Demand controlled ventilation

Short description: Feedback control method to maintain indoor air quality

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) is a feedback control method to maintain indoor air quality that automatically adjusts the ventilation rate provided to a space in response to changes in conditions such as occupant number or indoor pollutant concentration. The most common indoor pollutants monitored in DCV systems are carbon dioxide and humidity.[1] This control strategy is mainly intended to reduce the energy used by heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems compared to those of buildings that use open-loop controls with constant ventilation rates. Local sensors and monitoring systems are making a cautious start with filling the void in the human sensory system to assess the ventilation performance. Where the occupants do not have the ability to correctly assess the ventilation performance and related IAQ-levels, local sensors and monitoring systems can. Local ventilation control refers to the ability of ventilation systems to adjust the ventilation rates in each individual room or space separately (opposite to central ventilation rate control). This combined approach of local sensors, local ventilation control and monitoring, can ultimately have a huge impact on both the energy- and ventilation performance and as such may elegantly solve the conflicting requirements concerning energy consumption (aiming at lowering the ventilation rates) and indoor air quality (preferring higher ventilation rates). Local sensors that detect presence and number of people in a confined space, as well as local sensors that detect actual pollutants concentrations can be used to determine the required ventilation rates in order to minimise exposure. During absence and low pollutant concentration levels, the minimum required ventilations rates can be applied in order to minimise energy consumption for ventilation.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Energy efficency and IAQ
* 2 Sensors and control
* 3 Codes & standards
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Energy efficency and IAQ

From an energetic viewpoint in a residential market, demand controlled ventilation systems are a good alternative for the heat recovery ventilation. Dwellings with demand controlled ventilation showed no significant better or worse indoor air quality than dwellings with mechanical ventilation with heat recovery. The total cost or net present value of qualitative DCMEV systems with or without demand control is nearly a third lower than that of a qualitative MVHR system, due to higher investment and maintenance cost of this latter.[3]

## Sensors and control

IAQ sensors are defined as sensing devices that can measure certain pollutant concentrations in the air. Three types of IAQ-sensors are predominantly used in the residential ventilation sector:

1\. CO2 sensors

2\. RH-sensors

3\. TVOC sensors

According to Regulation (EU) 1253/2014, the definitions for local and central demand control are as follows (Annex I, part 1): \- 'central demand control' means a demand control of a ducted ventilation unit that continuously regulates the fan speed(s) and flow rate based on one sensor for the whole ventilated building or part of the building at central level \- 'local demand control' means a demand control for a ventilation unit that continuously regulates the fan speed(s) and flow rates based on more than one sensor for a ducted ventilation unit or one sensor for a non-ducted unit

## Codes & standards

Common reference codes and standards for ventilation:

* EN 16798-1 : Energy performance of buildings - Ventilation for buildings - Part 1: Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildings addressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics
* International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Classification for Standards (ICS) 91.140.30: Ventilation and air-conditioning systems
* American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 62.1 & 62.2: The standards for Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality

## See also

[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

## References

1. ↑ Zhang, Sheng; Ai, Zhengtao; Lin, Zhang (23 April 2021). "Novel demand-controlled optimization of constant-air-volume mechanical ventilation for indoor air quality, durability and energy saving". Applied Energy 293. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116954. ISSN 0306-2619. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261921004311.
2. ↑ VHK, Delft (NL), for the European Commission, DG GROW, Ecodesign Lot 6, Preparatory Review Study, Task 4: Technology, 2020<
3. ↑ Ella Derycke, Wolf Bracke, Jelle Laverge and Arnold Janssens, Energy performance of demand controlled mechanical extract ventilation systems vs mechanical ventilation systems with heat recovery in operational conditions : Results of 12 months in situ-measurements at Kortrijk ECO-Life community , AIVC 2018, UGent
4. ↑ Bavo De Maré, Stijn Germonpré, Jelle Laverge, Frederik Losfeld, Ivan Pollet and Steven Vandekerckhove, cloud-based-large-scale-performance-analysis-of-a-smart-residential-mev-system, REHVA Journal – April 2020, page 12-18
5. ↑ Jelle Laverge, Design strategies for residential ventilation systems, UGent, 2013
6. ↑ Daniela Mortari, Yu Wang, Gaëlle Guyot, Manfred Plagmann, Nathan Mendes, Smart Ventilation in Residential Buildings, AIVC Technical Note 74, June 2025
7. ↑ G. Evola, A. Gagliano, L. Marletta, F. Nocera, Controlled mechanical ventilation systems in residential buildings: Primary energy balances and financial issues, 2017, Journal of Building Engineering
8. ↑ Daniela Mortari, Yu Wang, Gaëlle Guyot, Manfred Plagmann, Nathan Mendes, Smart ventilation in residential buildings: a systematic review of control strategies and their effectiveness, 2025, Journal of Building Engineering
9. ↑ Dasa Majcen, Laure Itard, Henk Visscher, Actual heating energy savings in thermally renovated Dutch dwellings, 2016, Energy policy

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

Fundamental concepts|

* Air changes per hour
* Bake-out
* Building envelope
* Convection
* Dilution
* Domestic energy consumption
* Enthalpy
* Fluid dynamics
* Gas compressor
* Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
* Heat transfer
* Humidity
* Infiltration
* Latent heat
* Noise control
* Outgassing
* Particulates
* Psychrometrics
* Sensible heat
* Stack effect
* Thermal comfort
* Thermal destratification
* Thermal mass
* Thermodynamics
* Vapour pressure of water

Technology|

* Absorption refrigerator
* Air barrier
* Air conditioning
* Antifreeze
* Automobile air conditioning
* Autonomous building
* Building insulation materials
* Central heating
* Central solar heating
* Chilled beam
* Chilled water
* Constant air volume (CAV)
* Coolant
* Dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS)
* Deep water source cooling
* Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV)
* Displacement ventilation
* District cooling
* District heating
* Electric heating
* Energy recovery ventilation (ERV)
* Firestop
* Forced-air
* Forced-air gas
* Free cooling
* Heat recovery ventilation (HRV)
* Hybrid heat
* Hydronics
* HVAC
* Ice storage air conditioning
* Kitchen ventilation
* Mixed-mode ventilation
* Microgeneration
* Natural ventilation
* Passive cooling
* Passive house
* Radiant heating and cooling system
* Radiant cooling
* Radiant heating
* Radon mitigation
* Refrigeration
* Renewable heat
* Room air distribution
* Solar air heat
* Solar combisystem
* Solar cooling
* Solar heating
* Thermal insulation
* Underfloor air distribution
* Underfloor heating
* Vapor barrier
* Vapor-compression refrigeration (VCRS)
* Variable air volume (VAV)
* Variable refrigerant flow (VRF)
* Ventilation

Components|

* Air conditioner inverter
* Air door
* Air filter
* Air handler
* Air ionizer
* Air-mixing plenum
* Air purifier
* Air source heat pumps
* Automatic balancing valve
* Back boiler
* Barrier pipe
* Blast damper
* Boiler
* Centrifugal fan
* Ceramic heater
* Chiller
* Condensate pump
* Condenser
* Condensing boiler
* Convection heater
* Compressor
* Cooling tower
* Damper
* Dehumidifier
* Duct
* Economizer
* Electrostatic precipitator
* Evaporative cooler
* Evaporator
* Exhaust hood
* Expansion tank
* Fan coil unit
* Fan filter unit
* Fan heater
* Fire damper
* Fireplace
* Fireplace insert
* Freeze stat
* Flue
* Freon
* Fume hood
* Furnace
* Furnace room
* Gas compressor
* Gas heater
* Gasoline heater
* Geothermal heat pump
* Grease duct
* Grille
* Ground-coupled heat exchanger
* Heat exchanger
* Heat pipe
* Heat pump
* Heating film
* Heating system
* High efficiency glandless circulating pump
* High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)
* High pressure cut off switch
* Humidifier
* Infrared heater
* Inverter compressor
* Kerosene heater
* Louver
* Mechanical fan
* Mechanical room
* Oil heater
* Packaged terminal air conditioner
* Plenum space
* Pressurisation ductwork
* Process duct work
* Radiator
* Radiator reflector
* Recuperator
* Refrigerant
* Register
* Reversing valve
* Run-around coil
* Scroll compressor
* Solar chimney
* Solar-assisted heat pump
* Space heater
* Smoke exhaust ductwork
* Thermal expansion valve
* Thermal wheel
* Thermosiphon
* Thermostatic radiator valve
* Trickle vent
* Trombe wall
* Turning vanes
* Ultra-low particulate air (ULPA)
* Whole-house fan
* Windcatcher
* Wood-burning stove

Measurement
and control|

* Air flow meter
* Aquastat
* BACnet
* Blower door
* Building automation
* Carbon dioxide sensor
* Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR)
* Gas sensor
* Home energy monitor
* Humidistat
* HVAC control system
* Intelligent buildings
* LonWorks
* Minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV)
* OpenTherm
* Programmable communicating thermostat
* Programmable thermostat
* Psychrometrics
* Room temperature
* Smart thermostat
* Thermostat
* Thermostatic radiator valve

Professions, trades,
and services|

* Architectural acoustics
* Architectural engineering
* Architectural technologist
* Building services engineering
* Building information modeling (BIM)
* Deep energy retrofit
* Duct leakage testing
* Environmental engineering
* Hydronic balancing
* Kitchen exhaust cleaning
* Mechanical engineering
* Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
* Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
* Refrigerant reclamation
* Testing, adjusting, balancing

Industry organizations|

* ACCA
* AHRI
* AMCA
* ASHRAE
* ASTM International
* BRE
* BSRIA
* CIBSE
* Institute of Refrigeration
* IIR
* LEED
* SMACNA

Health and safety|

* Indoor air quality (IAQ)
* Passive smoking
* Sick building syndrome (SBS)
* Volatile organic compound (VOC)

See also|

* ASHRAE Handbook
* Building science
* Fireproofing
* Glossary of HVAC terms
* World Refrigeration Day

* Template:Home automation
* Template:Solar energy

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