Crew Dragon Demo-2

Clockwise from top left: Falcon 9 with Endeavour launches from LC-39A, Endeavour approaches the ISS, recovery of Endeavour

Names|

* Crew Demo-2
* SpaceX Demo-2
* Demonstration Mission-2

Mission type| Flight test
Operator| SpaceX
Mission duration| 63 days, 23 hours, 25 minutes, 21 seconds
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft| Crew Dragon C206 Endeavour
Spacecraft type| Crew Dragon
Manufacturer| SpaceX
Launch mass| 12,519 kg (27,600 lb)[1]
Landing mass| 9,616 kg (21,200 lb)[1]
Crew
Members|

* Doug Hurley
* Bob Behnken

Expedition| Expedition 63
Start of mission
Launch date| May 30, 2020, 19:22:45 (2020-05-30UTC19:22:45Z) UTC (3:22:45 pm EDT)[2]
Rocket| Falcon 9 Block 5 B1058-1
Launch site| Kennedy, LC-39A
End of mission
Recovered by|  missing name
Landing date| August 2, 2020, 18:48:06 (2020-08-02UTC18:48:07Z) UTC (1:48:06 pm CDT)[3]
Landing site| Gulf of Mexico, near Gulf Shores, Alabama ( [ ⚑ ] 29°47′43″N 87°31′47″W﻿ / ﻿29.79528°N 87.52972°W﻿ / 29.79528; -87.52972)[2]
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Geocentric orbit
Regime| Low Earth orbit
Inclination| 51.66°
Docking with ISS
Docking port| Harmony forward[4]
Docking date| May 31, 2020, 14:27 UTC[5][6]
Undocking date| August 1, 2020, 23:35 UTC
Time docked| 62 days, 9 hours, 8 minutes

NASA and SpaceX mission patches

Behnken and Hurley

Commercial Crew Development

<- SpaceX In-Flight Abort Test

Boeing OFT-2 ->

Crew Dragon flights

<- SpaceX In-Flight Abort Test

SpaceX Crew-1 ->

Crew Dragon Demo-2 (officially Crew Demo-2, SpaceX Demo-2, or Demonstration Mission-2)[lower-alpha 1] was the first crewed test flight of the Crew Dragon spacecraft. The spacecraft, named Endeavour, launched on May 30, 2020[7][11][12] on a Falcon 9 rocket, and carried NASA astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken to the International Space Station in the first crewed orbital spaceflight launched from the United States since the final Space Shuttle mission in 2011, and the first ever operated by a commercial provider.[13] Demo-2 was also the first two-person orbital spaceflight launched from the United States since STS-4 in 1982. Demo-2 completed the validation of crewed spaceflight operations using SpaceX hardware and received human-rating certification for the spacecraft,[14][15] including astronaut testing of Crew Dragon capabilities on orbit.[15]

Docking was autonomously controlled by the Crew Dragon, but monitored by the flight crew in case manual intervention became necessary.[16] The spacecraft soft docked with the International Space Station on May 31, 2020, nineteen hours after launch. Following soft capture, 12 hooks were closed to complete a hard capture 11 minutes later.[5] Hurley and Behnken worked alongside the crew of Expedition 63 for 62 days, including four spacewalks by Behnken with fellow American astronaut Chris Cassidy to replace batteries brought up by a Japanese cargo vehicle. Endeavour autonomously undocked from the station on August 1, 2020, and thirteen hours later returned the astronauts to Earth in the first water landing by astronauts since 1975.[17]

## Contents

* 1 Background
* 2 Crew
* 3 Insignia and livery
* 4 Pre-launch processing
* 4.1 Launch attempts
* 4.1.1 Launch attempt summary
* 5 Mission
* 5.1 Launch and orbit
* 5.2 Approach, docking, and activities aboard the ISS
* 5.3 Undocking and return
* 5.4 Timeline
* 5.5 Follow up mission of the capsule
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 External links
* 9.1 Extended video series from SpaceX
* 9.1.1 Launch, coast, approach, and docking
* 9.1.2 Departure, return coast, and splashdown
* 10 Initial visibility
* 11 TemplateData
* 12 Template transclusions
* 13 Initial visibility
* 14 TemplateData
* 15 Initial visibility
* 16 TemplateData
* 17 Template transclusions
* 18 Initial visibility
* 19 TemplateData

## Background

After the Space Shuttle program was brought to an end in 2011, NASA no longer had a spacecraft system capable of sending humans to space. As a result, it was forced to fly its astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) aboard the Russian Soyuz space vehicle, at a cost of up to US$80 million per astronaut. As an alternative, NASA contracted with private companies such as SpaceX for the Commercial Crew Program, which is expected to cost 50% less than Soyuz once in regular operation.[18] Up to the launch, NASA has awarded a total of US$3.1 billion for the development of the Dragon 2.[19] The Demo-2 mission was SpaceX's last major test before NASA certified it for regular crewed spaceflights.[13] Prior to that, SpaceX had sent twenty cargo missions to the ISS, but never a crewed one.[19] Boeing was separately working on crewed orbital spaceflight under the same NASA effort.[13]

## Crew

Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken were announced as the primary crew on August 3, 2018.[20] Both astronauts are veterans of the Space Shuttle program,[21] and the Demo-2 flight was the third trip to space for both of them. The lead flight director for this mission was Zebulon Scoville.[22]

NASA astronaut Kjell Lindgren was the sole backup crew member for the flight, backing up both Hurley and Behnken for the mission.[23]

Prime crew  Position[16] | Astronaut

|

Spacecraft commander  | Doug Hurley
Expedition 63
Third and last spaceflight
Joint operations commander  | Bob Behnken
Expedition 63
Third and last spaceflight
Backup crew  Position | Astronaut

|

Commander  | Kjell Lindgren

## Insignia and livery

The mission insignia was designed by artist Andrew Nyberg from Brainerd, Minnesota, a nephew of spacecraft commander Hurley.[24] The insignia features the logos of the Commercial Crew Program, Falcon 9, Crew Dragon, and the red chevron of NASA's "meatball" insignia. Also depicted are the American flag and a graphic representation of the ISS. The words NASA, SPACEX, FIRST CREWED FLIGHT and DM-2 are printed around the border along with the surnames of the astronauts. The insignia outline is in the shape of the Crew Dragon capsule.[25]

The Falcon 9 rocket used to launch Endeavour displayed NASA's "worm" insignia, the first time the logo had been used officially since it was retired in 1992.[26] NASA TV and media coverage of the launch was branded as "Launch America", with its own logo.[27][28]

The SpaceX patch shows the top of the company's spacesuit, with the ISS and North America portrayed on the helmet shield and a white star denoting the launch site at Cape Canaveral. Behind the suit are the American flag, and around the insignia's black border SPACEX DRAGON and NASA DEMO-2 are written in white, alongside the names of the two astronauts at the bottom; with a cloverleaf between the two names.

## Pre-launch processing

Falcon 9 and Dragon rolls out to the launch pad, bearing the NASA "worm" logo. SpaceX CEO Elon Musk and NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine greet Behnken and Hurley at Kennedy, while wearing face masks and practicing social distancing amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

NASA calculated the loss-of-crew (LOC) probability for the test flight as 1-in-276, better than the commercial crew program requirement threshold of 1-in-270. The 1-in-276 number included mitigations to reduce the risk, such as on-orbit inspections of the Crew Dragon spacecraft once it was docked to the space station to look for damage from micrometeoroids and orbital debris (MMOD). NASA pegged the overall risk of a loss of mission (LOM) as 1-in-60, covering scenarios where the Crew Dragon does not reach the space station as planned, but the crew safely returns to Earth.[29]

The Crew Dragon Demo-2 mission was initially planned for launch in July 2019 as part of the Commercial Crew Program contract with a crew of two on a 14-day test mission to the ISS.[30][20] The Crew Dragon capsule from the Crew Dragon Demo-1 mission was destroyed while its SuperDraco thrusters were undergoing static fire testing on April 20, 2019, ahead of its planned use for the in-flight abort test.[31][32] SpaceX traced the cause of the anomaly to a component that leaked oxidizer into the high-pressure helium lines, which then solidified and damaged a valve. The valves were since switched for burst discs to prevent another anomaly.[33] On January 19, 2020, a Crew Dragon capsule successfully completed an in-flight abort test.[34] NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said on April 9, 2020, that he was "fairly confident" that astronauts could fly to the ISS aboard SpaceX's Crew Dragon spaceship at the end of May or in early June 2020, pending final parachute tests, data reviews and a training schedule that could escape major impacts from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.[35]

SpaceX DM-2 Promotional Poster

On April 17, 2020, NASA and SpaceX announced the launch date as May 27, 2020.[15] The arrival of the Crew Dragon will have raised the station's crew size from three to five. Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley will have performed duties and conducted experiments as crew on board the ISS for several months. Hurley and Behnken were expected to live and work aboard the space station for two or three months, and then return to Earth for a splashdown in the Atlantic Ocean east of Cape Canaveral.[15][35] NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine urged space enthusiasts not to travel to the Kennedy Space Center to view the launch and asked people to instead watch the launch on television or online. Bridenstine explained that maintenance crews were working in cohesive shifts, to mitigate workers' exposure to SARS-CoV-2.[36] On May 1, 2020, SpaceX successfully demonstrated the Mark 3 parachute system, a critical milestone for the mission approval.[37] Crew Dragon Demo-2 marked the first crewed United States spaceflight mission not to include the presence of the public at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[38] As the mission was previously delayed, the Visitor Complex opened as of May 28, 2020, with limited capacity for publicly viewing the launch. Admissions sold out almost immediately.[39] To engage the public, notably the Class of 2020, who were unable to attend their graduations due to the COVID-19 pandemic, both NASA and SpaceX invited students and graduates to submit their photos to be flown to the ISS.[40]

Behnken and Hurley arrived at Kennedy Space Center on May 20, 2020, in preparation for the launch. On May 21, 2020, the Falcon 9 rocket was rolled out to the launch pad, and a static fire test was conducted on May 22, 2020, a major milestone ahead of the launch.[41] The mission used a Tesla Model X to transport Hurley and Behnken to LC-39A.[42]

### Launch attempts

An official launch weather forecast for Dragon Crew Demo-2 by the 45th Weather Squadron of the U.S. Space Force, for the original launch time at 20:33:33 UTC on May 27, 2020, predicted a 50% probability of favorable conditions. The launch was scrubbed at T−16:53 minutes due to thunderstorms and light rain in the area caused by Tropical Storm Bertha.[43][44] The second launch attempt also faced a 50% probability of favorable conditions, but was successful and took place on May 30, 2020, at 19:22:45 UTC.[45][46] The other launch windows were May 31, 2020, at 19:00:07 UTC, with a 60% probability of favorable conditions and June 2, 2020, at 18:13 UTC with a 70% probability of favorable conditions.[47][48]

#### Launch attempt summary

Note: times are local to the launch site (Eastern Daylight Time).

Attempt | Planned | Result | Turnaround | Reason | Decision point | Weather go (%) | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1 | 2020-05-27, 16:33:33 27 May 2020, 4:33:33 pm  | Scrubbed | — | Weather | 2020-05-27 16:16:40 27 May 2020, 4:16 pm (T−00:16:53) | 50 | Rocket generated lightning risk (field mill rule violation).[49]
2 | 2020-05-30, 15:22:45 30 May 2020, 3:22:45 pm  | Success | 2 days, 22 hours, 49 minutes |  |  | 50 |

## Mission

### Launch and orbit

Vice President Mike Pence and President Donald Trump watch the Crew Dragon Demo-2 Falcon 9 rocket launch from Kennedy Space Center.

Three days after the first launch attempt was scrubbed, the Crew Dragon Endeavour launched atop a Falcon 9 rocket from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A at 19:22:45 UTC on May 30, 2020.[50][51] The first stage booster (serial number B1058) landed autonomously on the floating barge Of Course I Still Love You, which was prepositioned in the Atlantic Ocean.[52] President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence, with their wives, were at Kennedy Space Center in Florida to see the launch attempt on May 27, 2020,[53] and returned for launch on May 30, 2020.[48][54] The launch live stream was watched online by 3 million people on NASA feeds,[55] and the SpaceX feed peaked at 4.1 million viewers. NASA estimated roughly 10 million people watched on various online platforms, approximately 150,000 people gathered on Florida's space coast[56] in addition to an unknown number watching on television.[55]

Hurley and Behnken described Falcon 9 as a "very pure flying machine", and the ride on SpaceX Merlin engines as much smoother than with Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters. Hurley said that the Merlin Vacuum upper-stage engine was rougher than Space Shuttle Main Engines, "kind of like driving fast on a dirt road".[57] They revealed the name of their Crew Dragon capsule 206, Endeavour, shortly after launch, reviving the tradition from the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs where astronauts would name their spacecraft.[58] It was the third U.S. spacecraft named Endeavour, after Space Shuttle Endeavour, built in 1991 to replace Space Shuttle Challenger, which was destroyed in 1986,[59] and the Apollo command and service module used for the Apollo 15 mission in 1971.[60] Hurley said that they chose Endeavour as both his and Behnken's first flights to space were on the Shuttle Endeavour.[6]

Nineteen hours into the mission, Endeavour arrived at the ISS. Behnken and Hurley greeted the crew of Expedition 63 shortly after the hatch was opened three hours later.

Each crew member brought along a toy from their family; an Apatosaurus dinosaur named "Tremor" and a Ty plush toy. As in past space missions, the plush toy was used as an indication of zero gravity for the strapped-in astronauts. Behnken and Hurley said, "That was a super cool thing for us to get a chance to do for both of our sons, who I hope are super excited to see their toys floating around with us on board".[61][62]

The crew were awakened on the second day of the flight with Black Sabbath's "Planet Caravan".[63] NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15. Each track is specially chosen, often by the astronauts' families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.[64]

### Approach, docking, and activities aboard the ISS

Nineteen hours later, Endeavour approached the ISS. Hurley demonstrated the ability to pilot the spacecraft via its touchscreen controls until it reached a distance of 220 metres (720 ft), after which Endeavour autonomously soft-docked to the pressurized mating adapter PMA-2 on the Harmony module of the ISS at 14:16 UTC on May 31, 2020.[6][65] Following soft capture, 12 hooks were closed to complete a hard capture at 14:27 UTC.[5] Approximately two hours after docking, the last of three hatches between Endeavour and ISS was opened, and Hurley and Behnken boarded the ISS at 17:22 UTC, welcomed by and joining the Expedition 63 crew, consisting of NASA astronaut and station commander Chris Cassidy and Russian cosmonauts Anatoly Ivanishin and Ivan Vagner.[6][66][67][68]

Over their time aboard the ISS, Hurley and Behnken spent over 100 hours completing science experiments, while traveling 27 million miles over their 1024 orbits of the Earth. Behnken also completed 4 spacewalks with Chris Cassidy.[69]

### Undocking and return

NASA mission managers had evaluated additional sites off Panama City, Florida, Tallahassee, Tampa, and Daytona Beach to provide more options in the event of stormy tropical weather.[3] The United States Coast Guard advised against entering a 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) square defined in its Notices to Mariners for the hours leading up to splashdown noting "hazardous space operations" and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) restricted air traffic in the area in a NOTAM.[70]

Endeavour stayed docked to the ISS for 62 days, 9 hours and 8 minutes, undocking at 23:35 UTC on August 1, 2020.[71] At the time of undocking, Endeavour weighed approximately 12,520 kg (27,600 lb).[72] The capsule completed four departure burns to move away from the ISS, followed by a phasing burn lasting over six minutes to place the capsule on a trajectory to return to Earth. The crew was awakened on the final day of the flight with prerecorded voice messages from their sons. A yaw maneuver occurred at 17:51 to separate the "claw" umbilical mechanism from the trunk.[73]

The deorbit burn of 11 minutes and 22 seconds occurred shortly after 17:56 UTC. Just before reentry at 18:11 UTC, the nose cone was closed. Drogue chutes deployed at 18:44 UTC for approximately one minute, drawing out main parachute deployment approximately one minute later. A maximum of 4 g was experienced by Dragon capsule and its crew during the re-entry period.[73] Endeavour returned to Earth with 150 kg (330 lb) of cargo including 90 kg (200 lb) of science cargo, mostly kept in freezers.[74]

Sixty-three days, 23 hours, 25 minutes and 21 seconds after launch, at 18:48:06 UTC on August 2, 2020, Endeavour splashed down off the coast of Pensacola, Florida, marking the first splashdown in 45 years for NASA astronauts since the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, as well as the first splashdown of a crewed spacecraft in the Gulf of Mexico.[75][76][77][78][79] After splashdown, a crew in one fast boat approached the capsule, checking the air quality for any traces of highly toxic hypergolic propellant which could indicate a leak, while a crew in another fast boat collected the four parachutes which had disconnected from the capsule. While crews worked, many private boats entered the hazardous area defined by the Coast Guard despite earlier warnings. Some moving close to the capsule even passing between the capsule placing themselves and recovery crews themselves in danger. After radioed warnings, the boats dispersed to form a more distant ring around the capsule. The United States Coast Guard said in a statement later that evening that previous warnings were advisory in nature; the three patrol boats in the area were stationed within their jurisdiction and did not provide sufficient resources to board vessels interfering with the recovery. The statement added that they would be reviewing events with NASA and SpaceX.[70][73] Later SpaceX and NASA confirmed that their next mission will have a 16 km (9.9 mi) enforceable keep-out zone patrolled by the U.S. Coast Guard. There will be more boats to assist in enforcing the keep-out zone.[80][81]

The  missing name, with the assistance of a fast boat crew, attached to the capsule using a retracting A-frame device over the back to place the capsule on the "nest". The "nest" was then pulled further on board the ship where a 30-minute purge of the service section took place, as there were abnormally high levels of dinitrogen tetroxide detected around the capsule.[17][82] Hurley and Behnken were then greeted by crew aboard GO Navigator and were subsequently helped out of the capsule and onto stretchers where they were taken into the onboard medical facility, before taking a helicopter back to land.[73]

Post-flight analysis of the Dragon's heat shield revealed higher-than-expected erosion at four points where the capsule bolts to the trunk of the vehicle using tension ties. SpaceX stated that the erosion was likely caused by airflow phenomena that were not expected to occur around the ties. The heat shield design was changed to include more erosion-resistant materials at the ties.[80] One of four ties was noted to have deep erosion. Though it could not be determined why this was not seen during SpaceX Demo-1, Hans Koenigsmann speculated that it may be related to different masses and trajectories flown by the spacecraft.[83] In addition, SpaceX noted that the parachutes were deployed lower than expected, but still within the allowable range. To address the issue, the instrument used to measure barometric pressure which determines altitude was replaced.[80]

SpaceX Crew Dragon Demo-2 landing and recovery

* Crew Dragon Endeavour landing in the Gulf of Mexico on August 2, 2020.

* Support teams arrive in a fast boat at the SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour.

* Private boats coming close to a crew working on the capsule.

* Large numbers of private boats create a circle around the Endeavour capsule.

* Endeavour being loaded onto the "nest" on board GO Navigator.

* Behnken and Hurley inside Endeavour are greeted by SpaceX medical director Anil Menon on board GO Navigator.

### Timeline

Note: all times in UTC

* T+00:00:00 (19:22:45, May 30, 2020) – the Crew Dragon spacecraft launches from Launch Complex 39A at Cape Canaveral, Florida.[11][84]
* T+00:01:01 (19:23:46) – Max-Q[85]
* T+00:02:38 (19:25:23) – MECO[85]
* T+00:02:40 (19:25:25) – Stage separation of the Falcon 9.[85]
* T+00:08:50 (19:31:35) – SECO[85]
* T+00:12:08 (19:34:53) – Endeavour separates from the second stage.[85]
* T+17:54 (13:56, May 31, 2020) – Crew Dragon reaches Waypoint 1 for docking with the ISS.
* T+18:54 (14:16) – Initial soft docking with the ISS.
* T+19:05 (14:27) – Hard docking with the ISS.[5]
* T+21:39 (17:01) – Hatch opening.[6][66][67]
* T+21:59 (17:22) – Behnken and Hurley board the ISS.
* T+27 days (June 26, 2020) – First spacewalk.
* T+32 days (July 1, 2020) – Second spacewalk.
* T+47 days (July 16, 2020) – Third spacewalk.
* T+52 days (July 21, 2020) – Fourth spacewalk.
* T+63 days, 09:08 (23:35, August 1, 2020) – Undocking from ISS.
* T+63 days, 23:25:21 (18:48:06, August 2, 2020) – Capsule return to Earth, splashdown, mission ends.
* T+64 days, 00:36 (19:59, August 2, 2020) – Crew recovery by GO Navigator.

### Follow up mission of the capsule

Endeavour was refurbished and reused for the SpaceX Crew-2 mission that launched on April 23, 2021.[86] Alongside, Bob's seat of the Crew Dragon Endeavor is used by his wife, K. Megan McArthur in Crew-2 mission.[87] The intervening Crew Dragon mission, SpaceX Crew-1 SpaceX's first operational astronaut flight launched four Expedition 64 astronauts aboard Crew Dragon Resilience on November 16, 2020, at 00:27:17 UTC.[88]

## See also

* Boeing Crew Flight Test, Boeing's first crewed mission of its capsule
* SpaceX Dragon
* List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches
* Return to Space \- Netflix documentary about SpaceX and Demo-2 mission

## Notes

1. ↑ This mission has multiple official names. Mission operator SpaceX refers to the mission as "Crew Demo-2",[7] while customer NASA refers to the mission as "SpaceX Demo-2",[8][9] and the United States Space Force refers to the mission as "Dragon Crew Demo-2".[10] Unless otherwise noted, this article uses "Demo-2" to refer this mission

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Heiney, Anna (July 23, 2020). "Top 10 Things to Know for NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 Return". https://www.nasa.gov/feature/top-10-things-to-know-for-nasa-s-spacex-demo-2-return. "At the time of undock, Dragon Endeavour and its trunk weigh approximately 27,600 pounds" This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Crew Dragon SpX-DM2". Spacefacts. http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/dragon_spx-dm2.htm.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Astronauts gear up for spacewalks amid planning for August Crew Dragon return". Spaceflight Now. June 24, 2020. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/06/24/astronauts-gear-up-for-friday-spacewalk-amid-planning-for-early-august-crew-dragon-return/.
4. ↑ Navin, Joseph (May 2, 2020). "NASA, SpaceX enters the critical month of May on track to end the gap". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/05/nasa-spacex-may-track-end-gap/.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Crew Dragon Docks to Space Station". NASA. May 31, 2020. https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2020/05/31/crew-dragon-docks-to-space-station/. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Grush, Loren (May 31, 2020). "SpaceX's Crew Dragon successfully docks with the space station". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/31/21271269/spacex-docking-iss-crew-dragon-nasa-success.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "SpaceX launches: DEMO-2 LAUNCH". SpaceX. May 26, 2020. https://www.spacex.com/launches/.
8. ↑ Mclendon, Tori (May 23, 2020). "NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 Astronauts Rehearse for Launch Day". NASA. https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2020/05/23/nasas-spacex-demo-2-astronauts-rehearse-for-launch-day/. "...ahead of NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 mission [...] favorable weather conditions for the SpaceX Demo-2 mission This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain."
9. ↑ Cawley, James (May 25, 2020). "NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 "Go" for Liftoff Wednesday After Today's Launch Readiness Review". https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2020/05/25/nasas-spacex-demo-2-go-for-liftoff-wednesday-after-todays-launch-readiness-review/. "...in advance of NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 flight test [...] NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 mission passed its final major review today..." This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
10. ↑ "Launch Mission Execution Forecast". May 28, 2020. https://www.patrick.af.mil/About-Us/Weather/. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Wattles, Jackie (May 27, 2020). "Next attempt: Saturday at 3:22 pm EDT". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/business/live-news/spacex-launch-today#h_861f6a0693fa4333d5e029693e3669d5.
12. ↑ "Upcoming Missions". SpaceX Now. https://spacexnow.com/upcoming.php.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "SpaceX Speeding Astronauts to Space Station in Landmark Trip". Bloomberg News. May 30, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-30/spacex-set-to-retry-historic-rocket-launch-after-weather-delay.
14. ↑ Etherington, Darrell (May 1, 2020). "SpaceX and NASA break down what their historic first astronaut mission will look like". Techcrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2020/05/01/spacex-and-nasa-break-down-what-their-historic-first-astronaut-mission-will-look-like/.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Clark, Stephen (April 17, 2020). "NASA, SpaceX set May 27 as target date for first crew launch". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/17/nasa-spacex-set-may-27-as-target-date-for-first-crew-launch/.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "NASA DM-2". https://www.nasa.gov/specials/dm2/. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Foust, Jeff (August 2, 2020). "Crew Dragon splashes down to end successful test flight". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/crew-dragon-splashes-down-to-end-successful-test-flight/.
18. ↑ Oberhaus, Daniel (May 30, 2020). "SpaceX Launched Two Astronauts – Changing Spaceflight Forever". Wired (magazine). https://www.wired.com/story/spacex-launched-two-astronauts-changing-spaceflight-forever.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Kessenides, Dimitra (May 27, 2020). "SpaceX's First Crewed Flight: What you need to know". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/storythreads/2020-05-22/spacex-s-first-crewed-flight.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lewis, Marie (August 3, 2018). "Meet the Astronauts Flying SpaceX's Demo-2". https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2018/08/03/meet-the-astronauts-flying-spacexs-demo-2/. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
21. ↑ Stimac, Valerie. "NASA Announces First Astronaut Test Flight Date Aboard SpaceX Crew Dragon". https://www.forbes.com/sites/valeriestimac/2020/04/17/nasa-announces-first-astronaut-test-flight-date-aboard-spacex-crew-dragon/.
22. ↑ Moran, Norah (May 21, 2020). "Ep 145: SpaceX Demo-2". https://www.nasa.gov/johnson/HWHAP/spacex-demo-2. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
23. ↑ Mosher, Dave (April 17, 2020). "NASA and SpaceX plan to launch the first astronauts from U.S. soil in nearly a decade on 27 May 2020 – Business Insider Singapore". https://www.businessinsider.sg/nasa-spacex-astronaut-launch-date-time-commercial-crew-dragon-4.
24. ↑ Murray, Robb. "Mankato native designed patch for upcoming NASA mission to the International Space Station". https://www.mankatofreepress.com/news/lifestyles/mankato-native-designed-patch-for-upcoming-nasa-mission-to-the/article_6006ed9e-0427-11ea-a9e7-63196804a071.html.
25. ↑ "Astronauts debut mission patch for SpaceX Dragon crewed flight test | collectSPACE". http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-101119a-spacex-crew-dragon-demo2-patch.html.
26. ↑ Dunbar, Brian (March 31, 2020). "The Worm is Back!". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/the-worm-is-back. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
27. ↑ "NASA rolls out "Launch America" campaign". CNN. KCBD. May 8, 2020. https://www.kcbd.com/2020/05/08/nasa-rolls-out-launch-america-campaign/.
28. ↑ "Launch America: NASA and SpaceX Demo-2 Test Flight". U.S. Mission to International Organizations in Vienna. May 20, 2020. https://vienna.usmission.gov/launch-america-nasa-and-spacex-demo-2-test-flight/. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
29. ↑ "All systems go for launch after final Crew Dragon readiness review". Spaceflight Now. May 25, 2020. https://www.24live.co/live/U1Xgj?n=2529849169739512966.
30. ↑ "NASA's Commercial Crew Program Target Test Flight Dates". February 6, 2019. https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/nasa-partners-update-commercial-crew-launch-dates/. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
31. ↑ Baylor, Michael (April 20, 2019). "SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft suffers an anomaly during static fire testing at Cape Canaveral". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/spacexs-crew-dragon-spacecraft-anomaly-static-fire-testing/.
32. ↑ Berger, Eric (May 2, 2019). "Dragon was destroyed just before the firing of its SuperDraco thrusters". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/05/dragon-was-destroyed-just-before-the-firing-of-its-superdraco-thrusters/.
33. ↑ "Faulty valve blamed for Crew Dragon test accident". SpaceNews. July 15, 2019. https://spacenews.com/faulty-valve-blamed-for-crew-dragon-test-accident/.
34. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "Live coverage: SpaceX successfully performs Crew Dragon abort test". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/01/17/falcon-9-crew-dragon-in-flight-abort-test-mission-status-center/.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Clark, Stephen. "Bridenstine says Crew Dragon could launch with astronauts at end of May". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/13/bridenstine-says-crew-dragon-could-launch-with-astronauts-at-end-of-may/.
36. ↑ "Citing coronavirus, NASA urges public not to travel for launch of astronauts". Spaceflight Now. April 24, 2020. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/24/citing-coronavirus-concerns-nasa-discourages-public-from-attending-launch-of-astronauts/.
37. ↑ Wall, Mike (May 2020). "SpaceX aces final parachute test ahead of historic May 27 crew launch". https://www.space.com/spacex-final-parachute-test-crew-dragon.html.
38. ↑ "The Mission NASA Doesn't Want to Postpone". April 13, 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/04/spacex-nasa-coronavirus-astronauts/609871/.
39. ↑ "Rocket Launch: May 30, 2020". May 27, 2020. https://www.kennedyspacecenter.com/launches-and-events/events-calendar/2020/may/rocket-launch-commercial-crew-spacex. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
40. ↑ "Hey, Class of 2020! SpaceX and NASA want to launch your photo on historic Dragon flight". May 15, 2020. https://www.space.com/spaceX-launching-class-2020-photos-mosaic-demo-2-dragon.html.
41. ↑ Clark, Stephen (May 22, 2020). "NASA confirms May 27 as crew launch date; SpaceX test-fires rocket". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/20/falcon-9-crew-dragon-demo-2-launch-preps/.
42. ↑ Chelsea Gohd (May 27, 2020). "For the astronauts on SpaceX's Crew Dragon, space travel is all in the (NASA) family". https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-astronauts-nasa-family-demo-2.html.
43. ↑ Bogage, Jacob; Davenport, Christian (May 27, 2020). "SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket launch is scrubbed due to weather". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/27/spacex-launch-live-updates/.
44. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (May 27, 2020). "SpaceX crew launch Wednesday: Launch is postponed, NASA to try again Saturday". https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/27/spacex-demo-2-launch-of-nasa-astronauts-live-updates.html.
45. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (May 30, 2020). "SpaceX Lifts NASA Astronauts to Orbit, Launching New Era of Spaceflight". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/30/science/spacex-nasa-astronauts.html.
46. ↑ Wattles, Jackie (May 30, 2020). "SpaceX Falcon 9 launches two NASA astronauts into the space". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/30/tech/spacex-nasa-launch-astronauts-scn/index.html.
47. ↑ "Launch Mission Execution Forecast". May 30, 2020. https://www.patrick.af.mil/About-Us/Weather/. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Stormy weather delays Crew Dragon launch to Saturday". May 27, 2020. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/27/stormy-weather-delays-crew-dragon-launch-to-saturday/.
49. ↑ WRAL (May 28, 2020). "How a coffee can sized weather instrument kept SpaceX on the ground". https://www.wral.com/how-a-coffee-can-sized-weather-instrument-kept-spacex-on-the-ground/19118421/.
50. ↑ "Upcoming Spaceflight Events". http://nextspaceflight.com/events/.
51. ↑ Potter, Sean (April 20, 2020). "NASA to Host Preview Briefings for First Crew Launch with SpaceX". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-to-host-preview-briefings-interviews-for-first-crew-launch-with-spacex. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
52. ↑ "SpaceX Crew Dragon Demo-2 Key Launch Information". https://www.launch360.space/demo2.
53. ↑ Clark, Stephen (May 22, 2020). "Trump to visit Kennedy Space Center for crew launch". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/22/trump-plans-to-be-at-the-kennedy-space-center-for-crew-launch/.
54. ↑ "Trump hails SpaceX's 1st astronaut launch success for NASA". May 31, 2020. https://www.space.com/trump-hails-spacex-astronaut-launch-demo-2.html.
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "SpaceX, NASA make history by launching astronauts from US soil". May 30, 2020. https://www.9news.com/article/tech/spacex-lifts-off-1st-historic-nasa-astronaut-launch-crew-dragon/507-e1c66531-065f-4f34-a675-3103498b1815.
56. ↑ Gohd, Chelsea (May 28, 2020). "SpaceX's historic astronaut launch try draws huge crowds despite NASA warnings". Space.com. https://www.space.com/spacex-demo-2-astronaut-launch-big-crowds-nasa-warnings.html.
57. ↑ Clark, Stephen (June 12, 2020). "Astronauts say riding Falcon 9 rocket was "totally different" from the space shuttle" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/06/12/astronauts-say-riding-falcon-9-rocket-was-totally-different-from-the-space-shuttle/.
58. ↑ Clark, Stephen (May 23, 2020). "Astronauts have a surprise name for their Crew Dragon spacecraft". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/23/astronauts-have-a-surprise-name-for-their-crew-dragon-spacecraft/.
59. ↑ "NASA astronauts launch from U.S. soil for first time in nine years". https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/27/falcon-9-crew-dragon-demo-2-mission-status-center/.
60. ↑ "Jonathan's Space Report – Latest Issue". https://www.planet4589.org/latest.html.
61. ↑ "NASA Live: Official Stream of NASA TV". NASA. May 31, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21X5lGlDOfg. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
62. ↑ Griggs, Mary Beth (May 30, 2020). "A cute stuffed dinosaur hitched a ride on SpaceX's historic launch". https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/30/21272222/spacex-launch-toy-stuffed-animal-dinosaur-zero-g-indicator.
63. ↑ Bartels, Meghan (May 31, 2020). "SpaceX's 1st Crew Dragon with astronauts to dock at space station today. Here's how to watch.". https://www.space.com/spacex-demo-2-astronauts-space-station-docking-webcast.html.
64. ↑ "Chronology of Wakeup Calls". NASA. August 2, 2005. https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup.htm. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
65. ↑ "Dragon docks at International Space Station 19 hours after NASA-SpaceX launch". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/dragon-docks-international-space-station-19-hours-nasa/story?id=70980406.
66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 "NASA astronauts aboard the International Space Station after Dragon capsule successfully docks". May 31, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/31/spacex-nasa-docking-international-space-station/.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Wattles, Jackie (May 31, 2020). "Second hatch opens as Crew Dragon astronauts arrive at International Space Station". Warner Media. https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/31/tech/crew-dragon-docks-with-space-station-scn/index.html.
68. ↑ "SpaceX and NASA set to launch astronauts after weather all-clear". Express & Star. May 30, 2020. https://www.expressandstar.com/news/uk-news/2020/05/30/spacex-and-nasa-set-to-launch-astronauts-after-weather-all-clear/.
69. ↑ "NASA Astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley's Scientific Journeys aboard the Space Station". NASA. July 30, 2020. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/behnken-hurley-science-scrapbook. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 WRAL (August 4, 2020). "Boating dangers in SpaceX splashdown area". https://www.wral.com/boating-dangers-in-spacex-splashdown-area/19219148/.
71. ↑ "SpaceX Crew Dragon astronauts undock for historic Sunday splashdown". August 2020. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/crew-dragon-return-astronauts-pack-for-historic-undocking-and-splashdown/.
72. ↑ Heiney, Anna (July 23, 2020). "Top 10 Things to Know for NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 Return". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/feature/top-10-things-to-know-for-nasa-s-spacex-demo-2-return. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 Bogage, Jacob; Davenport, Christian (August 3, 2020). "NASA astronauts aboard SpaceX's Crew Dragon capsule splash down in the Gulf of Mexico". https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/08/02/spacex-return-updates/.
74. ↑ "SpaceX Crew Dragon undocks from space station to bring NASA astronauts home for 1st time". August 2, 2020. https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-demo-2-astronauts-undocking.html.
75. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (August 2, 2020). "SpaceX's Crew Dragon splashes down in the Gulf of Mexico, completing a historic NASA mission". https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/02/spacex-crew-dragon-splashes-down-to-complete-historic-nasa-mission.html.
76. ↑ "NASA confirms SpaceX Crew Dragon will splashdown in Pensacola". August 2020. https://www.wkrg.com/northwest-florida/nasa-confirms-spacex-crew-dragon-will-splashdown-in-pensacola/.
77. ↑ "NASA's SpaceX Demo-2: Weather Remains "GO" for Return, Live Coverage Tomorrow". July 31, 2020. https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2020/07/31/nasas-spacex-demo-2-weather-remains-go-for-return-live-coverage-tomorrow/#:~:text=Undocking remains scheduled for approximately,42 p.m. EDT on Sunday. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
78. ↑ "Top 10 Things to Know for NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 Return". July 23, 2020. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/top-10-things-to-know-for-nasa-s-spacex-demo-2-return. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
79. ↑ "SpaceX twitter update". https://twitter.com/SpaceX/status/1289619914945253379.
80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 Foust, Jeff (September 29, 2020). "NASA and SpaceX wrapping up certification of Crew Dragon". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-and-spacex-wrapping-up-certification-of-crew-dragon/.
81. ↑ McFall-Johnsen, Morgan (October 1, 2020). "SpaceX has a new plan to keep boats away during its next astronaut landing – a response to the unsafe crowd it faced last time". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-nasa-plan-keep-boats-away-from-next-spaceship-landing-2020-9.
82. ↑ Neal, Mihir; Gebhardt, Chris (August 2, 2020). "Demo-2 safely returns Bob and Doug to Earth to conclude historic start to new Commercial Era". nasaspaceflight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/demo2-splashdown-in-gulf/.
83. ↑ Morgan, McFall-Johnsen (September 29, 2020). "SpaceX found unexpected 'erosion' on its spaceship's heat shield after its first NASA astronaut mission, so it revamped the system". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-nasa-crew-dragon-heat-shield-erosion-2020-9.
84. ↑ O'Callaghan, Jonathan. "SpaceX Makes History With First-Ever Human Rocket Launch For NASA". https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanocallaghan/2020/05/30/spacex-makes-history-with-first-ever-human-rocket-launch-for-nasa/.
85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 NASA (May 30, 2020). Making History: NASA and SpaceX Launch Astronauts to Space! (YouTube). Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
86. ↑ Clark, Stephen (August 31, 2020). "Launch Schedule". https://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/.
87. ↑ "Megan to reuse Bob's demo-2 seat in crew-2 mission". April 20, 2020. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/20/international-crew-recycled-capsule-spacex-prepares-to-launch.
88. ↑ "Astronauts fly with SpaceX in landmark launch for commercial spaceflight". Spaceflight Now. November 16, 2020. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/11/16/astronauts-ride-spacex-crew-capsule-in-landmark-launch-for-commercial-spaceflight/.

## External links

* Live transmission of launch on NASA TV
* In-orbit footage on YouTube
* Commercial Crew Press Kit

### Extended video series from SpaceX

#### Launch, coast, approach, and docking

* Crew Demo 2 (Launch) on YouTube
* Crew Demo 2 (Coast) on YouTube
* Crew Demo 2 (Approach and Docking) on YouTube

#### Departure, return coast, and splashdown

* Crew Demo 2 Departure on YouTube
* Crew Demo 2 Return Coast Phase on YouTube
* Crew Demo 2 Splashdown on YouTube

* v
* t
* e

Human spaceflights to the International Space Station

See also: {{ISS expeditions}}, {{Uncrewed ISS flights}}

1998–2004|

* 1998
* STS-88
* 1999
* STS-96
* 2000
* STS-101
* 106
* 92
* Soyuz TM-31
* STS-97
* 2001
* STS-98
* 102
* 100
* Soyuz TM-32
* STS-104
* 105
* Soyuz TM-33
* STS-108
* 2002
* STS-110
* Soyuz TM-34
* STS-111
* 112
* Soyuz TMA-1
* STS-113
* 2003
* Soyuz TMA-2
* TMA-3
* 2004
* Soyuz TMA-4
* TMA-5

2005–2009|

* 2005
* Soyuz TMA-6
* STS-114
* Soyuz TMA-7
* 2006
* Soyuz TMA-8
* STS-121
* 115
* Soyuz TMA-9
* STS-116
* 2007
* Soyuz TMA-10
* STS-117
* 118
* Soyuz TMA-11
* STS-120
* 2008
* STS-122
* 123
* Soyuz TMA-12
* STS-124
* Soyuz TMA-13
* STS-126
* 2009
* STS-119
* Soyuz TMA-14
* TMA-15
* STS-127
* 128
* Soyuz TMA-16
* STS-129
* Soyuz TMA-17

2010–2014|

* 2010
* STS-130
* Soyuz TMA-18
* STS-131
* 132
* Soyuz TMA-19
* TMA-01M
* TMA-20
* 2011
* STS-133
* Soyuz TMA-21
* STS-134
* Soyuz TMA-02M
* STS-135
* Soyuz TMA-22
* TMA-03M
* 2012
* Soyuz TMA-04M
* TMA-05M
* TMA-06M
* TMA-07M
* 2013
* Soyuz TMA-08M
* TMA-09M
* TMA-10M
* TMA-11M
* 2014
* Soyuz TMA-12M
* TMA-13M
* TMA-14M
* TMA-15M

2015–2019|

* 2015
* Soyuz TMA-16M
* TMA-17M
* TMA-18M
* TMA-19M
* 2016
* Soyuz TMA-20M
* MS-01
* MS-02
* MS-03
* 2017
* Soyuz MS-04
* MS-05
* MS-06
* MS-07
* 2018
* Soyuz MS-08
* MS-09
* MS-10†
* MS-11
* 2019
* Soyuz MS-12
* MS-13
* MS-15

2020–2024|

* 2020
* Soyuz MS-16
* Crew Dragon Demo-2
* Boeing Crewed Flight Test
* USCV-1
* Soyuz MS-17
* USCV-2
* 2021
* USCV-3

Individuals|

* List of ISS visitors
* crew

Vehicles|

* Past
* Space Shuttle
* Present
* Soyuz
* Future
* NASA CCDev
* Boeing CST-100 Starliner
* Dragon 2
* Orel

Ongoing spaceflights in bold |

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Life timeline

This box: view * talk * edit

-4500 --

-4000 --

-3500 --

-3000 --

-2500 --

-2000 --

-1500 --

-1000 --

-500 --

0 --

white;">water

Single-celled
life

green;">photosynthesis

Eukaryotes

Multicellular
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white;">Arthropods white;">Molluscs</span>]]

white;">Plants

Dinosaurs

Mammals

Flowers

Birds

Primates

Earth (−4540)

Earliest water

Earliest life

Earliest oxygen

Atmospheric oxygen

Oxygen crisis

Sexual reproduction

Earliest plants

Ediacara biota

Cambrian explosion

Tetrapoda

Earliest apes

black;">Pongola

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(See also: Human timeline, and Nature timeline.)

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Templates using the classes `class=navbox` ({{navbox}}) or `class=nomobile` ({{sidebar}}) are not displayed in article space on the mobile web site of English Wikipedia. Mobile page views accounted for 60% to 70% of all page views from 2020 through 2025. Briefly, these templates are not included in articles because 1) they are not well designed for mobile, and 2) they significantly increase page sizes--bad for mobile downloads--in a way that is not useful for the mobile use case. You can review/watch phab:T124168 for further discussion.

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Chambers, Robert; Thomson, Thomas Napier (1857). "[[s:A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen/|]]". A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. {{{1}}}Polish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Malagasy pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Japanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Armenian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Czech pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]∶Manx pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/full/{{{1}}}/0 Alemannic German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tagalog pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]French pronunciation: ​[{{{1}}}]Error: Invalid time. In progressPalomares, M. L. D. and Pauly, D., eds. (2011). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in SeaLifeBase. April 2011 version.Turkish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Finnish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in FishBase. April 2006 version.

|- | ... | — | — | — | — | — | —

|-Old Norse pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Salish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Basque pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | UnreleasedNorwegian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"., {{{year}}} (aged {{{4}}})Hungarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Quechua pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Punjabi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Afrikaans pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Romanian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hebrew pronunciation: [{{{1}}}][INVALID OR MISSING PARAMETER IN TEMPLATE Crew Dragon Demo-2]Uto-Aztecan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tamil pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindustani pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Swedish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kazakh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

* v
* t
* e

Microsoft security products

Numbers in brackets are the years of the initial release of the product.

For Windows|

* Windows Firewall [2001]
* Baseline Security Analyzer [2004]
* Malicious Software Removal Tool [2005]
* Windows Defender [2006]
* Microsoft SmartScreen [2006]
* Microsoft Security Essentials [2009]
* Microsoft Safety Scanner [2011]

For Windows Server|

* Exchange Online Protection [2007]
* System Center Data Protection Manager [2007]
* Identity Manager [2010]

Discontinued|

* MSAV [1993]
* Threat Management Gateway [1997]
* OneCare Safety Scanner [2006]
* Unified Access Gateway [2007]
* Windows Live OneCare [2006]
* RootkitRevealer [2006]
* Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit [2009]

Related topics|

* Data Execution Prevention
* Kernel Patch Protection
* Mandatory Integrity Control
* MS Antivirus (malware)
* User Account Control

Lao pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tibetan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Khmer pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na" | —`{{{1}}}`Welsh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}] Partially doneAthabaskan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Māori pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]IPA: [{{{1}}}]Bulgarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Korean pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Icelandic pronunciation: ​[{{{1}}}]Sanskrit pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Bengali pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Indonesian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]CROSBI {{{1}}} Future spaceflights in italics

This page may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings.

|

Slovene pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Thai pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Neukirch, Jürgen; Schmidt, Alexander; Wingberg, Kay (2000), Cohomology of Number Fields, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 323, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-66671-4 Template:EscapePersian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{| class="wikitable" width="100%"

! rowspan="3" colspan="2" width="14%" style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Date/Time (UTC) ! Configuration ! Serial number ! Launch site ! Outcome |-

|style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Payload |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Separation orbit |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Operator |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Function |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#e4dfdf;border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Remarks |-

Parameter 1=time required!

Documentation[view] [edit] [history] [purge]

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This is a navigational template created using {{navbox}}. It can be transcluded on pages by placing `{{Crew Dragon Demo-2}}` below the standard article appendices.

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Templates using the classes `class=navbox` ({{navbox}}) or `class=nomobile` ({{sidebar}}) are not displayed in article space on the mobile web site of English Wikipedia. Mobile page views accounted for 60% to 70% of all page views from 2020 through 2025. Briefly, these templates are not included in articles because 1) they are not well designed for mobile, and 2) they significantly increase page sizes--bad for mobile downloads--in a way that is not useful for the mobile use case. You can review/watch phab:T124168 for further discussion.

## TemplateData

A navigational box that can be placed at the bottom of articles.

Template parameters[Edit template data]

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Check completeness of transclusions

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Hawaiian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Dutch pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Belarusian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Catalan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}Mongolian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Javanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]N Not doneLatin pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

| rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" |

| style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" |

Vietnamese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

Life timeline

This box: view * talk * edit

-4500 --

-4000 --

-3500 --

-3000 --

-2500 --

-2000 --

-1500 --

-1000 --

-500 --

0 --

white;">water

Single-celled
life

green;">photosynthesis

Eukaryotes

Multicellular
life

white;">Arthropods white;">Molluscs</span>]]

white;">Plants

Dinosaurs

Mammals

Flowers

Birds

Primates

Earth (−4540)

Earliest water

Earliest life

Earliest oxygen

Atmospheric oxygen

Oxygen crisis

Sexual reproduction

Earliest plants

Ediacara biota

Cambrian explosion

Tetrapoda

Earliest apes

black;">Pongola

black;">Huronian

black;">Cryogenian

black;">Andean

black;">Karoo

black;">Quaternary

black;">Ice Ages

Clickable

(million years ago)

(See also: Human timeline, and Nature timeline.)

Piedmontese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Slovak pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]text-align: auto;Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"./Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{". (age Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{".–Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{".)Occitan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | VariesHejazi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Spanish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Portuguese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Irish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Mayan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Nahuatl pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kyrgyz pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Ukrainian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Burmese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Y Done To doRussian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Greek pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]YDanish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Northern Sami pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Mandarin pronunciation: [{{{ipa}}}]Cantonese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Entry from Crew Dragon Demo-2 from TCI Europe, retrieved on {{{Date}}}

Documentation[view] [edit] [history] [purge]

| This template does not display in the mobile view of Wikipedia; it is desktop only. See Template:Navbox visibility for a brief explanation.

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This is a navigational template created using {{navbox}}. It can be transcluded on pages by placing `{{Crew Dragon Demo-2}}` below the standard article appendices.

## Initial visibility

This template's initial visibility currently defaults to `autocollapse`, meaning that if there is another collapsible item on the page (a navbox, sidebar, or table with the collapsible attribute), it is hidden apart from its title bar; if not, it is fully visible.

To change this template's initial visibility, the `|state=` parameter may be used:

* `{{Crew Dragon Demo-2|state=collapsed}}` will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar.
* `{{Crew Dragon Demo-2|state=expanded}}` will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.

Templates using the classes `class=navbox` ({{navbox}}) or `class=nomobile` ({{sidebar}}) are not displayed in article space on the mobile web site of English Wikipedia. Mobile page views accounted for 60% to 70% of all page views from 2020 through 2025. Briefly, these templates are not included in articles because 1) they are not well designed for mobile, and 2) they significantly increase page sizes--bad for mobile downloads--in a way that is not useful for the mobile use case. You can review/watch phab:T124168 for further discussion.

## TemplateData

A navigational box that can be placed at the bottom of articles.

Template parameters[Edit template data]

Parameter| Description| Type| Status

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State| `state`|

The initial visibility of the navbox

Suggested values
`collapsed` `expanded` `autocollapse`
| String| suggested

The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Navbox documentation. (edit | history)

Chambers, Robert; Thomson, Thomas Napier (1857). "[[s:A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen/|]]". A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. {{{1}}}Polish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Malagasy pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Japanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Armenian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Czech pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]∶Manx pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/full/{{{1}}}/0 Alemannic German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tagalog pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]French pronunciation: ​[{{{1}}}]Error: Invalid time. In progressPalomares, M. L. D. and Pauly, D., eds. (2011). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in SeaLifeBase. April 2011 version.Turkish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Finnish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in FishBase. April 2006 version.

|- | ... | — | — | — | — | — | —

|-Old Norse pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Salish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Basque pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | UnreleasedNorwegian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"., {{{year}}} (aged {{{4}}})Hungarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Quechua pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Punjabi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Afrikaans pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Romanian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hebrew pronunciation: [{{{1}}}][INVALID OR MISSING PARAMETER IN TEMPLATE Crew Dragon Demo-2]Uto-Aztecan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tamil pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindustani pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Swedish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kazakh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

* v
* t
* e

Microsoft security products

Numbers in brackets are the years of the initial release of the product.

For Windows|

* Windows Firewall [2001]
* Baseline Security Analyzer [2004]
* Malicious Software Removal Tool [2005]
* Windows Defender [2006]
* Microsoft SmartScreen [2006]
* Microsoft Security Essentials [2009]
* Microsoft Safety Scanner [2011]

For Windows Server|

* Exchange Online Protection [2007]
* System Center Data Protection Manager [2007]
* Identity Manager [2010]

Discontinued|

* MSAV [1993]
* Threat Management Gateway [1997]
* OneCare Safety Scanner [2006]
* Unified Access Gateway [2007]
* Windows Live OneCare [2006]
* RootkitRevealer [2006]
* Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit [2009]

Related topics|

* Data Execution Prevention
* Kernel Patch Protection
* Mandatory Integrity Control
* MS Antivirus (malware)
* User Account Control

Lao pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tibetan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Khmer pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na" | —`{{{1}}}`Welsh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}] Partially doneAthabaskan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Māori pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]IPA: [{{{1}}}]Bulgarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Korean pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Icelandic pronunciation: ​[{{{1}}}]Sanskrit pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Bengali pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Indonesian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]CROSBI {{{1}}} † - mission failed to reach ISS

* v
* t
* e

Dragon / Dragon 2 spaceflights

Past missions|

* Demo Flight 1 (Dec 2010)
* Demo Flight 2 (May 2012)
* CRS-1 (Oct 2012)
* CRS-2 (Mar 2013)
* CRS-3 (Apr 2014)
* CRS-4 (Sep 2014; on C106)
* CRS-5 (Jan 2015)
* CRS-6 (Apr 2015)
* CRS-7† (Jun 2015)
* CRS-8 (Apr 2016)
* CRS-9 (Jul 2016)
* CRS-10 (Feb 2017)
* CRS-11 (Jun 2017; on C106)
* CRS-12 (Aug 2017)
* CRS-13 (Dec 2017)
* CRS-14 (Apr 2018)
* CRS-15 (Jun 2018)
* CRS-16 (Dec 2018)
* Crew Dragon Demo-1 (Mar 2019)
* CRS-17 (May 2019)
* CRS-18 (Jul 2019)
* CRS-19 (Dec 2019)

Future missions|

* Crew Dragon Demo-2 (Q1 2020)
* CRS-20 (Mar 2020)
* USCV-1 (May 2020)

See also|

* Falcon 9
* launches
* Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
* Commercial Resupply Services
* Uncrewed spaceflights to the ISS

* Signs † indicate launch failures.

* v
* t
* e

SpaceX rocket launches

SpaceX launch vehicles|

* Falcon 1
* Falcon 9
* v1.0
* v1.1
* Full Thrust
* Block 5
* Falcon Heavy

Falcon 1 missions|

* Demo 1† (FalconSAT-2)
* Demo 2†
* Flight 3†
* Trailblazer
* PRESat
* NanoSail-D
* Explorers
* Ratsat
* RazakSAT

Falcon 9 missions|

| Demonstration flights|

* Dragon Spacecraft Qualification Unit
* NASA COTS Demo Flight 1
* Dragon C2+
* Crew Dragon Demo-1
* Crew Dragon in-flight abort test

|

Dragon ISS logistics|

* CRS-1
* CRS-2
* CRS-3
* CRS-4
* CRS-5
* CRS-6
* CRS-7†
* CRS-8
* CRS-9
* CRS-10
* CRS-11
* CRS-12
* CRS-13
* CRS-14
* CRS-15
* CRS-16
* CRS-17
* CRS-18
* CRS-19
* CRS-20
* CRS-21
* CRS-22
* (missions contracted up to CRS-26)

Dragon 2 crewed missions|

* Crew Dragon Demo-2
* USCV-1
* Bigelow Crew 1

Commercial satellites|

* SES-8
* Thaicom 6
* Orbcomm OG2 × 6
* AsiaSat 8
* AsiaSat 6
* ABS-3A / Eutelsat 115 West B
* TürkmenÄlem 52°E
* Orbcomm OG2 × 11
* SES-9
* JCSAT-14
* Thaicom 8
* ABS-2A / Eutelsat 117 West B
* JCSAT-16
* Amos-6†
* Iridium NEXT 1–10
* EchoStar 23
* SES-10
* Inmarsat-5 F4
* BulgariaSat-1
* Iridium NEXT 11–20
* Intelsat 35e
* Iridium NEXT 21–30
* SES-11
* Koreasat 5A
* Iridium NEXT 31–40
* Hispasat 30W-6
* Iridium NEXT 41–50
* Bangabandhu-1
* Iridium NEXT 51–55
* SES-12
* Telstar 19V
* Iridium NEXT 56–65
* Telkom 4 (Merah Putih)
* Telstar 18V
* Es'hail 2
* SSO-A
* Iridium NEXT 66–75
* Nusantara Satu \+ Beresheet
* Amos 17
* JCSAT-18
* SXM 7
* SXM 8
* Türksat 5A

Scientific satellites|

* CASSIOPE
* DSCOVR
* Jason-3
* Formosat-5
* TESS
* GRACE-FO
* SAOCOM 1A
* RADARSAT Constellation
* SAOCOM 1B
* Hakuto-R
* Jason-CS
* KPLO
* DART

Military satellites|

* NROL-76
* X-37B OTV-5
* Zuma
* SES-16 / GovSat-1
* Paz
* GPS IIIA-01
* ANASIS-II
* GPS IIIA-03
* GPS IIIA-04
* GPS IIIA-05
* SARah 1
* GPS IIIA-06
* SARah 2/3

Starlink constellation|

* 2019
* Starlink group 0
* 1
* 2020
* Starlink group 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9

Rideshares|

* 2021
* Mission 1
* 2022
* Mission 2
* 2023
* Mission 3

Falcon Heavy missions|

* Test flight
* Tesla Roadster
* Arabsat-6A
* USAF STP-2
* DSX
* FormoSat-7
* LightSail 2
* GPIM
* DSAC
* ISAT
* AFSPC-44
* AFSPC-52
* ViaSat-3 class

* Italics indicate future missions and vehicles under development. † denotes failed missions and destroyed vehicles.

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launches in 2020

January|

* Starlink 2 (60 satellites)
* TJSW-5
* Jilin-1 Kuanfu-01, ÑuSat 7, 8, Tianqi-5
* Yinhe-1 / GS-SparkSat-03 / Galaxy-1
* Eutelsat Konnect, GSAT-30
* Starlink 3 (60 satellites)
* NROL-151

February|

* OneWeb × 34
* IGS-Optical 7
* Zafar 1†
* Solar Orbiter
* Cygnus NG-13
* Starlink 4 (60 satellites)
* JCSAT-17, GEO-KOMPSAT-2B
* XJS-C, D, E, F
* Meridian-M 9

March|

* SpaceX CRS-20
* BeiDou-3 G2Q
* Xinjishu Yanzheng-6
* GLONASS-M 760
* Starlink 5 (60 satellites)
* OneWeb × 34
* Yaogan 30-06 01, 02, 03
* AEHF-6

April|

* Soyuz MS-16
* Nusantara Dua†
* Noor
* Starlink 6 (60 satellites)
* Progress MS-14

May|

* Chinese next-generation crewed spacecraft / Flexible Inflatable Cargo Return Module
* Xingyun-2 01, 02
* X-37B OTV-6 / FalconSAT-8
* HTV-9
* EKS-4
* LauncherOne†,
* Starshine 4†
* XJS-G, XJS-H
* Crew Dragon Demo-2

June|

* Starlink 7 (60 satellites)
* Starlink 8 (58 satellites)

July|

* Progress MS-15

August|

* Starlink 9 (57 satellites)
* Starlink 10 (58 satellites)

September|

* Vega VV16 (65 satellites)
* Starlink 11 (60 satellites)

October|

* Cygnus NG-14
* Soyuz MS-17
* Starlink 12 (60 satellites)
* Starlink 13 (60 satellites)
* Starlink 14 (60 satellites)

November|

* SpaceX Crew-1
* Chang'e 5
* Vega VV17†,
* SEOSat-Ingenio†, TARANIS†
* Starlink 15 (60 satellites)

December|

* SpaceX CRS-21

Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Cubesats are smaller.
Crewed flights are bolded. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in brackets).

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