Gun ownership

Short description: Status of owning a firearm

A gun store in Wenatchee, Washington, United States

Gun ownership is the ownership of a gun or firearm.

A gun store in Prague, Czech Republic

In 2018, the Small Arms Survey reported that there are over one billion small arms distributed globally, of which 857 million (about 85 percent) are in civilian hands.[1][2] The survey stated that USA civilians account for an estimated 393 million (about 46 percent) of the worldwide total of civilian held firearms,[2] or about 120.5 firearms for every 100 American residents.[2]

From 1994 to 2023, gun ownership increased 28% in America. In 2023, about 16.7 million firearms were sold in the U.S. In the first four months of 2024, nearly 5.5 million firearms were sold, averaging around 1.3 million per month. About 72% of American gun owners say they own a gun primarily for protection.[3]

Gun ownership is a legal right in many nations, including the United States, Switzerland, and the Czech Republic. These countries have explicit constitutional or statutory frameworks that affirm civilian access to firearms for self-defense, sport, and militia purposes.[4]

The world's armed forces control about 133 million (approximately 13 percent) of the global total of small arms, of which over 43 percent belong to two countries: Russia (30.3 million) and China (27.5 million).[1] Law enforcement agencies control about 23 million (about 2 percent) of the global total of small arms.[1] Gun ownership is a protected right in countries such as the United States and Yemen.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Global distribution of civilian-held firearms
* 2 Association with rates of violence in times of peace
* 3 Maps
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading

## Global distribution of civilian-held firearms

The following data comes from the Small Arms Survey. For more tables see: Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country and Percent of households with guns by country.

Template:Sticky table startPage Template:Row hover highlight/styles.css has no content.

World wide civilian firearms holdings, 2017 estimates.[6][7] Countries and territories  | Firearms in civilian possession  | Population 2017  | Civilian firearms per 100 people

|
|
|

Afghanistan | 4,270,000 | 34,169,000 | 12.5
Albania | 350,000 | 2,911,000 | 12.0
Algeria | 877,000 | 41,064,000 | 2.1
American Samoa (United States) | 400 | 56,000 | 0.7
Andorra | 10,000 | 69,000 | 14.1
Angola | 2,982,000 | 26,656,000 | 11.2
Antigua and Barbuda | 5,000 | 94,000 | 5.4
Argentina | 3,256,000 | 44,272,000 | 7.4
Armenia | 186,000 | 3,032,000 | 6.1
Aruba (Netherlands) | 3,000 | 105,000 | 2.6
Australia | 3,573,000 | 24,642,000 | 14.5
Austria | 2,577,000 | 8,592,000 | 30.0
Azerbaijan | 362,000 | 9,974,000 | 3.6
Bahamas | 74,000 | 397,000 | 18.8
Bahrain | 181,000 | 1,419,000 | 12.8
Bangladesh | 659,000 | 164,828,000 | 0.4
Barbados | 10,000 | 286,000 | 3.5
Belarus | 581,000 | 9,459,000 | 6.1
Belgium | 1,451,000 | 11,444,000 | 12.7
Belize | 37,000 | 375,000 | 10.0
Benin | 33,000 | 11,459,000 | 0.3
Bermuda (United Kingdom) | 3,000 | 61,000 | 4.6
Bhutan | 6,000 | 793,000 | 0.8
Bolivia | 218,000 | 11,053,000 | 2.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1,185,000 | 3,793,000 | 31.2
Botswana | 97,000 | 2,344,000 | 4.1
Brazil | 17,510,000 | 211,243,000 | 8.3
Brunei | 6,000 | 434,000 | 1.4
Bulgaria | 590,000 | 7,045,000 | 8.4
Burkina Faso | 175,000 | 19,173,000 | 0.9
Burundi | 238,000 | 11,936,000 | 2.0
Cambodia | 717,000 | 16,076,000 | 4.5
Cameroon | 510,000 | 24,514,000 | 2.1
Canada | 12,708,000 | 36,626,000 | 34.7
Cape Verde (Cabo Verde) | 31,000 | 533,000 | 5.7
Cayman Islands (United Kingdom) | 6,000 | 62,000 | 9.2
Central African Republic | 94,000 | 5,099,000 | 1.8
Chad | 151,000 | 14,965,000 | 1.0
Template:Country data Channel Islands | 23,000 | 165,000 | 14.0
Chile | 2,220,000 | 18,313,000 | 12.1
China | 49,735,000 | 1,388,233,000 | 3.6
Christmas Island | 0 | 2,000 | 0.0
Colombia | 4,971,000 | 49,068,000 | 10.1
Comoros | 12,000 | 826,000 | 1.5
Costa Rica | 493,000 | 4,906,000 | 10.0
Croatia | 576,000 | 4,210,000 | 13.7
Cuba | 234,000 | 11,390,000 | 2.1
Curaçao | 4,000 | 160,000 | 2.6
Cyprus | 285,000 | 839,000 | 34.0
Czech Republic | 1,323,000 | 10,555,000 | 12.5
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 946,000 | 82,243,000 | 1.2
Denmark | 567,000 | 5,712,000 | 9.9
Djibouti | 28,000 | 911,000 | 3.1
Dominica | 5,000 | 73,000 | 6.2
Dominican Republic | 795,000 | 10,767,000 | 7.4
Ecuador | 402,000 | 16,626,000 | 2.4
Egypt | 3,931,000 | 95,215,000 | 4.1
El Salvador | 737,000 | 6,167,000 | 12.0
England and Wales | 2,731,000 | 58,877,000 | 4.6
Equatorial Guinea | 112,000 | 894,000 | 12.5
Eritrea | 23,000 | 5,482,000 | 0.4
Estonia | 65,000 | 1,306,000 | 5.0
Ethiopia | 377,000 | 104,345,000 | 0.4
Falkland Islands (United Kingdom) | 2,000 | 3,000 | 66.7
Faroe Islands (Denmark) | 5,000 | 49,000 | 9.9
Fiji | 5,000 | 903,000 | 0.5
Finland | 1,793,000 | 5,541,000 | 32.4
France | 12,732,000 | 64,939,000 | 19.6
French Guiana (France) | 55,000 | 283,000 | 19.6
French Polynesia (France) | 7,000 | 289,000 | 2.5
Gabon | 61,000 | 1,801,000 | 3.4
Gambia | 137,000 | 2,120,000 | 6.5
Georgia | 402,000 | 3,973,000 | 10.1
Germany | 15,822,000 | 80,636,000 | 19.6
Ghana | 2,280,000 | 28,657,000 | 8.0
Gibraltar (United Kingdom) | 1,000 | 32,000 | 4.1
Greece | 1,920,000 | 10,893,000 | 17.6
Greenland (Denmark) | 13,000 | 56,000 | 22.3
Grenada | 5,000 | 108,000 | 4.6
Guadeloupe (France) | 40,000 | 472,000 | 8.5
Guam (United States) | 20,000 | 174,000 | 11.5
Guatemala | 2,062,000 | 17,005,000 | 12.1
Guinea | 130,000 | 13,291,000 | 1.0
Guinea-Bissau | 29,000 | 1,933,000 | 1.5
Guyana | 122,000 | 774,000 | 15.8
Haiti | 291,000 | 10,983,000 | 2.6
Holy See | 0 | 1,000 | 0.0
Honduras | 1,171,000 | 8,305,000 | 14.1
Hong Kong (China) | 265,000 | 7,402,000 | 3.6
Hungary | 1,023,000 | 9,788,000 | 10.5
Iceland | 106,000 | 334,000 | 31.7
India | 71,101,000 | 1,342,513,000 | 5.3
Indonesia | 82,000 | 263,510,000 | 0.03
Iran | 5,890,000 | 80,946,000 | 7.3
Iraq | 7,588,000 | 38,654,000 | 19.6
Ireland | 342,000 | 4,749,000 | 7.2
Israel | 557,000 | 8,323,000 | 6.7
Italy | 8,609,000 | 59,798,000 | 14.4
Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) | 1,049,000 | 23,816,000 | 4.4
Jamaica | 246,000 | 2,813,000 | 8.8
Japan | 377,000 | 126,045,000 | 0.3
Jordan | 1,473,000 | 7,877,000 | 18.7
Kazakhstan | 504,000 | 18,064,000 | 2.8
Kenya | 750,000 | 48,467,000 | 1.5
Kiribati | 900 | 116,000 | 0.8
Kosovo | 436,000 | 1,831,000 | 23.8
Kuwait | 685,000 | 4,100,000 | 16.7
Kyrgyzstan | 171,000 | 6,125,000 | 2.8
Laos | 215,000 | 7,038,000 | 3.0
Latvia | 205,000 | 1,945,000 | 10.5
Lebanon | 1,927,000 | 6,039,000 | 31.9
Lesotho | 105,000 | 2,185,000 | 4.8
Liberia | 97,000 | 4,730,000 | 2.1
Libya | 851,000 | 6,409,000 | 13.3
Liechtenstein | 11,000 | 38,000 | 28.8
Lithuania | 385,000 | 2,831,000 | 13.6
Luxembourg | 110,000 | 584,000 | 18.9
Macau (China) | 22,000 | 606,000 | 3.6
Madagascar | 168,000 | 25,613,000 | 0.7
Malawi | 47,000 | 18,299,000 | 0.3
Malaysia | 217,000 | 31,164,000 | 0.7
Maldives | 23,000 | 376,000 | 6.2
Mali | 206,000 | 18,690,000 | 1.1
Malta | 119,000 | 421,000 | 28.3
Marshall Islands | 300 | 53,000 | 0.5
Martinique (France) | 34,000 | 396,000 | 8.5
Mauritania | 120,000 | 4,266,000 | 2.8
Mauritius | 106,000 | 1,281,000 | 8.3
Mexico | 16,809,000 | 130,223,000 | 12.9
F.S. Micronesia | 700 | 106,000 | 0.7
Moldova | 121,000 | 4,055,000 | 3.0
Monaco | 7,000 | 38,000 | 18.4
Mongolia | 242,000 | 3,052,000 | 7.9
Montenegro | 245,000 | 626,000 | 39.1
Montserrat (United Kingdom) | 300 | 5,000 | 5.4
Morocco | 1,690,000 | 35,241,000 | 4.8
Mozambique | 1,337,000 | 29,538,000 | 4.5
Myanmar | 877,000 | 54,836,000 | 1.6
Namibia | 396,000 | 2,569,000 | 15.4
Nauru | 0 | 10,000 | 0.0
Nepal | 444,000 | 29,187,000 | 1.5
Netherlands | 442,000 | 17,033,000 | 2.6
New Caledonia (France) | 115,000 | 270,000 | 42.5
New Zealand | 1,212,000 | 4,605,000 | 26.3
Nicaragua | 323,000 | 6,218,000 | 5.2
Niger | 117,000 | 21,564,000 | 0.5
Nigeria | 6,154,000 | 191,836,000 | 3.2
Northern Ireland | 206,000 | 1,873,000 | 11.0
Northern Mariana Islands (United States) | 1,000 | 56,000 | 2.6
North Korea | 76,000 | 25,405,000 | 0.3
Norway | 1,537,000 | 5,331,000 | 28.8
Oman | 792,000 | 4,741,000 | 16.7
Pakistan | 43,917,000 | 196,744,000 | 22.3
Palau | 100 | 22,000 | 0.5
Template:Country data Palestinian Territories | 56,000 | 4,952,000 | 1.1
Panama | 436,000 | 4,051,000 | 10.8
Papua New Guinea | 79,000 | 7,934,000 | 1.0
Paraguay | 1,140,000 | 6,812,000 | 16.7
Peru | 633,000 | 32,166,000 | 2.0
Philippines | 3,776,000 | 103,797,000 | 3.6
Poland | 968,000 | 38,564,000 | 2.5
Portugal | 2,186,000 | 10,265,000 | 21.3
Puerto Rico (United States) | 422,000 | 3,679,000 | 11.5
Puntland | 246,000 | 1,995,000 | 12.3
Qatar | 390,000 | 2,338,000 | 16.7
Congo | 119,000 | 4,866,000 | 2.4
Réunion (France) | 171,000 | 873,000 | 19.6
Romania | 506,000 | 19,238,000 | 2.6
Russia | 17,620,000 | 143,375,000 | 12.3
Rwanda | 66,000 | 12,160,000 | 0.5
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 2,000 | 57,000 | 3.4
Saint Lucia | 6,000 | 188,000 | 3.4
Saint Martin (France) | 3,000 | 32,000 | 8.5
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 4,000 | 110,000 | 3.4
Samoa | 20,000 | 196,000 | 10.1
San Marino | 5,000 | 32,000 | 15.6
Template:Country data São Tomé and Principe | 7,000 | 198,000 | 3.4
Saudi Arabia | 12,564,000 | 32,743,000 | 53.7
Scotland | 305,000 | 5,436,000 | 5.6
Senegal | 323,000 | 16,054,000 | 2.0
Serbia | 2,719,000 | 6,946,000 | 39.1
Seychelles | 4,000 | 98,000 | 4.1
Sierra Leone | 35,000 | 6,733,000 | 0.5
Singapore | 20,000 | 5,785,000 | 0.3
Sint Maarten (Netherlands) | 2,000 | 40,000 | 4.2
Slovakia | 355,000 | 5,432,000 | 6.5
Slovenia | 324,000 | 2,071,000 | 15.6
Solomon Islands | 1,000 | 606,000 | 0.2
Somalia | 1,145,000 | 9,225,000 | 12.4
Somaliland | 456,000 | 3,823,000 | 11.9
South Africa | 5,351,000 | 55,436,000 | 9.7
South Korea | 79,000 | 50,705,000 | 0.2
South Sudan | 1,255,000 | 13,096,000 | 9.6
Spain | 3,464,000 | 46,070,000 | 7.5
Sri Lanka | 494,000 | 20,905,000 | 2.4
Sudan | 2,768,000 | 42,166,000 | 6.6
Suriname | 88,000 | 552,000 | 15.9
Swaziland | 64,000 | 1,320,000 | 4.8
Sweden | 2,296,000 | 9,921,000 | 23.1
Switzerland | 2,332,000 | 8,454,000 | 27.6
Syria | 1,547,000 | 18,907,000 | 8.2
Taiwan | 10,000 | 23,405,000 | 0.04
Tajikistan | 37,000 | 8,858,000 | 0.4
Tanzania | 427,000 | 56,878,000 | 0.8
Thailand | 10,342,000 | 68,298,000 | 15.1
East Timor | 3,000 | 1,237,000 | 0.3
Togo | 58,000 | 7,692,000 | 0.8
Tonga | 9,000 | 108,000 | 8.0
Trinidad and Tobago | 43,000 | 1,369,000 | 3.2
Tunisia | 123,000 | 11,495,000 | 1.1
Turkey | 13,249,000 | 80,418,000 | 16.5
Turkmenistan | 23,000 | 5,503,000 | 0.4
Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom) | 1,000 | 35,000 | 3.3
Tuvalu | 100 | 10,000 | 1.2
Uganda | 331,000 | 41,653,000 | 0.8
Ukraine | 4,396,000 | 44,405,000 | 9.9
United Arab Emirates | 1,569,000 | 9,398,000 | 16.7
United States | 393,347,000 | 326,474,000 | 120.5
Uruguay | 1,198,000 | 3,457,000 | 34.7
Uzbekistan | 127,000 | 30,691,000 | 0.4
Vanuatu | 11,000 | 276,000 | 3.9
Venezuela | 5,895,000 | 31,926,000 | 18.5
Vietnam | 1,562,000 | 95,415,000 | 1.6
British Virgin Islands | 300 | 31,000 | 0.8
U.S. Virgin Islands | 18,000 | 107,000 | 16.6
Yemen | 14,859,000 | 28,120,000 | 52.8
Zambia | 158,000 | 17,238,000 | 0.9
Zimbabwe | 455,000 | 16,338,000 | 2.8

Template:Sticky table end

## Association with rates of violence in times of peace

Multiple studies show that where people have easy access to firearms, gun-related deaths tend to be more frequent, including by suicide, homicide and unintentional injuries.[8]

Gun-related death rates are positively correlated with household gun ownership rates.[9]

U.S. gun sales have risen steadily in the 21st century, peaking in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.[10] "NICS" is the FBI's National Instant Background Check System.[better source needed]

Annual gun production in the U.S. has increased substantially in the 21st century, after having remained fairly level over preceding decades.[11] By 2023, a majority of U.S. states allowed adults to carry concealed guns in public.[11]

American studies suggest that higher rates of gun ownership are associated with higher homicide rates,[12][13][14] although Gary Kleck argues that the highest-quality studies show that gun ownership does not increase homicide rates.[15] Higher rates of gun ownership are also associated with higher suicide rates[16][17] and higher accidental gun death rates.[18][19][20] The availability of illegal guns, but not that of legal guns, is associated with higher rates of violent crime.[21]

An international study by UNICRI researchers from 2001 examined the link between household gun ownership and overall homicide, overall suicide, as well as gun homicide and gun suicide rates amongst 21 countries. Significant correlations between household gun ownership and rates of gun suicides for both genders, and gun homicide rates involving female victims were found. There were no significant correlations detected for total homicide and suicide rates, as well as gun homicide rates involving male victims, gun homicides when including both genders, or overall female homicide rates.[22] This study has been criticized for combining high-income countries (like the United States) with middle-income countries (like Estonia); if middle-income countries are excluded from the analysis, a strong relationship emerges between gun ownership and homicide.[23] However the Hemenway study has been criticized in response as well. When removing the United States as an outlier and using the superior proxy of gun ownership in the study (percentage of firearm suicides over all suicides), the relationship ceases to be significant. The association between gun ownership and homicide rates across highly developed nations is dependent on the inclusion of the U.S.[24] Studies in Canada that examined the levels of gun ownership by province have found no correlations with provincial overall suicide rates.[25] A 2011 study conducted looking at the effects of gun control legislation passed in Canada and the associated effects in homicide rates found no significant reductions in homicide rates as a result of legislation.[26] A case-control study conducted in New Zealand looking at household gun ownership and the risk of suicides found no significant associations.[27]

## Maps

Map of countries by estimated civilian firearms per capita[when?]

Percent of households with guns in 2016. RAND Corporation.[28][29]

## See also

* Gun control
* Gun violence
* Index of gun politics articles
* Percent of households with guns by country
* Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 smallarmssurvey.org Small Arms Survey reveals: More than one billion firearms in the world
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 smallarmssurvey.org Estimating Global CivilianHELD Firearms Numbers. Aaron Karp. June 2018
3. ↑ "How Many Gun Owners Are In America? 2023 - 2024 Statistics". https://www.bulkcheapammo.com/blog/how-many-gun-owners-are-in-america-2024.
4. ↑ Levush, Ruth (2022-06-10). "Law Library of Congress Studies on Firearms, Weapons, and Gun Control | In Custodia Legis". https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2022/06/law-library-of-congress-studies-on-firearms-weapons-and-gun-control.
5. ↑ Haroun, Brennan Weiss, James Pasley, Azmi. "Only 3 countries in the world protect the right to bear arms in their constitutions: the US, Mexico, and Guatemala" (in en-US). https://www.businessinsider.com/2nd-amendment-countries-constitutional-right-bear-arms-2017-10.
6. ↑ smallarmssurvey.org June 2018, Estimating Global Civilian Held Firearms Numbers by Aaron Karp
7. ↑ Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017. smallarmssurvey.org. Archived on 29 June 2018.
8. ↑ Fox, Kara; Shveda, Krystina; Croker, Natalie; Chacon, Marco (November 26, 2021). "How US gun culture stacks up with the world". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/26/world/us-gun-culture-world-comparison-intl-cmd/index.html. "CNN's attribution: Developed countries are defined based on the UN classification, which includes 36 countries. Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (Global Burden of Disease 2019), Small Arms Survey (Civilian Firearm Holdings 2017)"
9. ↑ ● Mortality data from "Firearm Mortality by State". Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/firearm_mortality/firearm.htm. "The number of deaths per 100,000 total population. Source: wonder.cdc.gov"
● Household firearm ownership data from Schell, Terry L.; Peterson, Samuel; Vegetabile, Brian G.; Scherling, Adam; Smart, Rosanna; Morral, Andrew R. (April 22, 2020). State-Level Estimates of Household Firearm Ownership. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/tools/TL354.html. (Click on "Download the Database", extract the xlsx file, and choose the tab at the bottom of the xlsx file to see the long data listing, select data for particular year from the HFR column.)
10. ↑ ● Gun sale data from Brownlee, Chip (December 31, 2023). "Gun Violence by the Numbers in 2023". The Trace. https://www.thetrace.org/2023/12/data-gun-violence-deaths-america/.
● NICS firearm check data downloaded via link at "NICS Firearm Background Checks: Month/Year". Federal Bureau of Investigation. January 2024. https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/nics_firearm_checks_-_month_year.pdf.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mascia, Jennifer; Brownlee, Chip (April 9, 2024). "The Armed Era". The Trace. https://www.thetrace.org/2024/04/columbine-shooting-guns-whats-changed/.
12. ↑ Miller, Matthew; Azrael, Deborah; Hemenway, David (December 2002). "Rates of Household Firearm Ownership and Homicide Across US Regions and States, 1988–1997". American Journal of Public Health 92 (12): 1988–1993. doi:10.2105/AJPH.92.12.1988. PMID 12453821.
13. ↑ Hoskin, Anthony W. (September 2001). "Armed Americans: The impact of firearm availability on national homicide rates". Justice Quarterly 18 (3): 569–592. doi:10.1080/07418820100095021.
14. ↑ Miller, Matthew; Hemenway, David; Azrael, Deborah (February 2007). "State-level homicide victimization rates in the US in relation to survey measures of household firearm ownership, 2001–2003". Social Science & Medicine 64 (3): 656–664. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.09.024. PMID 17070975.
15. ↑ Kleck, Gary (January 2015). "The Impact of Gun Ownership Rates on Crime Rates: A Methodological Review of the Evidence". Journal of Criminal Justice 43 (1): 40–48. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.12.002.
16. ↑ Anestis, MD; Houtsma, C (13 March 2017). "The Association Between Gun Ownership and Statewide Overall Suicide Rates.". Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 48 (2): 204–217. doi:10.1111/sltb.12346. PMID 28294383.
17. ↑ Westefeld, John S.; Gann, Lianne C.; Lustgarten, Samuel D.; Yeates, Kevin J. (2016). "Relationships between firearm availability and suicide: The role of psychology.". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 47 (4): 271–277. doi:10.1037/pro0000089.
18. ↑ Miller, M; Azrael, D; Hemenway, D (February 2002). "Firearm availability and unintentional firearm deaths, suicide, and homicide among 5-14 year olds.". The Journal of Trauma 52 (2): 267–74; discussion 274–5. doi:10.1097/00005373-200202000-00011. PMID 11834986.
19. ↑ Miller, M. (1 March 2002). "Firearm Availability and Suicide, Homicide, and Unintentional Firearm Deaths Among Women". Journal of Urban Health 79 (1): 26–38. doi:10.1093/jurban/79.1.26. PMID 11937613.
20. ↑ Miller, Mathew; Azrael, Deborah; Hemenway, David (July 2001). "Firearm availability and unintentional firearm deaths". Accident Analysis & Prevention 33 (4): 477–484. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(00)00061-0. PMID 11426678.
21. ↑ Stolzenberg, L.; D'Alessio, S. J. (1 June 2000). "Gun Availability and Violent Crime: New Evidence from the National Incident-Based Reporting System". Social Forces 78 (4): 1461–1482. doi:10.1093/sf/78.4.1461.
22. ↑ https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/5263789/GunsKilliasvKesteren.pdf [bare URL PDF]
23. ↑ Hemenway, David (June 2009). "Don B. Kates and Gary Mauser. "Would Banning Firearms Reduce Murder and Suicide? A Review of International and Some Domestic Evidence" Harvard Journal of Law and Policy". https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1264/2013/06/Kates-Mauser.pdf.
24. ↑ Kleck, Gary (2004). "Measures of Gun Ownership Levels for Macro-Level Crime and Violence Research". Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 41: 3–36. doi:10.1177/0022427803256229. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240700085.
25. ↑ "Firearms, Accidental Deaths, Suicides and Violent Crime: An Updated Review of the Literature with Special Reference to the Canadian Situation". 10 March 1999. https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/jsp-sjp/wd98_4-dt98_4/p4.html#a46.
26. ↑ Langmann, Caillin (2012). "Canadian Firearms Legislation and Effects on Homicide 1974 to 2008". Journal of Interpersonal Violence 27 (12): 2303–2321. doi:10.1177/0886260511433515. PMID 22328660.
27. ↑ Beautrais, Annette L.; Joyce, Peter R.; Mulder, Roger T. (1996). "Access to Firearms and the Risk of Suicide: A Case Control Study". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30 (6): 741–748. doi:10.3109/00048679609065040. PMID 9034462.
28. ↑ Schell, Terry L.; Peterson, Samuel; Vegetabile, Brian G.; Scherling, Adam; Smart, Rosanna; Morral, Andrew R. (April 22, 2020). "State-Level Estimates of Household Firearm Ownership". RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/tools/TL354.html. Click on "Download the Database", extract the xlsx file, and choose the data tab at the bottom. Select state data for particular year from the HFR column. There is 2016 data for all states. Sort the year column.
29. ↑ "Gun Ownership in America" (in en). RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/research/gun-policy/gun-ownership.html. See 1980-2016 timeline graph: "This figure displays three-year rolling averages for household gun ownership rates in each state and the nation overall." Hover over state lines for year and percent. There is also a form to select state lines to show. Add one at a time.

## Further reading

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* Krouse, William J. (14 November 2012). Gun Control Legislation. Congressional Research Service. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32842.pdf.
* The Washington Post article (June 2018) [1]
* Time article (June 2018) [2]
* The New York Times (June 2018) [3]
* The Guardian article (June 2018) [4]
* Newsweek article (June 2018) [5]
* The Star Tribune article (June 2018) [6]
* The Associated Press article (June 2018) [7]
* Reuters article (June 2018) [8]
* New York Daily News article (June 2018) [9]

* v
* t
* e

Liberty

Concepts|

* Cognitive liberty
* Moral responsibility
* Personification of Liberty
* Libertas
* Negative liberty
* Positive liberty
* Rights
* Self-ownership
* Social liberty
* Free will

By type|

* Academic
* Civil
* Economic
* Intellectual
* Morphological
* Political

By right|

* Assembly
* Association
* Choice
* Education
* Gun
* Information
* Life
* Movement
* Press
* Property
* Religion
* Public speech
* Thought

* v
* t
* e

Weapons

History|

| Modern|

* American Civil War
* World War I
* Chemical
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Romania
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Infantry
* World War II
* Australia
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* China
* Croatia
* France
* Germany
* Holland
* Italy
* Japan
* Poland
* Romania
* Soviet Union
* Thailand
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Infantry
* Korean War
* First Indochina War
* Vietnam War

|

Premodern|

* Medieval European

Types|

* Aircraft
* Ancillary
* Anti-aircraft
* Anti-ballistic
* Anti-personnel
* Anti-tank
* Area denial
* Artillery
* Biological
* Chemical
* Ceremonial
* Combat vehicle
* Conventional
* Crew-served
* Cyber
* Deadly
* Directed-energy
* Explosive
* Firearm
* Hunting
* Improvised
* Incendiary
* Martial arts
* Mass destruction
* Melee
* Non-lethal
* Offensive
* Personal
* Pneumatic
* Practice
* Ranged
* Space
* Tectonic
* Torpedo
* Toy

Other|

* Arsenal
* Industry
* Mount
* Gun ownership
* Science fiction

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Firearms (list, glossary, and topics)

* Firearm
* lists
* Gun
* History
* Safety
* War
* Weapon

Types of firearms

* Breechloader versus muzzleloader
* Combination weapons
* Combination
* Multigun
* Elephant
* Flare gun
* Line thrower
* Long gun
* Carbine
* Musket
* Takedown
* Multiple-barrel (list)
* Needler
* Net gun
* Pen gun
* Riot gun
* Rotary
* Single-shot
* Sleeve gun
* Smoothbore
* Spring-gun
* Underwater firearm

Handguns|

* Cane gun
* Derringer
* Duelling
* Pistol
* list
* Machine
* Pepper-box
* Pocket
* Revolver
* list
* Semi-automatic pistol
* list
* Pistol caliber
* Personal defence weapon
* Submachine gun
* Starting
* Wallet gun

Rifles (list)|

* Anti-materiel
* Anti-tank
* Assault
* list
* Automatic
* Battle
* list
* Carbine
* list
* Double
* Hunting
* Buffalo
* Elephant
* Express
* Punt
* Varmint
* Marksman
* Rifling
* Polygonal
* Repeating
* Sniper
* list

Machine guns|

* General purpose
* Light
* Medium
* Heavy
* SAW

Shotguns (list)|

* Automatic shotgun
* Coach gun
* Combat shotgun
* Double-barreled
* Pump action
* Riot
* Sawed-off
* Boomstick

Ammunition|

* 20-gauge shotgun
* Breaching round
* Dragon's breath
* Shotgun shell
* .410 bore
* Shot
* Slug

Historic or famous|

* AK-47
* AR-15
* M16
* M4
* Antique firearms
* Barrett M82
* Gatling gun
* Winchester rifle
* Browning machine gun
* M1 Garand
* Mauser rifles
* TEC-9
* Tommy Gun
* MP 40
* MAC-10
* Uzi
* Colt Peacemaker
* Calico
* M1911
* Glock

Mechanics and components

Components|

* Barrel
* Feed ramp
* Slug
* Threads
* Trunnion
* Bayonet
* Belt
* Blank-firing adapter
* Breechblock
* Breechface
* Bolt
* Rotating
* Telescoping
* Flapper
* Roller
* Tilting
* Bump stock
* Chamber
* Cocking handle
* Cylinder
* Extractor
* Firing pin
* Flash suppressor
* Fluting
* Forward assist
* Freebore
* Forearm
* Foregrip
* Hammer
* Half-cock
* Linear
* Striker
* Lock
* Flintlock
* Wheellock
* Magazine
* Bottom metal
* Clip
* Drum
* High-capacity
* Speedloader
* Stripper clip
* Muzzle brake
* Muzzle shroud
* Pistol grip
* Pistol slide
* Rail system
* Receiver
* Recoil pad
* Rim
* Safety
* Sear
* Auto sear
* Shroud
* Silencer
* Squeeze bore
* Choke
* Stock
* Synchronization gear
* Tapering
* Trigger
* guard

Sights|

* Diopter
* Finderscope
* Globe
* Holographic
* Iron
* Laser
* Reticle
* Reflex
* Red dot
* Magnifier
* Scope mount
* Tang
* Telescopic
* Night vision
* Thermal
* Zeroing

Actions|

* Blowback
* Blow-forward
* Bolt
* Boxlock
* Breechloading
* Break
* Open bolt
* Closed bolt
* Electronic
* Gas-operated
* Lever
* Muzzleloading
* Out-of-battery
* Pump
* Push/Controlled feed
* Recoil-operated
* Repeating
* Revolver
* Self-loading
* Single-shot
* Slamfire

Physics|

* Ballistics
* Ballistic coefficient
* External
* Terminal
* Transitional
* Physics of firearms
* Rangefinding/keeping
* Mathematics
* Stadiametric

Metrics|

* Accurizing
* Bore axis
* Caliber
* Circular error probable
* Effective range
* Gauge
* Gun chronograph
* Gun harmonisation
* Headspace
* Length of pull
* Lock time
* Match grade
* Mean time between failures
* Minute of Angle (MOA)
* Muzzle
* Energy
* Rise
* Velocity
* Penetration
* Power factor
* Precision-guided
* Rate of fire
* Recoil
* Group
* Stock measurements
* Stopping power
* Handgun effectiveness
* Twist rate

Shooting and ammunition

Gunshot|

* Dry fire
* Firing (Shooting)
* Gunshot
* Firefight
* Maintenance
* Field strip
* Fouling
* Malfunction
* Cooking off
* Hang fire
* Squib load
* Ricochet

Ignition|

* Fire forming
* Obturation
* Primer
* Gunpowder
* Percussion cap
* Rimfire
* Tubes and Primers
* Propellant
* Ball propellant
* Cordite
* Improved Military Rifle
* Ramrod
* Smokeless powder

Ammunition|

* Cannelure
* Dummy round
* Snap cap
* Flechette
* Gas check
* Overpressure ammunition
* PCA
* Sabot
* Wadding

Bullets|

* Armour piercing
* Cast
* Expanding
* Full metal jacket
* Frangible
* Green
* Incendiary
* High explosive
* HEIAP
* Projectile
* Raufoss
* Round shot
* SLAP
* Soft point
* Supercavitating
* Total metal jacket
* Tracer
* Hollow base
* Hollow point
* Minié
* Meplat
* Plastic tipped
* ABCBC
* Snake shot
* Spitzer
* VLD

Cartridges|

* Blank
* Caseless
* Centrefire
* Handloading
* Rifle cartridge
* Fully powered
* Intermediate
* list
* Paper
* Pinfire
* Wildcat

Society, safety, industry, and laws

Society|

* Celebratory gunfire
* Civilian gun ownership
* Household ownership rates
* Exhibition shooting
* United States
* Gun shows
* State firearms
* Hunting
* Jungle style
* Pistol duelling
* Politics
* Shooting sports
* Civilian Marksmanship Program

Gun violence
and safety|

* in the United States
* Assassinations
* Deaths
* Forensics
* Gunfighter
* Gun safety

Firearm industry|

* 3D printed firearm
* list
* Firearm brands
* Firearms by country
* Gun shops
* list
* Gunsmith
* Improvised firearm
* Most-produced
* Privately made
* Small arms trade

Arms control|

* Arms and Gun control
* Disarmament
* Campaign Against Arms Trade
* Featureless rifles

Gun laws|

* Air travel
* Assault weapons
* Concealed carry
* in the U.S.
* License
* High-capacity magazine ban
* Right to bear arms
* Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)

United States Gun|

* Laws (by U.S. state)
* Legislation
* Politics
* Federal Assault Weapons Ban

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun ownership. Read more

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