Engineering cybernetics

Short description: Branch of cybernetics

Engineering cybernetics, also known as technical cybernetics or cybernetic engineering, is the branch of cybernetics concerned with applications in engineering, in fields such as control engineering and robotics.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Popular usage
* 3 In Media
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## History

Qian Xuesen (Hsue-Shen Tsien) defined engineering cybernetics as a theoretical field of "engineering science",[1] the purpose of which is to "study those parts of the broad science of cybernetics which have direct engineering applications in designing controlled or guided systems".[2] Published in 1954, Qian's published work "Engineering Cybernetics" describes the mathematical and engineering concepts of cybernetic ideas as understood at the time, breaking them down into granular scientific concepts for application. Qian's work is notable for going beyond model-based theories and arguing for the necessity of a new design principle for types of system the properties and characteristics of which are largely unknown.[3]

In the 2020s, concerns with the social consequences of cyber-physical systems, have led to calls to develop "a new branch of engineering", "drawing on the history of cybernetics and reimagining it for our 21st century challenges".[4]

## Popular usage

1960's - An example of engineering cybernetics is a device designed in the mid-1960s by General Electric Company. Referred to as a CAM (cybernetic anthropomorphous machine), this machine was designed for use by the US Army ground troops. Operated by one man in a "cockpit" at the front end, the machine's "legs" steps were duplicates of the leg movements of the harnessed operator.

A common use includes the treatment of neurological disorders with the purposeful application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), or more precisely the use of functional electrical stimulation (FES).[5] The most common used therapy is the 1980s introduced FES-cycling methods.[5] Additional research is attempting to implement applications from control systems to improve FES-cycling.[5] New research is being conducted using computer-controlled FES, where the musculoskeletal system is viewed as cybernetic system.[5]

## In Media

1990's - Neon Genesis Evangelion the Japanese animation (anime) TV series featured giant robots piloted by humans that had a connection to the host machine via biological impulses.

## See also

* Autonomous agency theory
* Biological system
* Complex systems
* Control Theory
* Cybernetics Society
* Gaia hypothesis
* Industrial ecology
* Principia Cybernetica
* Ratio Club
* Superorganisms
* Synergetics (Haken)
* Tektology
* Variety (cybernetics)
* Viable system theory
* Viable system model
* Viable systems approach

## References

1. ↑ Tsien, Hsue-Shen (1954). Engineering Cybernetics. McGraw-Hill. Page vii
2. ↑ Tsien, Hsue-Shen (1954). Engineering Cybernetics. McGraw-Hill.
3. ↑ Gao, Zhiqiang (2014-05-01). "Engineering cybernetics: 60 years in the making" (in en). Control Theory and Technology 12 (2): 97–109. doi:10.1007/s11768-014-4031-0. ISSN 2198-0942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11768-014-4031-0.
4. ↑ "3ainstitute.org" (in en). https://3ainstitute.org/.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Dixon, Warren; Bellman, Matthew (2016-09-01). "Cycling" (in en). Mechanical Engineering 138 (9): S3–S7. doi:10.1115/1.2016-Sep-4. ISSN 0025-6501. https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/memagazineselect/article/138/09/S3/380409/CyclingInduced-by-Functional-Electrical.

## External links

* Information on the program of study "Engineering Cybernetics" at the University of Stuttgart
* Information on the program of study "Technical Cybernetics" at the University of Magdeburg
* Department of Engineering Cybernetics at the Norwegian University of Science and technology

* v
* t
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Subfields of and cyberneticians involved in cybernetics

Subfields|

* Polycontexturality
* Second-order cybernetics
* Catastrophe theory
* Connectionism
* Control theory
* Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
* Decision theory
* Engineering cybernetics
* Information theory
* Semiotics
* Synergetics
* Biological cybernetics
* Biosemiotics
* Biomedical cybernetics
* Biorobotics
* Computational neuroscience
* Homeostasis
* Management cybernetics
* Medical cybernetics
* Neurocybernetics
* Sociocybernetics
* Emergence
* Artificial intelligence

Cyberneticians|

* Maleyka Abbaszadeh
* Igor Aleksander
* William Ross Ashby
* Gregory Bateson
* Anthony Stafford Beer
* Natalia Bekhtereva
* Claude Bernard
* Ludwig von Bertalanffy
* Valentin Braitenberg
* Gordon S. Brown
* Walter Bradford Cannon
* Manfred Clynes
* Heinz von Foerster
* Charles François
* Jay Wright Forrester
* Jacque Fresco
* Buckminster Fuller
* Ranulph Glanville
* Ernst von Glasersfeld
* Pyotr Grigorenko
* N. Katherine Hayles
* Francis Heylighen
* Erich von Holst
* Jason Jixuan Hu
* Cliff Joslyn
* Stuart Kauffman
* Sergei P. Kurdyumov
* Allenna Leonard
* Alexander Lerner
* Niklas Luhmann
* Alexey Lyapunov
* Warren McCulloch
* Humberto Maturana
* Marian Mazur
* Margaret Mead
* Ulla Mitzdorf
* Talcott Parsons
* Gordon Pask
* Walter Pitts
* Qian Xuesen
* Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
* I. A. Richards
* Robert Trappl
* Valentin Turchin
* Jakob von Uexküll
* Stuart Umpleby
* Francisco Varela
* Frederic Vester
* Charles Geoffrey Vickers
* John N. Warfield
* William Grey Walter
* Kevin Warwick
* Norbert Wiener
* Jennifer Wilby
* Anthony Wilden

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