Facebook Aquila

Short description: Experimental solar-powered drone developed by Facebook

Aquila

General information
Type| Atmospheric satellite
National origin| United Kingdom (UK)
Manufacturer| Facebook
Ascenta
Number built| 1
History
First flight| 28 June 2016[1]
Retired| 26 June 2016[2]

The Facebook Aquila was an experimental solar-powered drone developed by Facebook for use as an atmospheric satellite, intended to act as relay stations for providing internet access to remote areas. The Aquila first flew on 28 June 2016 with a second aircraft successfully flying in 2017. Internal development of the Aquila aircraft was stopped in June 2018.

## Contents

* 1 Development
* 2 Design
* 3 Specifications
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Development

Aquila was developed by Facebook's Connectivity Lab.[3] The prototype airframe design and construction was led by Ascenta, a Somerset, England-based company acquired by Facebook in 2014.[1] Several scale models of the Aquila were built and flown to prove the concept prior to the full-scale prototype being built.[3]

Following construction at Ascenta's factory in Bridgwater, England, the Aquila prototype was disassembled and shipped to Arizona, where it was first flown on 28 June 2016.[1] The 96-minute flight was considered successful. However, during landing, the aircraft touched down short of the intended landing zone and was damaged;[1][4] the National Transportation Safety Board conducted an investigation into the accident,[5] as the drone suffered a structural failure just before touching down.[4] The aircraft was designed such that a production version would be able to support continuous flight in the stratosphere for 90 days.[6]

Following the crash, the prototype Aquila was modified with spoilers, provision for feathering the propellers, and refinement of the exterior surface of the aircraft; the second flight took place on 22 May 2017, with the one-hour, 46-minute flight being considered successful.[7] In November 2017, a partnership with Airbus was announced to further development of the Aquila and the "high altitude platform station broadband connectivity system" (HAPS) project.[8] The same month, it was announced that Aquila would be displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum's spring "The Future Starts here" exhibition in 2018.[9]

In June 2018, as aerospace manufacturers started designing and building HAPS, Facebook decided to stop its program to work with partners like Airbus on HAPS connectivity and their technologies like flight control and high-density batteries.[10] In 2018, it was reported that Facebook and Airbus scheduled test flights in Australia using the latter's Zephyr drone technology.[11] Zephyr shares the same blueprint with Aquila as it also uses solar power.[11]

## Design

The drone had a wingspan roughly the same as a Boeing 737,[1] but weighed only 880 pounds (400 kg).[3] Aquila was of flying wing configuration, the upper surface of the wing being covered in solar cells to power the aircraft's four electric motors; batteries, composing half the aircraft's weight, provided power storage for night flight.[1] Aquila was claimed to use the same amount of power as three blow dryers.[7] While the prototype used a launch trolley to become airborne, production Aquilas were intended to be launched using helium balloons, carrying the aircraft to their operational height and releasing them;[3] landings would have taken place on grassy surfaces.[1]

Aquila was intended to fly at altitudes of up to 90,000 feet (27,000 m) during the day,[1] dropping to 60,000 feet (18,000 m) at night, with an endurance of up to three months, providing Internet service to a 50 miles (80 km)-radius area below its flight path;[3] if communications spectrum was assigned for the project, it would allow the 66% of Earth's surface that has poor or no internet access to be connected.[8] The technology, which used high-bandwidth lasers to beam the Internet to remote locations,[12] was intended to provide access to 4 billion users, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.[13]

## Specifications

Data from Collated from sources in the text above.

General characteristics

* Crew: None
* Wingspan: 140 ft (43 m)
* Gross weight: 880 lb (399 kg)

Performance

* Service ceiling: 90,000 ft (27,000 m)

## See also

* Project Loon

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

* NASA Pathfinder (First flew in June 1983)
* NASA Centurion (First flight 10 November 1998)
* NASA/AeroVironment Helios Prototype (First flight 8 September 1999)
* QinetiQ/Airbus Zephyr (First flight in 2008)
* SoftBank/AeroVironment HAPSMobile (First flight 11 September 2019)
* BAE Systems PHASA-35 (First flight 17 February 2020)

Related lists

* List of electric aircraft

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Cellan-Jones, Rory (21 July 2016). "Facebook's drones – made in Britain". London. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-36855168.
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Facebook26June2016`
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Kelly, Heather (31 July 2015). "Facebook built a giant Internet drone". Atlanta, GA. https://money.cnn.com/2015/07/30/technology/facebook-drone-aquila/index.html.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hern, Alex (22 November 2016). "Facebook's solar-powered drone under investigation after 'accident'". London. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/22/facebook-solar-powered-aquila-drone-under-investigation.
5. ↑ Levin, Alan; Sarah Frier (21 November 2016). "Accident Involving Facebook Experimental Drone Under Investigation". New York. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-21/facebook-experimental-drone-accident-subject-of-safety-probe.
6. ↑ Moore, Mike (June 27, 2018). "Facebook grounds Project Aquila" (in en). https://www.techradar.com/news/facebook-grounds-project-aquila.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Heath, Alex (29 Jun 2017). "Facebook's internet-beaming drone has completed its second test flight and didn't crash". New York. http://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-aquila-internet-drone-second-test-flight-2017-6.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bellamy III, Woodrow (21 November 2017). "Airbus, Facebook Partner on HAPS Connectivity". Rockville, MD. http://www.aviationtoday.com/2017/11/21/airbus-facebook-partner-haps-connectivity/.
9. ↑ Curtis, Sophie (23 November 2017). "Facebook's Aquila internet drone to go on public display for the first time at V&A Museum in London". London. https://www.mirror.co.uk/tech/facebooks-aquila-internet-drone-go-11574023.
10. ↑ Yael Maguire (26 June 2018). "High altitude connectivity: The next chapter". Facebook. https://code.facebook.com/posts/190457848334738.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Russell, John (2019). "Facebook was reportedly testing solar-powered internet drones again — this time with Airbus" (in en-US). https://techcrunch.com/2019/01/21/facebook-airbus-solar-drones-internet-program/.
12. ↑ Hambling, David (2019-05-09). "Solar Drones Are Filling the Skies, But There's Still No Clear Winner" (in en-US). https://www.popularmechanics.com/flight/drones/g27419696/solar-aircraft-drones/.
13. ↑ Ziegler, Bill; Ramage, Dave (2017) (in en). Future Focused Leaders: Relate, Innovate, and Invigorate for Real Educational Change. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. pp. 48. ISBN 9781506376035.

## External links

* "The technology behind Aquila", Facebook.com

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