Haubits FH77

Haubits FH77/A

The Haubits FH77/A

Type| Howitzer
Place of origin| Sweden
Service history
In service| 1978 – present
Used by| Operators
Production history
Designer| Bofors
Designed| 1978
Manufacturer| Bofors
Unit cost| $695,000 (1986)[1]
Produced| 1978–1984
No. built| 720[2]
Variants| See Variants
Specifications
Mass| 11,500 kg (25,400 lb)
Length| Combat: 11.60 m (38 ft 1 in)
Barrel length| 5.89 m (19 ft 4 in) L/38
Width| Combat: 9.73 m (31 ft 11 in)
Crew| 9 to 14

* * *

Shell| 155 mm NATO
Calibre| 155 mm
Action| semi-fixed ammunition, propellant charge is contained in a plastic cartridge case with a steel head
Breech| Vertically sliding breech block, hydraulic ramming
Carriage| split trail with castor wheels
Elevation| -5°/+70°
Traverse| 30° left or right from centreline
Rate of fire| 4 rounds in 9 seconds,
6 rounds in 25 seconds,
sustained 3 revolutions per minute for 20 minutes
Muzzle velocity| 300 to 770 m/s (980 to 2,530 ft/s)
Effective firing range| 21 km (13 mi)
Maximum firing range| 24 km (15 mi) (with base bleed-round)
Feed system| hydraulically powered flick rammer assisted loading

* * *

Engine| Volvo B20 APU
Speed| 6 km/h

The Haubits FH77/A

Fälthaubits 77 (Swedish "Field Howitzer 77") or FH77 is a Swedish 155 mm howitzer, developed and manufactured by Bofors.[3] It is also colloquially known as the Bofors gun in India.[4] There were several versions, the original (sometimes referred to as Haubits 77 A) with a 38 calibre barrel and sliding block mechanism, the export version FH77 B version with a 39 calibre barrel and an interrupted ogival screw breech. For the demonstrator of the Archer Artillery System, some FH77A were modified into FH 77 AD L/45, while the series production were FH77Bs rebuilt into FH77 BW L/52. The carriage was also used for the "12 cm rörlig kustartilleripjäs m/80 KARIN", used in the Swedish coastal artillery.

## Contents

* 1 Design and development
* 1.1 History
* 1.2 Driving and deploying
* 1.3 Auxiliary power unit
* 1.4 Crew
* 1.5 Ammunition
* 1.6 Controversy in India
* 2 Variants
* 2.1 Towed variant
* 2.2 Vehicle-mounted variant
* 3 Operators
* 4 References

## Design and development

### History

In the 1960s, Sweden started to look for a replacement for the French Haubits F (Obusier de 155 mm Modèle 50). The American M109 howitzer was offered and tested. Though the price was low, the Swedish Arms Administration found that the high maintenance costs, the low rate of fire and the limited mobility of the M109 made it worth the effort to develop a domestic howitzer.

The requirements for a new gun would be:

* High mobility.
* High momentary rate of fire.

The result was a compromise between a more expensive self-propelled howitzer and a less mobile conventional towed howitzer.

The FH77 was the first field howitzer featuring an auxiliary power unit to make it self-propelled for tactical movement.

The rate of fire was, at the time, exceptionally high for a 155 mm howitzer. The FH77A (which uses semi-fixed ammunition) could fire 4 rounds in 9 seconds, or 6 rounds in 25 seconds. In a sustained firing role, it could fire 6 rounds every two minutes for 20 minutes (i.e. 3 rounds per minute).

In order to use standard NATO ammunition, the FH77B was developed. While the sliding-block worked well with the cased charges acting as a seal, it was decided that bagged charges required an interrupted screw breech. This, combined with the slightly longer barrel, resulted in a slightly improved range but also a lower rate of fire. At the same time, the petrol-fueled auxiliary power unit was exchanged with a diesel-fueled one, allowing it to use the same fuel as the towing vehicle.

### Driving and deploying

The dedicated towing vehicle for the FH77 was the Scania SBA111 (Tgb 40).[5] The truck was equipped with a crew compartment behind the driving cab and a HIAB-crane for ammunition handling. The Howitzer's auxiliary power unit can be started and controlled by the driver of the towing vehicle to give an extra boost during off-road driving. The maximum towing speed is 70 km/h (45 mph).

The FH77 is manoeuvred by the gun layer, controlling the torque of the two main wheels through a joystick. Speed is regulated by changing the auxiliary power unit's revolutions per minute. The howitzer is deployed by spreading the trail legs, raising the castor wheels and driving the howitzer in reverse to anchor the recoil spades.

### Auxiliary power unit

The FH77 is powered by a Volvo B20 auxiliary power unit, which gives the gun a top speed of 7 km/h.[5] The engine is connected to three hydraulic pumps, of which two are linked to the wheels and one is used for a traverse, elevation, ramming and ammunition crane. The fuel tank could hold 40 litres, with two extra 20L jerry-cans as a reserve in front of the gun layer's position.

### Crew

The crew consists of 10–14 men. The minimum crew setup would be 4 men; commander, gun layer, loader 1 and loader 2.

* The commander directs all the activity of the crew from a platform to the left of the gun layer.
* The layer sits on the left hand side of the gun, operating the fire control computer and driving the howitzer when in self-deployment mode.
* Loader 1 is located to the right hand side of the gun and is in charge of supplying the shells from the loading table in front of him.
* Loader 2 and 3 would be working on the ground, providing shells to loader 1 by means of a hydraulic crane and loading cases in the loading trough.
* Loader 3 is normally the driver of the towing vehicle.

### Ammunition

The FH77A uses the m/77 (42 kg) 155mm HE shell combined with a plastic casing, containing six increments.[5]

The FH77B uses standard NATO 155mm ammunition with bagged drive charges.[5]

Both are able to use base bleed ammunition developed for the FH77B, as well as Bofors 155 Bonus and M982 Excalibur.

### Controversy in India

The Bofors scandal was a major political scandal that occurred between Sweden and India during 1980s and 1990s, initiated by Congress politicians and implicating the Indian prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi, and several other members of the Swedish and Indian governments, who were accused of receiving kickbacks from Bofors AB for winning a bid to supply India's 155 mm field howitzer.[6]

This resulted in India not exercising the option for 48 additional FH77B, instead these guns were acquired by the Swedish army and have now been converted into the Archer Artillery System.

## Variants

A Haubits FH77/B of the Indian Army.

### Towed variant

* FH77 A – original baseline version with the Volvo B20A petrol engine and 38-caliber barrel.[5]
* FH77 B – export version with a Mercedes-Benz OM-616.918 diesel engine, 39-caliber barrel and lower rate of fire as a result of a modified breech block to use NATO-compatible ammunition.[5]

### Vehicle-mounted variant

* Archer Artillery System – self-propelled FH77B-version with a 52 calibre gun mounted on the chassis of a Volvo articulated hauler.

## Operators

Map with FH77 operators in blue

* Sweden – Approximately 220 FH77 delivered to the Swedish Army between 1979 and 1984.[2]
* Nigeria – 48 FH77B purchased in 1980.[2]
* India – 410 acquired from 1986–1991.[7][8] 200 left in service.[9] An improved howitzer named Dhanush (howitzer) was developed after studying this gun and released in 2019.[10] It is a 45 caliber gun and has a range of 38 km apart from other modernization like ballistic calculations, inbuilt gun-control-computer, sighting etc.[11]

## References

1. ↑ "25 years of India's 'Watergate': The Bofors scandal". https://in.news.yahoo.com/25-years-indias-watergate-bofors-scandal-135113721.html;_ylt=Alj5KdzFteYFGnJnR7t2kny6scB_;_ylu=X3oDMTFxbGs3Y3Z1BG1pdANJbmZpbml0ZSBCcm93c2UgVGV4dARwb3MDMQRzZWMDTWVkaWFJbmZpbml0ZUJyb3dzZUxpc3Q-;_ylg=X3oDMTNpbHR1dmhuBGludGwDaW4EbGFuZwNlbi1pbgRwc3RhaWQDODc2ZTBhMWEtMDRhMi0zMGUyLTllYmQtMDNkZjFmZDEyZDQ0BHBzdGNhdANob21lfGdvdmVybm1lbnR2c3RlYW1hbm5hBHB0A3N0b3J5cGFnZQR0ZXN0Aw--;_ylv=3.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mats Persson. "Swedish 155mm Field Howitzers". Archived from the original on 27 February 2005. https://web.archive.org/web/20050227021820/http://www.mvs.chalmers.se/~m95perm_2/vapen/kanon/div/15.5cm_haub.html. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
3. ↑ "Fälthaubits 77 - FH77". Archived from the original. Error: If you specify `|archiveurl=`, you must also specify `|archivedate=`. https://web.archive.org/web/20180407054012/https://www.soldf.com/fh77.html.
4. ↑ Dutta, Prabhash K. (July 26, 2019). "Kargil: How Bofors guns made Pakistan eat humble pie" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/bofors-the-controversial-gun-that-won-kargil-war-for-india-1573814-2019-07-26.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 "Startsida | Chalmers". http://www.mvs.chalmers.se/~m95perm_2/vapen/kanon/div/15.5cm_haub.html.
6. ↑ "What the Bofors scandal is all about". IBN Live. Archived from the original on 28 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120828181941/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/what-the-bofors-scandal-is-all-about/252196-3.html.
7. ↑ "Arms trade register". SIPRI. http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
8. ↑ "Artillery Booms Again". South Asia Defence & Strategic Review. http://www.defstrat.com/exec/frmarticledetails.aspx?did=355. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
9. ↑ "Murky Competitions for Indian Howitzer Orders May End Soon". http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/murky-competition-for-2b-india-howitzer-order-may-end-soon-0805/. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
10. ↑ Ritu Sharma. "Higher calibre artillery gun to be ready by 2013:MoD". http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=18544. Retrieved 16 May 2012.
11. ↑ "Army to soon induct indigenous artillery gun 'Dhanush' a.k.a 'desi bofors'". 8 September 2015. http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/army-to-soon-induct-indigenous-artillery-gun-dhanush-a-k-a-desi-bofors.

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