EnVision (spacecraft)

EnVisionFile:EnVision VR.jpg

Mission type| Reconnaissance
Operator| ESA
Website| envisionvenus.eu
Mission duration| 4.5 years (nominal)
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer| In Competition
Launch mass| 2607 kg
BOL mass| 2537 kg (notional)[1]
Dry mass| 1277 kg
Payload mass| 255 kg
Power| Max. 2.35 kW
Start of mission
Launch date| 2032 (proposed)
Rocket| Ariane 6.2[2][1]
Launch site| Guiana Space Centre (CSG)
Contractor| Arianespace
Venus orbiter
Orbital parameters
Peri altitude| 220 km
Apo altitude| 470 km
Transponders
Band| X band, Ka band[1]

Cosmic Vision

<- ARIEL

EnVision is a proposed orbital mission to Venus that would perform high-resolution radar mapping and atmospheric studies.[3][1] The mission would help scientists understand the relationships between its geological activity and the atmosphere, and it would investigate why Venus and Earth took such different evolutionary paths. The mission is studied by ESA in collaboration with NASA, with the potential sharing of responsibilities currently under assessment.

## Contents

* 1 Science goals
* 2 Science payload
* 3 Radio Science Experiment
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Science goals

Core science measurements are: high-resolution mapping of specific targets, surface change, geomorphology, topography, subsurface, thermal emission, SO2, H2O, D/H ratio, gravity, spin rate, and spin axis. The specific mission's goals are:[1]

* Determine the level and nature of current activity.
* Determine the sequence of geological events that generated its range of surface features.
* Assess whether Venus once had oceans or was hospitable for life.
* Understand the organising geodynamic framework that controls the release of internal heat over the history of the planet.

The Lead Scientist is Richard Ghail, Royal Holloway, University of London. The two deputy lead scientists are Colin Wilson, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK (Science investigation lead) and Thomas Widemann, Observatoire de Paris/LESIA, France (Programme management lead).

## Science payload

The notional payload consists of three instruments and a Radio-Science Experiment:[1][2]

* Venus Synthetic Aperture Radar (VenSAR) operates at 3.2 GHz in the S band (9.4 cm wavelength). VenSAR will provide several imaging and ranging techniques from a polar orbit: (1) regional and targeted surface mapping, (2) global topography and altimetry, (3) stereo imaging, (4) surface radiometry and scatterometry, (5) surface polarimetry, (6) repeat pass interferometry opportunities. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s S-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (VenSAR) selected by NASA is currently undergoing scientific, technical and mission assessment. A SAR is a versatile remote sensing technology that has unique capabilities for determining geophysical information often not available by other remote sensing methods. VenSAR will characterise structural, and geomorphic evidence of multi-scale processes that shaped the geological history of Venus as well as characterise current volcanic, tectonic, and sedimentary activity. The Principal Investigator of the Venus Synthetic Aperture Radar is Scott Hensley, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA/California Institute of Technology.

* Venus Subsurface Radar Sounder (SRS) consists of a fixed dipole antenna operating in the range 9 - 30 MHz. SRS will search for subsurface material boundaries in various geological terrains that include impact craters and their infilling, buried craters, tesserae and their edges, plains, lava flows and their edges, and tectonic features in order to provide stratigraphic relationships at various depth ranges and horizontal scales. The Principal Investigator of the Subsurface Radar Sounder is Lorenzo Bruzzone, Università di Trento, Italy.[2]

* Venus Spectroscopy suite (VenSpec) consists of three channels: VenSpec-M, VenSpec-H and VenSpec-U.
VenSpec-M would provide compositional data on rock types; VenSpec-H would perform extremely high resolution atmospheric measurements; and VenSpec-U would monitor sulphured minor species (mainly SO and SO2) as well as the mysterious UV absorber in Venusian upper clouds. This suite would search for temporal variations in surface temperatures and tropospheric concentrations of volcanic gases, indicative of volcanic eruptions. The Principal Investigator of the Venus Spectroscopy suite and PI of VenSpec-M is Jörn Helbert, DLR Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany. The PI of VenSpec-H is Ann Carine Vandaele, Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy (BIRA/IASB), Belgium. The PI of VenSpec-U is Emmanuel Marcq, LATMOS, IPSL, France.[2]

## Radio Science Experiment

Any orbiting spacecraft is sensitive to the local gravity field, plus the gravity field of the Sun and, to a minor extent, other planets. These gravitational perturbations generate spacecraft orbital velocity perturbations, from which the gravity field of a planet can be determined. EnVision's low-eccentricity, near-polar and relatively low altitude orbit[2] offers the opportunity to obtain a high-resolution gravity field at each longitude and latitude of the Venusian globe. The analysis of the gravity field together with the topography gives insights on the lithospheric and crustal structure, allowing to better understand Venus's geological evolution. In the absence of seismic data, the measurements of the tidal deformation and proper motion of the planet provide the way to probe its deep internal structure (size and state of the core). The tidal deformation can be measured in the EnVision orbital velocity perturbations through the gravitational potential variations it generates (k2 tidal Love number).

The co-Principal Investigators of EnVision Radio Science and Gravity experiment are Caroline Dumoulin, LPG, Université de Nantes, France, and Pascal Rosenblatt, LPG, Université de Nantes, France.[2]

## See also

* Akatsuki, an operational Japanese Venus orbiter
* Magellan, a NASA Venus orbiter
* Mapping of Venus
* Observations and explorations of Venus
* Venus Express, an ESA Venus orbiter
* VERITAS, a NASA Discovery Program finalist with similar goals
* Volcanology of Venus

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 EnVision: Understanding why our most Earth-like neighbor is so different. M5 proposal. Richard Ghail. arXiv.org
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 EnVision M5 Venus Orbiter Proposal: Opportunities and Challenges. (PDF). R. C. Ghail, C. F. Wilson and T. Widemann. 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016)
3. ↑ "ESA selects three new mission concepts for study". https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/ESA_selects_three_new_mission_concepts_for_study.

## External links

* Official site
* EnVision Assessment Study Report, publication date: 18 February 2021. Copyright: ESA.
* EnVision deployment video, produced by VR2Planets, Creative Commons Attribution license (reuse allowed)

* v
* t
* e

Venus

* Outline of Venus

Geography|

| General|

* Arachnoid
* Atmosphere
* Dune fields
* Features
* Mapping of Venus

|

Regions|

| Regio|

* Alpha Regio
* Asteria Regio
* Beta Regio
* Ovda Regio

|

Terrae|

* Aphrodite Terra
* Ishtar Terra
* Lada Terra

Mountains
and
volcanoes|

* Abeona Mons
* Akna Montes
* Anala Mons
* Artemis Corona
* Ba'het Corona
* Boala Corona
* Ciuacoatl Mons
* Fand Mons
* Fotla Corona
* Gula Mons
* Heng-O Corona
* Iaso Tholus
* Irnini Mons
* Jaszai Patera
* Maat Mons
* Maxwell Montes
* Nightingale Corona
* Onatah Corona
* Ozza Mons
* Quetzalpetlatl Corona
* Pancake dome
* Renpet Mons
* Sacajawea Patera
* Sachs Patera
* Sapas Mons
* Santa Corona
* Scalloped margin dome
* Siddons Patera
* Sif Mons
* Skadi Mons
* Theia Mons
* Ushas Mons
* Zisa Corona
* List of coronae on Venus

Plains and
plateaus|

* Guinevere Planitia
* Lakshmi Planum
* Sedna Planitia

Canyons and
valleys|

* Aikhulu Chasma
* Artemis Chasma
* Baltis Vallis
* Dali Chasma
* Devana Chasma
* Diana Chasma
* Ganis Chasma

Craters|

* Addams
* Adivar
* Agnesi
* Alcott
* Ariadne
* Aurelia
* Balch
* Barton
* Buck
* Cleopatra
* Cunitz
* Danilova
* De Lalande
* Dickinson
* Goeppert-Mayer
* Golubkina
* Grimke
* Gregory
* Guilbert
* Isabella
* Jeanne
* Maria Celeste
* Mariko
* Mead
* Meitner
* Merit Ptah
* Mona Lisa
* Nanichi
* Riley
* Ruth
* Stefania
* Wanda
* Wheatley
* Yablochkina

Other|

* Geodynamics
* Geology
* Surface features
* Venus snow
* Venusquake

Moons|

* Neith (hypothetical moon)

Astronomy|

| General|

* Aspects
* Orbit
* Phases

|

Transits|

* 1631
* 1639
* 1769
* 1874
* 1882
* 2004
* 2012

Asteroids|

* Venus-crosser asteroid
* 2002 VE68

Exploration|

| Past|

* Sputnik programme
* Sputnik 7
* Venera program
* Venera 1
* Sputnik 19
* Sputnik 20
* Sputnik 21
* Kosmos 21
* Venera 1964A
* Kosmos 27
* Venera 2
* Venera 3
* Kosmos 96
* Venera 4
* Kosmos 167
* Venera 5
* Venera 6
* Venera 7
* Venera 8
* Kosmos 482
* Venera 9
* Venera 10
* Venera 11
* Venera 12
* Venera 13
* Venera 14
* Venera 15
* Venera 16
* Mariner program
* Mariner 1
* Mariner 2
* Mariner 5
* Mariner 10
* Zond program
* Zond 1
* Pioneer Venus
* Pioneer Venus Orbiter / Pioneer 12
* Pioneer Venus Multiprobe / Pioneer 13
* Vega program
* Vega 1
* Vega 2
* Magellan
* Galileo
* Cassini–Huygens
* IKAROS
* MESSENGER
* Shin'en
* Venus Express

|

Current|

* Akatsuki
* BepiColombo

Planned|

* Venera-D

Proposed|

* EnVision
* European Venus Explorer
* VAMP
* VISE
* VISAGE
* VICI
* VOX
* Shukrayaan-1

Proposed
crewed|

* Colonization
* Inspiration Mars (flyby)
* Terraforming

Other|

* Geological mapping of Venus
* Artificial objects on Venus

Related|

* Cytherean
* culture
* Fiction
* Hesperus
* Life
* Mythology
* Phosphorus
* Venusians

* Book
* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to Venus

Active missions|

| Orbiters|

* Akatsuki

|

Flybys|

* Parker Solar Probe (en route)
* BepiColombo (en route)

Past missions|

| Orbiters|

* Magellan
* Pioneer Venus Orbiter
* Venera 9
* 10
* 15
* 16
* Venus Express

|

Flybys|

* Venera 1†
* Mariner 2
* Zond 1†
* Venera 2†
* Mariner 5
* 10
* Venera 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* Vega 1
* 2
* Galileo
* Cassini–Huygens
* MESSENGER
* IKAROS
* Shin-en†

Descent probes|

* Venera 3†
* 4
* 5
* 6
* Pioneer Venus Multiprobe

Landers|

* Venera 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* Vega 1
* 2
* Pioneer Venus Small Probes

Balloon probes|

* Vega 1
* 2

Failed launches|

* Tyazhely Sputnik
* Mariner 1
* 2MV-1 No.1
* 2MV-1 No.2
* 2MV-2 No.1
* Kosmos 21
* 3MV-1 No.2
* Kosmos 27
* 96
* 167
* 482

Planned missions|

| Flybys|

* Solar Orbiter (2020)
* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2022)
* Dragonfly (2026)

|

Proposed missions|

| Venus missions|

* CUVE
* DAVINCI
* EnVision
* HAVOC
* HOVER
* Shukrayaan-1
* VAMP
* Venera-D
* VERITAS
* VICI
* VISAGE
* VISE
* VOX
* Zephyr

|

Flybys|

* Europa Clipper
* Hayabusa2
* Mercury-P
* Laplace-P
* NASA Uranus orbiter and probe

Cancelled / concepts|

* European Venus Explorer
* Inspiration Mars
* TMK-Mavr
* Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
* Vesta

Program overviews|

* Venera
* 3MV
* Mariner
* Pioneer Venus
* Vega

Related|

* Colonization
* Observations and explorations
* List of artificial objects on Venus
* List of missions
* Manned Venus flyby
* Terraforming
* VeSpR

* Missions are ordered by launch date. † indicates failure en route or before any data returned.

* v
* t
* e

European Space Agency

| Spaceports|

* Guiana Space Centre
* Esrange

|

Launch vehicles|

* Ariane 5
* Ariane 6
* Arianespace Soyuz
* Vega

Facilities|

* Space Operations Centre
* Space Research and Technology Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* European Astronaut Centre
* Space Astronomy Centre
* Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility

Communications|

* ESTRACK
* European Data Relay System

Programmes|

* Aurora
* ATV
* Copernicus
* Sentinel
* Columbus
* CryoSat
* EGNOS
* GALILEO
* ELIPS
* ExoMars
* FLPP
* Living Planet Programme
* Orion
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Science Programme
* Horizon 2000
* Cosmic Vision
* Pride

Predecessors|

* European Launcher Development Organisation
* European Space Research Organisation

Related topics|

* Arianespace
* ESA Television
* EUMETSAT
* European Space Camp
* GEWEX
* Planetary Science Archive

Projects and missions

Science|

| Solar physics|

* ISEE-2 (1977–87)
* Ulysses (1990–2009)
* SOHO (1995–present)
* Cluster II (2000–present)
* Solar Orbiter (2020)
* Lagrange (2020s)

|

Planetary science|

* Giotto (1985–92)
* Huygens (1997–2005)
* SMART-1 (2003–06)
* Mars Express (2003–present)
* Rosetta/Philae (2004–16)
* Venus Express (2005–14)
* ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (2016–present)
* BepiColombo (2018–present)
* Rosalind Franklin rover (2020)
* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2022)
* Comet Interceptor (2028)

Astronomy and
cosmology

* Cos-B (1975–82)
* IUE (1978–96)
* EXOSAT (1983–86)
* Hipparcos (1989–93)
* Hubble (1990–present)
* Eureca (1992–93)
* ISO (1995–98)
* XMM-Newton (1999–present)
* INTEGRAL (2002–present)
* CoRoT (2006–13)
* Planck (2009–13)
* Herschel (2009–13)
* Gaia (2013–present)
* CHEOPS (2019)
* James Webb (2021)
* Euclid (2022)
* PLATO (2026)
* ARIEL (2028)
* ATHENA (2031)
* LISA (2034)

Earth observation|

* Copernicus (1988–)
* Meteosat First Generation (1977–97)
* ERS-1 (1991–2000)
* ERS-2 (1995–2011)
* Meteosat Second Generation (2002–present)
* Envisat (2002–12)
* Double Star (2003–07)
* MetOp (2006–present)
* GOCE (2009–13)
* SMOS (2009–present)
* CryoSat-2 (2010–present)
* Swarm (2013–present)
* Sentinel-1 / 1A / 1B (2014–present)
* Sentinel-2 / 2A / 2B (2015–present)
* Sentinel-3 / 3A / 3B (2016–present)
* Sentinel-5 Precursor (2017–present)
* ADM-Aeolus (2018–present)
* Biomass (2022)
* EarthCARE (2022)
* MetOp-SG-A (2022)
* FLEX (2023)
* Meteosat Third Generation (Sentinel-4) (2023)
* MetOp-SG-B (2023)
* SMILE (2023)
* FORUM (2026)

ISS spaceflight|

* ISS contribution (1998–present)
* Columbus (2008–present)
* Jules Verne (2008)
* Cupola (2010–present)
* Johannes Kepler (2011)
* Edoardo Amaldi (2012)
* Albert Einstein (2013)
* Georges Lemaître (2014)
* European Robotic Arm (2020)

Telecommunications|

* GEOS 2 (1978)
* Olympus-1 (1989–93)
* Artemis (2001–present)
* GIOVE-A (2005–present)
* GIOVE-B (2008–present)
* HYLAS-1 (2010–present)
* Galileo IOV (2011–present)
* Galileo FOC (2014–present)
* EGNOS
* European Data Relay System (2016–present)

Technology
demonstrators

* ARD (1998)
* PROBA-1 (2001–present)
* YES2 (2007)
* PROBA-2 (2009–present)
* PROBA-V (2013–present)
* IXV (2015)
* LISA Pathfinder (2015–17)
* OPS-SAT (2019)
* PROBA-3 (2021)
* AIDA (2023)

Cancelled and proposed|

* ALTIUS
* Ariane 5 ME
* Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer
* CSTS
* Darwin Mission
* Don Quijote
* e.Deorbit
* EChO
* Eddington
* EnVision
* EXPERT
* Hermes
* Hopper
* LOFT
* Luna 27
* Lunar Lander
* Marco Polo
* MarcoPolo-R
* Mars sample return mission
* ODINUS
* SPICA
* STE-QUEST
* THESEUS
* THOR
* XIPE

Failed|

* Cluster
* CryoSat-1
* GEOS 1
* Schiaparelli EDM

Future missions in italics

* Category
* Commons
* Wikinews
* WikiProject

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