-3d-tv/.
16. ↑ "55-inch SED HDTVs on the way in '08". 3 October 2006. https://www.engadget.com/2006/10/03/55-inch-sed-hdtvs-on-the-way-in-08/.
17. ↑ LG Global (7 January 2015). "CES 2015 LG - Perfect Black, Perfect Color : Only in LG OLED TV". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n940egpuK2I.
18. ↑ "LG SIGNATURE Z9 88 inch Class 8K Smart OLED TV w/AI ThinQ® (87.6" Diag) (OLED88Z9PUA)". https://www.lg.com/us/tvs/lg-OLED88Z9PUA-signature-oled-8k-tv.
19. ↑ "Quantum Dots QDTV Displays from Nanoco Technologies". http://www.oled-display.net/technology/qdled.
20. ↑ "Nevada Nanotechnology Center - Research". http://nanotechnology.unlv.edu/research.htm.
21. ↑ Gache, Gabriel (10 December 2007). "LED's Outpower QDLED's". http://news.softpedia.com/news/LED-039-s-Outpower-QDLED-039-s-73412.shtml.
22. ↑ "Ocean NanoTech research in QDLEDs". http://www.oceannanotech.com/technologies.html.
23. ↑ "Wireless Technology & Innovation - Mobile Technology - Qualcomm". http://www.qualcomm.com/common/documents/brochures/MCL1053_Bichrome_1.2_landscape_v2_new.pdf.
24. ↑ "IMOD". http://www.qualcomm.com/technology/imod/media/pdf/IMOD_Technology_Overview_WP.pdf.
25. ↑ Ridden, Paul (2023-02-23). "Meta-display concept could retire LCD panels in big-screen TVs" (in en-US). https://newatlas.com/electronics/electrically-programmable-silicon-metasurfaces/.

* v
* t
* e

Display technology

Video displays|

| Current
generation|

* Eidophor
* Electroluminescent display (ELD)
* Electronic paper
* E Ink
* Gyricon
* Light emitting diode display (LED)
* Cathode-ray tube (CRT) (Monoscope)
* Liquid-crystal display (LCD)
* TFT
* TN
* LED
* Blue Phase
* IPS
* Plasma display panel (PDP)
* ALiS
* Digital Light Processing (DLP)
* Liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS)

|

Next
generation|

* Organic light-emitting diode (OLED)
* AMOLED
* microLED
* Organic light-emitting transistor (OLET)
* Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED)
* Field emission display (FED)
* Laser TV
* Quantum dot
* Liquid crystal
* MEMS display
* IMoD
* TMOS
* Quantum dot display (QD-LED)
* Ferro liquid crystal display (FLCD)
* Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology (TDEL)
* Telescopic pixel display (TPD)
* Laser-powered phosphor display (LPD)

Non-video|

* Electromechanical
* Flip-dot
* Split-flap
* Vane
* Eggcrate
* Fiber optic
* Nixie tube
* Vacuum fluorescent display (VFD)
* Light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC)
* Lightguide display
* Dot-matrix display
* Seven-segment display (SSD)
* Nine-segment display
* Fourteen-segment display (FSD)
* Sixteen-segment display (SISD)

3D display|

* Stereoscopic
* Autostereoscopic
* Multiscopic
* Hologram
* Holographic display
* Computer-generated holography
* Volumetric
* Musion Eyeliner
* Fog display

Static media|

* Jumbotron
* Movie projector
* Neon sign
* Destination sign
* Slide projector
* Transparency
* Laser beam

Display capabilities|

* EDID
* CEA-861
* DisplayID

Related articles|

* History of display technology
* Large-screen television technology
* Optimum HDTV viewing distance
* High-dynamic-range imaging (HDRI)
* Color Light Output
* Flexible display

Comparison of display technology

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