ESP32

ESP32 is a family of low-cost, energy-efficient microcontrollers that integrate both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities. These chips feature a variety of processing options, including the Tensilica Xtensa LX6 microprocessor available in both dual-core and single-core variants, the Xtensa LX7 dual-core processor, or a single-core RISC-V microprocessor. In addition, the ESP32 incorporates components essential for wireless data communication such as built-in antenna switches, an RF balun, power amplifiers, low-noise receivers, filters, and power-management modules.

Typically, the ESP32 is embedded on device-specific printed circuit boards or offered as part of development kits that include a variety of GPIO pins and connectors, with configurations varying by model and manufacturer. The ESP32 was designed by Espressif Systems and is manufactured by TSMC using their 40 nm process.[1] It is a successor to the ESP8266 microcontroller.

## Contents

* 1 Features
* 2 ESP32-xx family
* 2.1 ESP32
* 2.2 ESP32-S2
* 2.3 ESP32-S3
* 2.4 ESP32-C2
* 2.5 ESP32-C3
* 2.6 ESP32-C6
* 2.7 ESP32-H2
* 3 Newer
* 3.1 ESP32-C5 - April 30, 2025
* 3.2 ESP32-P4 - January 2023
* 4 QFN packaged chip and module
* 4.1 Chips
* 4.2 Modules
* 5 Printed circuit boards
* 5.1 Surface-mount module boards
* 5.2 Development and other boards
* 6 Programming
* 7 Reception and use
* 7.1 Use in commercial devices
* 7.2 Use in industrial devices
* 7.3 Academic Uses
* 8 Undocumented HCI Commands in ESP32
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 11 External links

## Features

ESP32 function block diagram ESP32 die shot. Most of the chip area is covered by a power distribution network on the top metal layers.

Features of the ESP32 include the following:[2]

* Processors:
* CPU: Xtensa dual-core (or single-core) 32-bit LX6 microprocessor, operating at 160 or 240 MHz and performing at up to 600 DMIPS
* Ultra-low-power (ULP) co-processor
* Memory: 520 KiB RAM, 448 KiB ROM
* Wireless connectivity:
* Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n
* Bluetooth: v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE (shares the radio with Wi-Fi)
* Peripheral interfaces:
* 34 programmable GPIOs
* 10 × touch sensors (capacitive sensing GPIOs)
* 2 × 12-bit SAR ADCs, up to 18 channels, with four levels of attenuation
* 2 × 8-bit DAC (except on ESP32-C3 and ESP32-S3[3])
* Delta-sigma modulated binary output (up to 8 channels)[4]
* Motor PWM
* LED PWM (up to 16 channels)
* Infrared remote controller (TX/RX, up to 8 channels)
* Pulse counter (capable of full quadrature decoding)
* Standard communication interfaces:
* 4 × SPI
* 2 × I²S interfaces
* 2 × I²C interfaces
* 3 × UART
* SD/SDIO/CE-ATA/MMC/eMMC host controller
* SDIO/SPI slave controller
* Ethernet MAC interface with dedicated DMA and planned IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol support[5]
* CAN bus 2.0
* Security:
* IEEE 802.11 standard security features all supported, including WPA, WPA2, WPA3 (depending on version)[6] and WLAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure (WAPI)
* Secure boot
* Flash encryption
* 1024-bit OTP, up to 768-bit for customers
* Cryptographic hardware acceleration: AES, SHA-2, RSA, elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), random number generator (RNG)
* Power management
* Internal low-dropout regulator
* Individual power domain for RTC
* 5 μA deep sleep current
* Wake up from GPIO interrupt, timer, ADC measurements, capacitive touch sensor interrupt

## ESP32-xx family

Since the release of the original ESP32, a number of variants have been introduced and announced. They form the ESP32 family of microcontrollers.[7] These chips have different CPUs and capabilities, but all share the same SDK and are largely code-compatible. Additionally, the original ESP32 was revised (see ESP32 ECO V3, for example).

### ESP32

* Xtensa single-/dual-core 32-bit LX6 microprocessor(s)
* Supports single-precision Floating-Point Unit (FPU)
* Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n
* Bluetooth: v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE (shares the radio with Wi-Fi)
* 34 GPIOs
* 2 × 12-bit SAR ADCs, up to 18 channels[8]
* 2 × 8-bit DAC[9]

### ESP32-S2

* Single-core Xtensa LX7 CPU, up to 240 MHz (with ULP co-processor running at 20 MHz)
* No Floating-Point Unit (no FPU)[10]
* 320 KiB SRAM, 128 KiB ROM, and 16 KiB RTC SRAM
* Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b/g/n)[11]
* No Bluetooth
* 43 GPIOs[11]
* 2 × 13-bit SAR ADCs, up to 20 channels
* 2 × 8-bit DAC[12]
* USB OTG

### ESP32-S3

File:ESP32-S3 on paper.jpgESP32-S3-Wroom-1 board

* Dual-core Xtensa LX7 CPU, up to 240 MHz,[13] and supporting single-precision FPU
* Added instructions to accelerate machine learning applications
* 512 KiB SRAM, 384 KiB ROM, and 16 KiB RTC SRAM
* Capable of connecting to external 1GiB address space of PSRAM and Flash via Quad SPI or Octal SPI, by chunks of 32 MiB.
* Ultra-low-power RISC-V (RV32IMC) coprocessor clocked at 17.5 MHz approximately
* Ultra-low-power FSM coprocessor similar to previous ESP32 and ESP32-S2
* Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11 b/g/n)[14]
* Bluetooth 5 (LE)
* 45 GPIOs
* No integrated Ethernet MAC
* 2 × 12-bit SAR ADCs, up to 20 channels
* USB OTG

### ESP32-C2

* 32-bit RISC-V single-core processor that operates at up to 120 MHz, implementing RV32IMC ISA[15]
* 576 KB ROM, 272 KB SRAM (16 KB for cache) on the chip
* Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b/g/n)
* Bluetooth 5 (LE)
* 14 GPIOs (QFN24)
* SPI, UART, I2C, LED PWM controller, General DMA controller (GDMA), SAR ADC, Temperature sensor
* No USB support

### ESP32-C3

NodeMCU board with an ESP32-C3-32S

* Single-core 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 160 MHz[16]
* 400 KiB SRAM, 384 KiB ROM, and 8 KiB RTC SRAM
* Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz (IEEE 802.11b/g/n)[17]
* Bluetooth 5 (LE)[17]
* 22 (QFN32) or 16 (QFN32) or 15 (ESP8685 QFN28) GPIOs[18]
* 2 × 12-bit SAR ADC
* Pin compatible with ESP8266
* USB device

### ESP32-C6

* High performance 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 160 MHz,[19] implementing RV32IMAC
* Low-power 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 20 MHz, implementing RV32IMAC
* 512 KiB SRAM and 320 KiB ROM
* IEEE 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) on 2.4 GHz, supporting 20 MHz bandwidth in 11ax mode, 20 or 40 MHz bandwidth in 11b/g/n mode
* IEEE 802.15.4 (Thread \+ Zigbee)
* Bluetooth 5.3 (LE)
* 30 (QFN40) or 22 (QFN32) GPIOs
* USB device

### ESP32-H2

* Single-core 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 96 MHz
* 256 KB SRAM
* IEEE 802.15.4 (Thread \+ Zigbee)
* Bluetooth 5.3 (LE)
* No Wi-Fi support
* 19 GPIOs[20]
* USB device

## Newer

### ESP32-C5 - April 30, 2025

* Single-core 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 240 MHz[21]
* Low-power 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 40 MHz.
* 384 KB SRAM and 320 KB ROM
* Capable of connecting to external PSRAM and Flash
* IEEE 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6) on 2.4 and 5 GHz, supporting 20 MHz bandwidth in 11ax mode, 20 or 40 MHz bandwidth in 11b/g/n mode
* IEEE 802.15.4 (Thread \+ Zigbee)[22]
* Bluetooth 5 (LE)
* Over 20 GPIOs

### ESP32-P4 - January 2023

* High performance dual-core 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 400 MHz
* Implementing RV32IMAFC_Zicsr_Zifencei and custom AI/vector instructions.
* Supports single-precision Floating Point Unit (FPU).
* Low performance single-core 32-bit RISC-V CPU, up to 40 MHz
* Implementing RV32IMAC_Zicsr_Zifencei ISA extensions.
* 768 KiB SRAM on high-performance core system.
* 8 KiB TCM on high-performance core system.
* 32 KiB SRAM on low-power subsystem.
* Support PSRAM.
* Integrated hardware accelerators for various media encoding protocols, including H.264.
* No Wi-Fi or Bluetooth
* Over 50 GPIOs[23]

## QFN packaged chip and module

ESP32 is housed in quad-flat no-leads (QFN) packages of varying sizes with 49 pads. Specifically, 48 connection pads along the sides and one large thermal pad (connected to ground) on the bottom.

### Chips

The ESP32 system on a chip integrated circuit is packaged in both 6 mm × 6 mm and 5 mm × 5 mm sized QFN packages.

Series  | Identifier  | Processor
cores  | Processor
speed (MHz)  | Embedded flash
memory (MiB)  | Embedded PSRAM
memory (MiB)  | GPIOs  | Package
size  | Description

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

ESP32  | ESP31B  | 2  | 240  | 0  | 0  | 34  | 6 mm × 6 mm  | Pre-release SoC used for beta testing; no longer available.
ESP32-D0WDQ6  | 2  | 240  | 0  | 0  | 34  | 6 mm × 6 mm  | Initial production release chip of the ESP32 series.
Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-D0WD  | 2  | 240  | 0  | 0  | 34  | 5 mm × 5 mm  | Smaller physical package variation similar to ESP32-D0WDQ6.
Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-D0WDQ6-V3 | 2  | 240  | 0  | 0  | 34  | 6 mm × 6 mm  | Introduces some fixes to ESP32-D0WDQ6.
Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-D2WD  | 2  | 160  | 2  | 0  | 34  | 5 mm × 5 mm  | 2 MiB (16 Mibit) embedded flash memory variation.
Removed.
Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-S0WD  | 1  | 160  | 0  | 0  | 34  | 5 mm × 5 mm  | Single-core processor variation.
Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-D0WD-V3  | 2  | 240  | 0  | 0  | 34  | 5 mm × 5 mm  | Introduces some fixes to ESP32-D0WD.
ESP32-D0WDR2-V3  | 2  | 240  | 0  | 2  | 34  | 5 mm × 5 mm  |
ESP32-U4WDH  | 2  | 240  | 4  | 0  | 34  | 5 mm × 5 mm  | Single-core processor and 4 MiB (32 Mibit) embedded flash memory variation.
Also 1 CPU 160 MHz variant existed.
ESP32-S2  | ESP32-S2  | 1  | 240  | 0  | 0  | 43  | 7 mm × 7 mm  | With USB OTG.
ESP32-S2R2  | 1  | 240  | 0  | 2  | 43  | 7 mm × 7 mm  | With USB OTG.
ESP32-S2FH2  | 1  | 240  | 2  | 0  | 43  | 7 mm × 7 mm  | With USB OTG.
ESP32-S2FH4  | 1  | 240  | 4  | 0  | 43  | 7 mm × 7 mm  | With USB OTG.
ESP32-S2FN4R2  | 1  | 240  | 4  | 2  | 43  | 7 mm × 7 mm  | With USB OTG.
ESP32-S3  | ESP32-S3  | 2  | 240  | 0  | 0  | 45  | 7 mm × 7 mm  | With USB OTG. With 3.3V and 1.8V VDD_SPI voltage.
ESP32-S3R2  | 2  | 240  | 0  | 2  | 45  | 7 mm × 7 mm  | With USB OTG.
ESP32-S3R8  | 2  | 240  | 0  | 8  | 45  | 7 mm × 7 mm  | With USB OTG.
ESP32-S3R8V  | 2  | 240  | 0  | 8  | 45  | 7 mm × 7 mm  | With USB OTG. With 1.8V VDD_SPI voltage.
ESP32-S3FN8  | 2  | 240  | 8  | 0  | 45  | 7 mm × 7 mm  | With USB OTG.
ESP32-S3FH4R2  | 2  | 240  | 4  | 2  | 45  | 7 mm × 7 mm  | With USB OTG.
ESP32-C2  | ESP8684H1  | 1  | 120  | 1  | 0  | 14  | 4 mm × 4 mm  | With Bluetooth 5.
ESP8684H2  | 1  | 120  | 2  | 0  | 14  | 4 mm × 4 mm  | With Bluetooth 5.
ESP8684H4  | 1  | 120  | 4  | 0  | 14  | 4 mm × 4 mm  | With Bluetooth 5.
ESP32-C3 | ESP32-C3  | 1  | 160  | 0  | 0  | 22  | 5 mm × 5 mm  | With Bluetooth 5.
ESP32-C3FN4  | 1  | 160  | 4  | 0  | 22  | 5 mm × 5 mm  | Not Recommended for New Designs (NRND).
ESP32-C3FH4  | 1  | 160  | 4  | 0  | 22  | 5 mm × 5 mm  | With Bluetooth 5.
ESP32-C3FH4AZ  | 1  | 160  | 4  | 0  | 16  | 5 mm × 5 mm  | With Bluetooth 5. SPI0/SPI1 pins for flash connection are not bonded.
ESP-Shelly-C38F  | 1  | 160  | 8  | 0  | 11  | 5 mm × 5 mm  | With Bluetooth 5.
only for the manufacturer Shelly
ESP8686H4  | 1  | \-  | 4  | 0  | \-  | 4 mm × 4 mm  | Not released.
ESP8685H2  | 1  | 160  | 2  | 0  | 15  | 4 mm × 4 mm  | With Bluetooth 5.
ESP8685H4  | 1  | 160  | 4  | 0  | 15  | 4 mm × 4 mm  | With Bluetooth 5.
ESP32-C5  | ESP32-C5HF4  | 1H, 1L  | 240  | 4  | Off-pkg  | 29  | 6 mm × 6 mm  | Ultra-low-power SoC w. Wi-Fi6 (802.11ax), Zigbee & Thread (802.15.4).
ESP32-C5HR8  | 1H, 1L  | 240  | Off-pkg  | 8  | 29  | 6 mm × 6 mm  | Ultra-low-power SoC w. Wi-Fi6 (802.11ax), Zigbee & Thread (802.15.4)
ESP32-C6  | ESP32-C6  | 1  | 160  | 0  | 0  | 30  | 5 mm × 5 mm  | With Wi-Fi 6 and Bluetooth 5.
ESP32-C6FH4  | 1  | 160  | 4  | 0  | 22  | 5 mm × 5 mm  | With Wi-Fi 6 and Bluetooth 5.
ESP32-H2  | ESP32-H2FH2  | 1  | 96  | 2  | 0  | 19  | 4 mm × 4 mm  | With Bluetooth 5 and Bluetooth Mesh.
ESP32-H2FH4  | 1  | 96  | 4  | 0  | 19  | 4 mm × 4 mm  | With Bluetooth 5 and Bluetooth Mesh.
ESP32-P4  | ESP32-P4NRW16  | 2H, 1L  | 360  | Off-pkg up to 64MB  | 16  | 55  | 10 mm × 10 mm  | Powerful image and voice processing
ESP32-P4NRW32  | 2H, 1L  | 360  | Off-pkg up to 64MB  | 32  | 55  | 10 mm × 10 mm  | Powerful image and voice processing

In 2020, chips ESP32-D0WDQ6 and ESP32-D0WD also got a V3 version (ESP32 ECO V3), which fixes some of the bugs[24] and introduces improvements over the previous versions.

### Modules

The ESP32 PICO system in package modules combine an ESP32 silicon chip, crystal oscillator, flash memory chip, filter capacitors, and RF matching links into a single 7 mm × 7 mm sized QFN package.

The first released PICO was the ESP32-PICO-D4 with 2 CPUs at 240MHz, 4MiB internal flash, a 40MHz oscillator and 34 GPIOs.[25]

Later, in 2020, the ESP32-PICO-V3 and ESP32-PICO-V3-02 modules were introduced both based on the ESP32 ECO V3 wafer.[26][27]

In 2022 the ESP32-S3-PICO-1 module was introduced with USB OTG and internal PSRAM.[28]

Identifier  | Processor
cores  | Processor
speed (MHz)  | Embedded flash
memory (MiB)  | Embedded PSRAM
memory (MiB)  | GPIOs  | Package
size  | Description

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

ESP32-PICO-D4  | 2  | 240  | 4  | 0  | 34  | 7 mm × 7 mm
ESP32-PICO-V3  | 2  | 240  | 4  | 0  | 31  | 7 mm × 7 mm  | Based on ESP32 with ECO V3 wafer.
ESP32-PICO-V3-02  | 2  | 240  | 8  | 2  | 29  | 7 mm × 7 mm  | Based on ESP32 with ECO V3 wafer.
ESP32-S3-PICO-1-N8R2  | 2  | 240  | 8  | 2  | 39  | 7 mm × 7 mm  | Includes USB OTG.
ESP32-S3-PICO-1-N8R8  | 2  | 240  | 8  | 8  | 39  | 7 mm × 7 mm  | Includes USB OTG.

## Printed circuit boards

### Surface-mount module boards

ESP32 based surface-mount printed circuit board modules directly contain the ESP32 SoC and are designed to be easily integrated onto other circuit boards. Meandered inverted-F antenna designs are used for the PCB trace antennas on the modules listed below. In addition to flash memory, some modules include pseudostatic RAM (pSRAM).

Vendor  | Name  | Antenna  | Flash memory (MiB)  | PSRAM (MiB)  | Description

|
|
|
|
|

Espressif  | ESP-WROOM-03  | PCB trace | 4  | 0
ESP32-WROOM-32  | PCB trace  | 4  | 0  | First publicly available ESP32 module board created by Espressif.[29] FCC Part 15.247 tested (FCC ID: 2AC7Z-ESPWROOM32).[30] Based on ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip. Originally named "ESP-WROOM-32".
ESP32-WROOM-32E  | PCB trace  | 4,8,16  | 0  | Same as ESP32-WROOM-32 but with the Eco V3 processor revisions[31]
ESP32-WROOM-32D  | PCB trace  | 4  | 0  | Revision of the ESP-WROOM-32 module which uses an ESP32-D0WD chip instead of an ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip.[32] Originally named "ESP-WROOM-32D".
ESP32-SOLO-1  | PCB trace  | 4  | 0  | Similar to the ESP32-WROOM-32D module, but uses the single-core ESP32-S0WD chip instead of the dual-core ESP32-D0WD.
ESP32-WROOM-32U | U.FL socket  | 4  | 0  | Alternative to the ESP-WROOM-32D module which has a U.FL connector for external antenna in lieu of a PCB trace antenna.[32]
ESP32-WROVER | PCB trace  | 4  | 4  | ESP32 module board with 4 MiB pSRAM created by Espressif. FCC part 15.247 tested (FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32WROVER). Uses 40 MHz crystal oscillator. Does not include U.FL connector. Based on ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip. Since June 2018, new modules have been upgraded to 8 MiB pSRAM.
ESP32-WROVER-I | U.FL socket, PCB trace  | 4  | 4  | Variation of ESP32-WROVER module configured to use an on-board U.FL compatible connector. PCB trace antenna not connected by default.
ESP32-WROVER-B | PCB trace  | 4  | 8  | Revision of ESP32-WROVER module with 8 MiB pSRAM (instead of 4 MiB pSRAM) operating at 3.3V (instead of 1.8V in previous versions) and ESP32-D0WD (instead of ESP32-D0WDQ6). FCC part 15.247 tested (FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32WROVERB). Does not include U.FL connector. (Custom order option for flash capacity of 8 MiB or 16 MiB also available.)
ESP32-WROVER-IB | U.FL socket, PCB trace  | 4  | 8  | Variation of ESP32-WROVER-B module configured to use an on-board U.FL compatible connector. PCB trace antenna not connected by default.
ESP32-WROVER-E | PCB trace  | 4,8,16  | 2,8  | Revision of ESP32-WROVER module with 2 or 8 MiB pSRAM (instead of 4 MiB pSRAM) operating at 3.3V (instead of 1.8V in previous versions) and ESP32-D0WD-V3, or in 2MB pSRAM models, ESP32-D0WDR2-V3. FCC part 15.247 tested (FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32WROVERE). Does not include U.FL connector. (Custom order option for flash capacity of 2 MiB, 8 MiB, or 16 MiB also available.)[33]
ESP32-WROVER-IE | U.FL socket, PCB trace  | 4,8,16  | 2,8  | Variation of ESP32-WROVER-E module configured to use an on-board U.FL compatible connector. PCB trace antenna not connected by default.
ESP32-PICO-V3-ZERO | PCB trace  | 4  | 0  | Based on ESP32-PICO-V3 SiP. It is designed as a module for Alexa Connect Kit (ACK) and connecting with Amazon Alexa.
Ai-Thinker  | ESP32-S  | PCB trace  | 4  | 0  | Ai-Thinker's equivalent to Espressif's ESP-WROOM-32 module. (Same form factor and general specifications.)[34] Previously branded as "ESP-32S" with the hyphen before "32S", the initial release of the ESP-32S module replaced the previously announced, but never released, ESP3212 module.
ESP32-A1S  | U.FL socket, PCB trace  | 8  | 4  | Contains an extra AC101 audio codec IC whose IO-pins (line, mic, etc.) are led to the board pins. Comes separately or soldered onto a corresponding audio development board ("ESP32-Audio-Kit").[35][36][37]
AnalogLamb  | ESP-32S-ALB  | PCB trace  | 4  | 0  | Clone of the ESP-32S module (ESP-WROOM-32 compatible footprint). Seen with a green solder mask coating.[38]
ALB-WROOM  | PCB trace  | 16  | 0  | Variation of ESP-32S-ALB with 16 MiB of flash memory.[38]
ALB32-WROVER  | PCB trace  | 4  | 4  | ESP32 module board with 4 MiB pSRAM with the same footprint as the ESP-WROOM-32 module.[39]
DFRobot  | ESP-WROOM-32  | PCB trace  | 4  | 0  | Module board similar to Espressif Systems's ESP-WROOM-32, but is not FCC certified, and uses 26 MHz or 32 kHz crystal oscillator.[40]
eBox & Widora  | ESP32-Bit  | Ceramic, U.FL socket  | 4  | 0  | Module has a ceramic antenna and an U.FL antenna connector. This module has a different footprint than the ESP-WROOM-32/ESP-32S modules.
Goouuu Tech  | ESP-32F  | PCB trace  | 4  | 0  | Module board similar to Espressif Systems's ESP-WROOM-32. FCC certified (ID 2AM77-ESP-32F).
IntoRobot  | W32  | PCB trace  | 4  | 0  | Module similar in appearance to Espressif's ESP-WROOM-32, but footprint pinout differs.[41]
W33  | Ceramic, U.FL socket  | 4  | 0  | Differs from IntoRobot W32 module in its antenna configuration.
ITEAD  | PSH-C32  | PCB trace  | 1[42] | 0  | Module has unusually small flash memory on board. Also, footprint is unique and differs from all other ESP32 modules.[43]
Pycom[44] | W01  | (Not included.)  | 8  | 4  | OEM module version of the WiPy 2.0. Supports Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. FCC ID 2AJMTWIPY01R.
L01  | (Not included.)  | 8  | 4  | OEM module version of the LoPy. Supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and LoRa. FCC ID 2AJMTLOPY01R.
L04  | (Not included.)  | 8  | 4  | OEM module version of the LoPy4. Supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LoRa, and Sigfox.
S01  | (Not included.)  | 8  | 4  | Discontinued. OEM module version of the SiPy. Supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Sigfox (14 dBm and 22 dBm).
G01  | (Not included.)  | 8  | 4  | OEM module version of the GPy. Supports Cellular LTE-CAT M1/NB1, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
u-blox  | NINA-W131  | (Not included.)  | 2  | 0  | Belongs to the u-blox NINA-W13 series of Wi-Fi modules.[45]
NINA-W132  | PIFA  | 2  | 0  | Belongs to the u-blox NINA-W13 series of Wi-Fi modules.[45] On board planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is shaped (cut & bent) metal, not a PCB trace.

### Development and other boards

SparkFun Thing Plus - ESP32 WROOM File:ESP32 SH1106 Power-Meter 01.jpgESP32 dev board, SH1106 OLED display on breadboard with USB power meter

Development and break-out boards extend wiring and may add functionality, often building upon ESP32 module boards and making them easier to use for development purposes, especially with breadboards.

Vendor  | Name  | Surface-mount module used  | Description

|
|
|

Espressif  | ESP_Module_Testboard  | ESP-WROOM-03  | Break-out board included with ESP-WROOM-03 beta modules.[46][47]
ESP32_Demo Board_V2 | ESP-WROOM-32 | Development & demonstration board created by Espressif.[48][49]
ESP32-DevKitC  | ESP32-WROOM-32, v4 comes with ESP32-WROOM-DA(Dual Antenna), ESP32-WROVER or ESP32-Solo (single-core variant)  | Compact development board created by Espressif.[50] Silkscreen labeling on PCB reads "Core Board".
ESP-WROVER-KIT  | ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP32-WROVER  | Large development board created by Espressif.[51] Previously named ESP32-DevKitJ.[52]
ESP32-PICO-KIT  | ESP32-PICO-D4  | Small development board with Micro-USB and two header rows of 17 pins. FCC ID 2AC7Z-ESP32PICOKIT.
Adafruit  | HUZZAH32  | ESP-WROOM-32  | Also referred to as the "ESP32 Feather Board", the HUZZAH32 is a compact development board/module that is compatible with the Adafruit Feather family of products.
Ai-Thinker  | NodeMCU-32S  | ESP-32S  | NodeMCU-like development board.[53]
ESP32-CAM  | ESP32-S  | Compact (27 mm × 40.5 mm) board with ribbon cable Camera Serial Interface with support for 1600 × 1200 pixel OV2640 or 640 × 480 OV7670 camera. Has 9 usable IO pins and microSD card slot.[54]
AnalogLamb  | ESP32 Development Board  | ESP-32S-ALB or ALB-WROOM  | Development board similar to Espressif's ESP32-DevKitC with on board a CP2102 USB/serial bridge. 4 MiB variation uses ESP-32S-ALB; 16 MiB variation uses ALB-WROOM module.[55]
Maple ESP32  | ESP-32S-ALB  | Development board with Arduino-style connections and CP2104 USB/serial interface.[56]
April Brother  | ESPea32  | †  | Development board with perfboard area that may be optionally cut-off.
ArduCAM  | ESP32 UNO  | ESP-32S  | Arduino Uno-like development board based on ESP32 IoT UNO framework with support for SPI ArduCAM, battery pins and uSD card slot.[57]
Arduino | Arduino Nano ESP32 | U-Blox NORA-W106-10B (based on ESP32-S3 IC)  | Arduino Nano footprint
Banana pi  | BPI:bit  | ESP-32S  | a development for Webduino and Arduino
BPI-UNO32  | ESP32-S  | a development board for Arduino
DoIT  | ESPduino32  | ESP-WROOM-32  | Full-featured Arduino Uno-like development board compatible with Arduino Shields. It also adds additional SPI & IO pins. The board is a clone of WeMos D1 R32 with a USB Type B socket.
ESP32 DEVKIT V1  | ESP-WROOM-32  | The ESP32 DevKit V1 is probably the most popular among hobbyists and educators for its ease of use and versatility in various electronic projects. The pinout[58] It's one of the most copied.
DPTechnics  | Walter  | ESP32-S3-WROOM-1  | The Walter module combines cellular IoT (LTE-M and NB-IoT) and GNSS with the ESP32-S3 with 16MiB flash and 2MiB PSRAM. The module is suited for development as well as for production because of the CE, FCC, UKCA, RCM and IC certifications.[59]
EzSBC  | ESP32-01 Breakout and Development Board  | ESP-WROOM-32  | Full-featured development board with two tri-color LEDs and fits on a breadboard.
Gravitech & MakerAsia  | Nano32  | †  | Development board that directly incorporates the ESP32 chip.
HydraBus  | HydraESP32  | ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP-32S  | HydraESP32 HydraBus v1.1 Rev1 shield/breakout board for ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP-32S. This shield can be used with or without a HydraBus board.
Noduino  | Quantum  | †  | Arduino-style development board that directly incorporates the ESP32 chip.
Olimex  | ESP32-Gateway  | ESP32-WROOM32  | Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet
ESP32-DevKit-LiPo  | ESP32-WROOM-32  | pin compatible with ESP32-CoreBoard, but adds Lipo charger and ability to work on LiPo.
ESP32-POE-ISO  | ESP32-WROOM-32/UE  | Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet development board with Power over Ethernet and 2W of isolated DC power
ESP32-POE  | ESP32-WROOM-32  | Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet development board with Power over Ethernet
ESP32-PRO  | †  | Wi-Fi/Bluetooth and PIC32MX270F256DT microcontroller and 32 Mb SPI flash and 32 Mb PSRAM. ESP32-PRO-C includes external crypto engine with ATECC508A
ESP32-EVB  | ESP32-WROOM32  | Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/Ethernet development board with MicroSD, CAN, IR, LiPo, and two relays.
ESP32-ADF  | ESP32-WROVER-B  | audio development framework board with stereo microphones, speakers, audio output jack.
Pycom  | WiPy  | †  | MicroPython programmable Wi-Fi & Bluetooth IoT development platform with a 1 km Wi-Fi range. WiPy versions 2.0 and 3.0 use ESP32.
LoPy  | †  | Triple network Pycom board featuring LoRa, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
LoPy4  | ?  | Quadruple network Pycom board featuring LoRa, Sigfox, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
SiPy  | †  | Triple network Pycom board featuring Sigfox, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
GPy  | †  | Triple network Pycom board featuring LTE-M, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
FiPy  | †  | Quintuple network Pycom board featuring LTE-M, LoRa, Sigfox, Wi-Fi (1 km range), and BLE.
SparkFun  | ESP32 Thing  | †  | Compact development board with FTDI FT231x USB/serial interface and LiPo charger built-in.
SunDUINO  | ESP32 MiniBoard  | ESP-WROOM-32  | Breakout compatible with the Espressif ESP32-DevKitC. Lacks on-board USB-UART.
ESP32 MiniBoard v2  | ESP32-Wrover-B/IB  | Breakout board with Silabs CP2102, battery charger. Compatible with Espressif DEVkit.
ESP32 SunDUINO  | ESP-WROOM-32 or ESP-32S  | Arduino-style development board. Lacks on-board USB-UART.
SwitchDoc Labs  | BC24  | ESP-WROOM-32  | ESP32 Breakout with 24 SK6812RGBW LEDs with Grove Connectors for easy prototyping. Comes with USB-UART and Feather compatible pinout.[60]
Watterott  | ESP-WROOM32-Breakout  | ESP-WROOM-32  | Breakout which is compatible with the Espressif ESP32-DevKitC.
WEMOS[61] | LOLIN32 [Retired][62] | ESP-WROOM-32  |
LOLIN32 Lite [Retired][63] | †  | ESP32-D0WDQ6
LOLIN32 Pro [Retired][64] | ESP32-WROVER  | MicroSD card slot (supports SD and SPI mode)
LOLIN D32[65] | ESP-WROOM-32  |
LOLIN D32 Pro[66] | ESP32-WROVER  | I2C port, TFT port and Micro SD Card slot (support SPI mode)
Widora  | Air  | †  | Compact ESP32 development board.
MagicBit  | Magic Bit Core  | ESP-WROOM-32  | Compact ESP32 development board with displays and several sensors onboard to make learning embedded development convenient.

† ESP32 SoC incorporated directly onto development board; no module board used.

## Programming

Programming languages, frameworks, platforms, and environments used for ESP32 programming:

* ESP-IDF[67][68] – Espressif’s official IoT Development Framework for the ESP32, ESP32-S, ESP32-C and ESP32-H series of SoCs.
* Arduino-ESP32[69] – Arduino core for the ESP32, ESP32-S2, ESP32-S3 and ESP32-C3.
* ESP32forth[70] – FORTH implementation for ESP32
* Espruino – JavaScript SDK and firmware closely emulating Node.js
* MicroPython (and CircuitPython) – lean implementation of Python 3 for microcontrollers
* Mongoose OS – an operating system for connected products on microcontrollers; programmable with JavaScript or C. A recommended platform by Espressif Systems,[71] AWS IoT,[72] and Google Cloud IoT.[73]
* mruby for the ESP32
* Nim for the ESP32
* NodeMCU – Lua-based firmware
* Rust[74][75]
* Swift[76][77]
* Visual Studio Code with the officially supported Espressif Integrated Development Framework (ESP-IDF) Extension[78]
* Zerynth – Python for IoT and microcontrollers, including the ESP32
* Matlab Simulink

## Reception and use

Commercial, industrial and academic uses of ESP32:

### Use in commercial devices

* Alibaba Group's IoT LED wristband, used by participants at the group's 2017 annual gathering. Each wristband operated as a "pixel", receiving commands for coordinated LED light control, allowing formation of a "live and wireless" screen.[79]
* DingTalk's M1, a biometric attendance-tracking system.[80]
* Pium, a home fragrance and aromatherapy device.[81]
* HardKernel's Odroid Go, an ESP32 based handheld gaming device kit made to commemorate Odroid's 10th anniversary.[82]
* Playdate, a handheld video game console jointly developed by Panic Inc. and Teenage Engineering.
* Octopus Energy Mini, an ESP32-C6 based real-time energy monitor.[83]
* Mysa smart thermostats, based on ESP32-WROOM.[84]

### Use in industrial devices

* TECHBASE's Moduino X series X1 and X2 modules are ESP32-WROVER / ESP32-WROVER-B based computers for industrial automation and monitoring, supporting digital inputs/outputs, analog inputs, and various computer networking interfaces.[85]
* NORVI IIOT Industrial Devices with ESP32-WROVER / ESP32-WROVER-B SOC for industrial automation and monitoring with digital inputs, analog inputs, relay outputs and multiple communications interfaces. Supports LoRa and Nb-IoT as expansion modules.[86]

### Academic Uses

* ESP32 devices are utilized in educational settings [87] and academic research projects. For example, these devices have been used to develop a smart home system designed to monitor and control the charging of electric vehicles, considering the current consumption of other electrical appliances and the contracted power capacity.[88] Additionally, ESP32 is used in DIY projects such as building low-cost drones.[89]

## Undocumented HCI Commands in ESP32

In March 2025, researchers from Tarlogic Security identified undocumented Host Controller Interface (HCI) commands in the ESP32 Bluetooth firmware, prompting discussions about their functionality and potential implications.[90] This discovery was presented on March 6, 2025, at the RootedCON conference by the Tarlogic Security team.[91]

The identified commands, such as Write Memory (0xFC02), are vendor-specific HCI commands used primarily for debugging and testing purposes. These types of commands are common in Bluetooth controller implementations to assist with development and troubleshooting. They are not part of the standard HCI command set and are typically used in controlled environments.[92] While initially described as a "backdoor," further clarifications labeled them as "undocumented debugging features." These commands are not accessible remotely via standard Bluetooth connections but could be interacted with if an entity has physical access to the device or operates in an HCI-UART configuration.

Espressif Systems provided clarification regarding these commands, stating that they are intended for debugging and do not pose a security risk under normal operating conditions. The company emphasized that these commands cannot be triggered remotely and are not used in standard Bluetooth operations. These commands are present only in ESP32 chips and are not included in the ESP32-C, ESP32-S, and ESP32-H series. To address concerns raised within the security community, Espressif announced that future versions of the ESP-IDF would include updates to restrict access to these debugging commands and improve documentation for vendor-specific HCI commands. These actions aim to provide additional transparency and ensure developers are well-informed about available functionalities.[93]

## See also

* Internet of things

## References

1. ↑ "ESP32 Overview". Espressif Systems. https://espressif.com/en/products/hardware/esp32/overview. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
2. ↑ "ESP32 Datasheet". Espressif Systems. 2017-03-06. https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32_datasheet_en.pdf. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
3. ↑ Llamas, Luis (2023-08-25). "How to use the DAC analog output in an ESP32" (in es). https://www.luisllamas.es/en/esp32-dac/.
4. ↑ "Sigma-delta Modulation - ESP32 - — ESP-IDF Programming Guide v4.2 documentation". https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/v4.2/esp32/api-reference/peripherals/sigmadelta.html.
5. ↑ "IEEE 1588 (PTP) Support (IDFGH-110) #1223". Espressif. 7 November 2021. https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf/issues/1223#ref-issue-482153951.
6. ↑ "Certificates | Espressif Systems". https://www.espressif.com/en/support/documents/certificates.
7. ↑ "ESP Product Selector". https://products.espressif.com/static/Espressif+SoC+Product+Portfolio.pdf.
8. ↑ "Analog to Digital Converter - ESP32 - — ESP-IDF Programming Guide v4.2 documentation". https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/v4.2/esp32/api-reference/peripherals/adc.html.
9. ↑ "Digital To Analog Converter - ESP32 - — ESP-IDF Programming Guide v4.2 documentation". https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/v4.2/esp32/api-reference/peripherals/dac.html.
10. ↑ Landsmeer, Lennart (2021-04-08). "No, the ESP32-S2 is not faster at floating point operations (and how do you actually speed up division on the ESP32?)". The Weekend Writeup. https://blog.llandsmeer.com/tech/2021/04/08/esp32-s2-fpu.html.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "ESP32-S2_datasheet". Espressif. 2021-06-02. https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32-s2_datasheet_en.pdf.
12. ↑ "Digital To Analog Converter - ESP32-S2 - — ESP-IDF Programming Guide v4.2 documentation". https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/v4.2/esp32s2/api-reference/peripherals/dac.html.
13. ↑ Lewis, James (2021-01-01). "Espressif's New ESP32-S3 Adds AI Features for IoT Devices". https://www.hackster.io/news/espressif-s-new-esp32-s3-adds-ai-features-for-iot-devices-b42b902abdf5/.
14. ↑ "ESP32-S3". https://www.espressif.com/en/products/socs/esp32-s3.
15. ↑ https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32-c3_datasheet_en.pdf [bare URL PDF]
16. ↑ List, Jenny (2020-11-22). "Espressif Leaks ESP32-C3: A WiFi SOC That's RISC-V and is ESP8266 Pin-Compatible". Hackaday. https://hackaday.com/2020/11/22/espressif-leaks-esp32-c3-a-wifi-soc-thats-risc-v-and-is-esp8266-pin-compatible/.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "ESP32-C3 Datasheet". https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32-c3_datasheet_en.pdf. Retrieved Sep 18, 2025.
18. ↑ "ESP32-C3 Series Datasheet v2.0". https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32-c3_datasheet_en.pdf. Retrieved Sep 18, 2025.
19. ↑ "Announcing ESP32-C6, a Wi-Fi 6 + Bluetooth 5 (LE) SoC" (Press release). Espressif. 2021-04-09. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
20. ↑ "Announcing ESP32-H2, an IEEE 802.15.4 + Bluetooth 5 (LE) RISC-V SoC | Espressif Systems" (in en). https://www.espressif.com/en/news/ESP32_H2.
21. ↑ "Introducing ESP32-C5: Espressif's first Dual-Band Wi-Fi 6 MCU" (Press release). Espressif. 2022-06-20.
22. ↑ "ESP32-C5 2.4 and 5 GHz Dual-band Wi-Fi 6 MCU" (in en). https://www.espressif.com/en/products/socs/esp32-c5.
23. ↑ "Espressif Reveals ESP32-P4: A High-Performance MCU with Numerous IO-Connectivity and Security Features | Espressif Systems" (in en). https://www.espressif.com.cn/en/news/ESP32-P4.
24. ↑ Espressif (2020-09-25). "Eco workarounds and bugs in ESP32". https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/eco_and_workarounds_for_bugs_in_esp32_en.pdf. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
25. ↑ "ESP32-PICO-D4 Datasheet (v.2.0)". Espressif. April 2022. https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32-pico-d4_datasheet_en.pdf.
26. ↑ "ESP32-PICO-V3 Datasheet (v.1.3)". Espressif. 29 March 2022. https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32-pico-v3_datasheet_en.pdf.
27. ↑ "ESP32-PICO-V3-02 Datasheet (v.1.0)". Espressif. 1 September 2021. https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32-pico-v3-02_datasheet_en.pdf.
28. ↑ "ESP32-S3-PICO-1 (v.1.0)". Espressif. 21 August 2023. https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32-s3-pico-1_datasheet_en.pdf.
29. ↑ "ESP-WROOM-32 Datasheet". Espressif Systems. 2016-08-22. https://espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp_wroom_32_datasheet_en.pdf. Retrieved 2016-09-02.
30. ↑ "FCC Part 15.247 Test Report for Espressif Systems (Shanghai) Pte. Ltd.". Bay Area Compliance Laboratories Corp.. 2016-11-10. https://fccid.io/document.php?id=3212932. Retrieved 2016-12-15.
31. ↑ "ESP32 modules". Espressif Systems. https://espressif.com/en/products/modules. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "ESP-WROOM-32D/ESP32-WROOM-32U Datasheet". Espressif Systems. http://espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp-wroom-32d_esp32-wroom-32u_datasheet_en.pdf. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
33. ↑ "ESP32-WROVER-E & ESP32-WORVER-IE Datasheet". Espressif Systems. 2023-02-19. https://www.espressif.com/sites/default/files/documentation/esp32-wrover-e_esp32-wrover-ie_datasheet_en.pdf. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
34. ↑ Baoshi (2016-10-11). "Ai-Thinker ESP-32S Decap Photos". https://twitter.com/ba0sh1/status/785980988077723648. Retrieved 2016-10-22.
35. ↑ "ESP32-A1S Product Specification". https://www.makerfabs.com/desfile/files/ESP32-A1S Product Specification.pdf. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
36. ↑ "ESP32 series module topic". https://docs.ai-thinker.com/esp32. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
37. ↑ "Seeed Drops New ESP32-Audio Development Kit for Audio-Related IoT Projects". https://www.hackster.io/news/seeed-drops-new-esp32-audio-development-kit-for-audio-related-iot-projects-ad38d1f02637. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "ESP-32S-ALB/ALB-WROOM". AnalogLamb. https://www.analoglamb.com/product/esp-32s-alb/.
39. ↑ "ALB32-WROVER is an ESP-WROOM-32 Compatible Module with 32 Mbit PSRAM, up to 128 Mbit Flash". CNXSoft. 9 March 2018. https://www.cnx-software.com/2018/03/09/alb32-wrover-is-an-esp-wroom-32-compatible-module-with-32-mbit-psram-up-to-128-mbit-flash/.
40. ↑ "(SKU:TEL0111)ESP32 WiFi&Bluetooth Module/ESP-WROOM-32". DFRobot. http://wiki.dfrobot.com.cn/index.php?title=(SKU:TEL0111)ESP32_WiFi&Bluetooth;_Module/ESP-WROOM-32.
41. ↑ "硬件功能 (Hardware Function)". IntoRobot. http://docs.intorobot.com/hardware/w323-datasheet/#--3.
42. ↑ ITEAD (2017-02-15). "PSH-C32 Schematic". https://www.itead.cc/wiki/File:PSH_C32.SCHMATIC.pdf. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
43. ↑ ITEAD. "PSH-C32". https://www.itead.cc/wiki/PSH-C32. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
44. ↑ Pycom. "Pycom OEM Products". https://www.pycom.io/product-category/oem-products/. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "NINA-W13 series". u-blox. https://www.u-blox.com/en/product/nina-w13-series.
46. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `SparkfunFristImpressions`
47. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `AdafruitVideoESP32BetaModule`
48. ↑ William Hooi (2016-09-01). "So looking forward…". https://twitter.com/willhooi/status/771519098731630592. Retrieved 2016-09-02.
49. ↑ Aditya Tannu (2016-09-02). "Look what I just got!". https://twitter.com/Ady/status/771791275313934336. Retrieved 2016-09-02.
50. ↑ "ESP32-DevKitC Getting Started Guide". Espressif Systems. 2016-09-21. https://espressif.com/en/content/esp32-devkitc-getting-started-guide. Retrieved 2016-09-21.
51. ↑ "ESP-WROVER-KIT". Espressif Systems. https://espressif.com/en/products/hardware/esp-wrover-kit/overview. Retrieved 2017-02-19.
52. ↑ "ESP32 Camera Demo". Ivan Grokhotkov. 2016-11-28. https://github.com/igrr/esp32-cam-demo/blob/master/README.md#esp32. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
53. ↑ ESP32.net (2016-10-28). "Ai-Thinker NodeMCU-32S Development Board Appears on AliExpress". https://twitter.com/ESP32net/status/792085121394364418. Retrieved 2016-10-28.
54. ↑ "ESP32-CAM camera development board | 安信可科技". https://docs.ai-thinker.com/en/esp32-cam.
55. ↑ "ESP32 Development Board – Developer Edition". AnalogLamb. https://www.analoglamb.com/product/esp32-development-board/.
56. ↑ "Maple ESP32 – ESP32 Board with Micro SD Interface, USB to USART & Compatible with Arduino Interface". AnalogLamb. https://www.analoglamb.com/product/maple-esp32/.
57. ↑ ESP32 UNO by ArduCam (9 August 2019). "Arduino Uno-like development board". https://www.arducam.com/arducam-iotai-esp32-camera-module-arduino-uno-r3-board/.
58. ↑ "DOIT ESP32 DEV KIT v1 high-resolution pinout and specs". Mischianti. 17 February 2021. https://mischianti.org/doit-esp32-dev-kit-v1-high-resolution-pinout-and-specs/.
59. ↑ Walter by DPTechnics (17 April 2025). "Walter 5G ESP32-S3 certified module". https://www.quickspot.io.
60. ↑ "BC24 / ESP32 Development Board – Big Circle 24". SwitchDoc Labs. https://shop.switchdoc.com/products/the-bc24-esp32-based-24-rgbw-pixels-with-grove-connectors.
61. ↑ "Products [WEMOS Electronics"]. https://wiki.wemos.cc/start. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
62. ↑ "LOLIN32 (Retired) [WEMOS Electronics"] (in en). https://wiki.wemos.cc/products:lolin32:lolin32.
63. ↑ "LOLIN32 Lite (Retired) [WEMOS Electronics"] (in en). https://wiki.wemos.cc/products:lolin32:lolin32_lite.
64. ↑ "LOLIN32 Pro (Retired) [WEMOS Electronics"] (in en). https://wiki.wemos.cc/products:lolin32:lolin32_pro.
65. ↑ "D32 [WEMOS Electronics"] (in en). https://wiki.wemos.cc/products:d32:d32.
66. ↑ "D32 Pro [WEMOS Electronics"] (in en). https://wiki.wemos.cc/products:d32:d32_pro.
67. ↑ "IoT Development Framework I Espressif Systems". https://www.espressif.com/en/products/sdks/esp-idf.
68. ↑ Espressif IoT Development Framework, Espressif Systems, 2023-08-29, https://github.com/espressif/esp-idf, retrieved 2023-08-29
69. ↑ Arduino core for the ESP32, ESP32-S2, ESP32-S3 and ESP32-C3, Espressif Systems, 2023-08-28, https://github.com/espressif/arduino-esp32, retrieved 2023-08-29
70. ↑ "Why program in FORTH language on ESP32?". https://esp32.arduino-forth.com/article/elements_whyForth.
71. ↑ "Third-Party Platforms That Support Espressif Hardware". Espressif Systems. http://espressif.com/en/support/download/sdk. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
72. ↑ Tim Mattison (2017-04-13). "AWS IoT on Mongoose OS, Part 1". https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/apn/aws-iot-on-mongoose-os-part-1/.
73. ↑ "Google Cloud IoT Partners". https://cloud.google.com/iot/partners/. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
74. ↑ Hiari, Omar (29 June 2023). "ESP32 and Rust Make a Winning Combination". Apollo Labs. https://apollolabsblog.hashnode.dev/unlocking-possibilities-4-reasons-why-esp32-and-rust-make-a-winning-combination.
75. ↑ "The Rust on ESP Book". https://esp-rs.github.io/book/.
76. ↑ "Get Started with Embedded Swift on ARM and RISC-V Microcontrollers". https://www.swift.org/blog/embedded-swift-examples/.
77. ↑ "A Vision for Embedded Swift". https://github.com/swiftlang/swift-evolution/blob/main/visions/embedded-swift.md.
78. ↑ "Getting Started with VS Code IDE - ESP32 - ESP-IDF Programming Guide latest documentation". https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/latest/esp32/get-started/vscode-setup.html?highlight=vscode.
79. ↑ "Alibaba's IoT Wrist Bands Based on ESP32". 2017-09-30. http://espressif.com/en/media_overview/news/alibaba’s-iot-wrist-bands-based-esp32.
80. ↑ "DingTalk's New Biometric Attendance Monitor Based on ESP32". Espressif Systems. 2017-06-02. http://espressif.com/en/media_overview/news/dingtalk’s-new-biometric-attendance-monitor-based-esp32.
81. ↑ "New ESP32-based Aromatherapy Device". Espressif Systems. 2017-07-31. http://espressif.com/en/media_overview/news/new-esp32-based-aromatherapy-device.
82. ↑ "ODROID | Hardkernel". 2018-07-06. https://www.hardkernel.com/main/products/prdt_info.php?g_code=G152875062626.
83. ↑ "Octopus Home Mini FAQ" (in en-gb). https://octopus.energy/octopus-home-mini-faq/.
84. ↑ "Mysa V1 Electric Baseboard Heater Thermostat (1.3.3) Configuration for Tasmota". https://templates.blakadder.com/mysa_133.html.
85. ↑ "Moduino X Series - Industrial IoT module based on ESP32". TECHBASE Group. http://moduino.techbase.eu/.
86. ↑ "NORVI IIoT - Industrial Controllers based on ESP32". ICONIC DEVICES Ltd.. https://norvi.lk/.
87. ↑ "ME 100: Electronics for the Internet of Things". https://tbp.studentorg.berkeley.edu/syllabi/1380/download/. Retrieved 2024-04-23.
88. ↑ Ruben E. Figueiredo; Vitor Monteiro; Joao C. Ferreira; Joao L. Afonso; Jose A. Afonso (2021). "Smart home power management system for electric vehicle battery charger and electrical appliance control". International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 31 (4). doi:10.1002/2050-7038.12812. https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/82969.
89. ↑ "Building a Low-Cost DIY Drone with ESP32". https://boardor.com/blog/building-a-low-cost-diy-drone-with-esp32. Retrieved 2025-02-20.
90. ↑ "Undocumented backdoor found in Bluetooth chip used by a billion devices". BleepingComputer. 2025-03-06. https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/undocumented-backdoor-found-in-bluetooth-chip-used-by-a-billion-devices/.
91. ↑ "Tarlogic detects a hidden feature in the mass-market ESP32 chip that could infect millions of IoT devices". Tarlogic Security. 2025-03-06. https://www.tarlogic.com/news/hidden-feature-esp32-chip-infect-ot-devices/.
92. ↑ "CVE-2025-27840". National Vulnerability Database (NVD). 2025-03-07. https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-27840.
93. ↑ "Espressif's Response to Claimed Backdoor and Undocumented Commands in ESP32 Bluetooth Stack". Espressif Systems. 2025-03-10. https://www.espressif.com/en/news/response_esp32_bluetooth.

## External links

* Espressif ESP32 Overview
* Espressif ESP32 Resources
* Espressif ESP-IDF Programming Guide
* Espressif ESP32 Forums
* Comparison chips (SoCs) table for ESP8266/ESP32/ESP32-S2/ESP32-S3/ESP32-C3/ESP32-C6. Forked from @fabianoriccardi

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