high-definition video

Short description: Video of higher resolution than original television

High-definition video (HD video) is video of higher resolution and quality than standard-definition. While there is no standardized meaning for high-definition, generally any video image with considerably more than 480 vertical scan lines (North America) or 576 vertical lines (Europe) is considered high-definition. 480 scan lines is generally the minimum even though the majority of systems greatly exceed that. Images of standard resolution captured at high frame rate (60 frames/second North America, 50 FPS Europe), by a high-speed camera may be considered high-definition in some contexts. Some television series shot on high-definition video are made to look as if they have been shot on film, a technique which is often known as filmizing.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Analog
* 1.2 Digital
* 2 Technical details
* 2.1 Common high-definition video modes
* 2.2 Ultra high-definition video modes
* 3 HD content
* 3.1 Types of recorded media
* 3.2 HD in filmmaking
* 3.3 HD on the World Wide Web/HD streaming
* 3.3.1 World Wide Web HD resolutions
* 3.4 HD in video surveillance
* 3.5 HD in gaming
* 4 See also
* 5 Notes
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## History

The first electronic scanning format, 405 lines, was the first high definition television system, since the mechanical systems it replaced had far fewer. From 1939, Europe and the US tried 605 and 441 lines until, in 1941, the FCC mandated 525 for the US. In wartime France, René Barthélemy tested higher resolutions, up to 1,042. In late 1949, official French transmissions finally began with 819. In 1984, however, this standard was abandoned for 625-line color on the TF1 network.

### Analog

Modern HD specifications date to the early 1980s, when Japanese engineers developed the HighVision 1,125-line interlaced TV standard (also called MUSE) that ran at 60 frames per second. The Sony HDVS system was presented at an international meeting of television engineers in Algiers, April 1981 and Japan's NHK presented its analog high-definition television (HDTV) system at a Swiss conference in 1983.

The NHK system was standardized in the United States as Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) standard #240M in the early 1990s, but abandoned later on when it was replaced by a DVB analog standard. HighVision video is still usable for HDTV video interchange, but there is almost no modern equipment available to perform this function. Attempts at implementing HighVision as a 6 MHz broadcast channel were mostly unsuccessful. All attempts at using this format for terrestrial TV transmission were abandoned by the mid-1990s.

Europe developed HD-MAC (1,250 lines, 50 Hz), a member of the MAC family of hybrid analogue/digital video standards; however, it never took off as a terrestrial video transmission format. HD-MAC was never designated for video interchange except by the European Broadcasting Union.

### Digital

High-definition digital video was not possible with uncompressed video due to impractically high memory and bandwidth requirements, with a bit rate exceeding 1 Gbit/s for 1080p video.[1] Digital HDTV was enabled by the development of discrete cosine transform (DCT) video compression.[2] The DCT is a lossy compression technique that was first proposed by Nasir Ahmed in 1972,[3] and was later adapted into a motion-compensated DCT algorithm for video coding formats such as the H.26x formats from the Video Coding Experts Group from 1988 onwards and the MPEG formats from 1993 onwards.[4][5] Motion-compensated DCT compression significantly reduced the amount of memory and bandwidth required for digital video, capable of achieving a data compression ratio of around 100:1 compared to uncompressed video.[6] By the early 1990s, DCT video compression had been widely adopted as the video coding standard for HDTV.[2]

The current high-definition video standards in North America were developed during the course of the advanced television process initiated by the Federal Communications Commission in 1987 at the request of American broadcasters. In essence, the end of the 1980s was a death knell for most analog high definition technologies that had developed up to that time.

The FCC process, led by the Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) adopted a range of standards from interlaced 1,080-line video (a technical descendant of the original analog NHK 1125/30 Hz system) with a maximum frame rate of 30 Hz, (60 fields per second) and 720-line video, progressively scanned, with a maximum frame rate of 60 Hz.

In the end, however, the DVB standard of resolutions (1080, 720, 480) and respective frame rates (24, 25, 30) were adopted in conjunction with the Europeans that were also involved in the same standardization process. The FCC officially adopted the ATSC transmission standard in 1996 (which included both HD and SD video standards).

In the early 2000s, it looked as if DVB would be the video standard far into the future. However, both Brazil and China have adopted alternative standards for high-definition video that preclude the interoperability that was hoped for after decades of largely non-interoperable analog TV broadcasting.

## Technical details

This chart shows the most common display resolutions, with the color of each resolution type indicating the display ratio (e.g., red indicates a 4:3 ratio).

High definition video (prerecorded and broadcast) is defined threefold, by:

* The number of lines in the vertical display resolution. High-definition television (HDTV) resolution is 1,080 or 720 lines. In contrast, regular digital television (DTV) is 480 lines (upon which NTSC is based, 480 visible scanlines out of 525) or 576 lines (upon which PAL and SECAM are based, 576 visible scanlines out of 625). However, since HD is broadcast digitally, its introduction sometimes coincides with the introduction of DTV. Additionally, current DVD quality is not high-definition, although the high-definition disc systems Blu-ray Disc and the HD DVD are.
* The scanning system: progressive scanning (p) or interlaced scanning (i). Progressive scanning (p) redraws an image frame (all of its lines) when refreshing each image, for example 720p/1080p. Interlaced scanning (i) draws the image field every other line or odd-numbered lines during the first image refresh operation, and then draws the remaining even numbered lines during a second refreshing, for example 1080i. Interlaced scanning yields image resolution if subject is not moving, but loses up to half of the resolution and suffers combing artifacts when subject is moving.
* The number of frames or fields per second (Hz). In Europe more common (50 Hz) television broadcasting system and in USA (60 Hz). The 720p60 format is 1,280 × 720 pixels, progressive encoding with 60 frames per second (60 Hz). The 1080i50/1080i60 format is 1920 × 1080 pixels, interlaced encoding with 50/60 fields, (50/60 Hz) per second. Two interlaced fields formulate a single frame, because the two fields of one frame are temporally shifted. Frame pulldown and segmented frames are special techniques that allow transmitting full frames by means of interlaced video stream.

Often, the rate is inferred from the context, usually assumed to be either 50 Hz (Europe) or 60 Hz (USA), except for 1080p, which denotes 1080p24, 1080p25, and 1080p30, but also 1080p50 and 1080p60.

A frame or field rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second and 50i means 25 progressive frames per second, consisting of 50 interlaced fields per second. Most HDTV systems support some standard resolutions and frame or field rates. The most common are noted below. High-definition signals require a high-definition television or computer monitor in order to be viewed. High-definition video has an aspect ratio of 16:9 (1.78:1). The aspect ratio of regular widescreen film shot today is typically 1.85:1 or 2.39:1 (sometimes traditionally quoted at 2.35:1). Standard-definition television (SDTV) has a 4:3 (1.33:1) aspect ratio, although in recent years many broadcasters have transmitted programs squeezed horizontally in 16:9 anamorphic format, in hopes that the viewer has a 16:9 set which stretches the image out to normal-looking proportions, or a set which squishes the image vertically to present a letterbox view of the image, again with correct proportions.

The EU defines HD resolution as 1920 x 1080 pixels or 2 073 600 pixels and UHD resolution as 3840 x 2160 pixels or 8 294 400 pixels.[7]

### Common high-definition video modes

Video mode  | Frame size in pixels (W×H)  | Pixels per image[lower-alpha 1] | Scanning type  | Frame rate (Hz)

|
|
|
|

720p (also known as HD Ready) | 1280×720 | 921,600  | Progressive | 23.976, 24, 25, 29.97, 30, 50, 59.94, 60, 72
1080i (also known as Full HD) | 1920×1080 | 2,073,600  | Interlaced  | 25 (50 fields/s), 29.97 (59.94 fields/s), 30 (60 fields/s)
1080p (also known as Full HD) | 1920×1080 | 2,073,600  | Progressive | 24 (23.976), 25, 30 (29.97), 50, 60 (59.94)
1440p (also known as Quad HD) | 2560×1440 | 3,686,400  | Progressive | 24 (23.976), 25, 30 (29.97), 50, 60 (59.94)

### Ultra high-definition video modes

Video mode  | Frame size in pixels (W×H)  | Pixels per image[lower-alpha 1] | Scanning type  | Frame rate (Hz)

|
|
|
|

2000 | 2048×1536 | 3,145,728  | Progressive | 24, 30, 60
2160p (also known as 4K UHD) | 3840×2160 | 8,294,400  | Progressive | 60, 120
2540p  | 4520×2540 | 11,480,800  | Progressive | 24, 30, 60
4000p | 4096×3072 | 12,582,912  | Progressive | 24, 30, 60
4320p (also known as 8K UHD) | 7680×4320 | 33,177,600  | Progressive | 60, 120

Also, there are less common but still popular UltraWide resolutions, such as 2560×1080p (1080p UltraWide).

There is also a WQHD+ option for some of these.

## HD content

| Parts of this engineering (those related to section) need to be updated. Please update this engineering to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2024)

|

High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, high definition disc (BD), digital cameras, Internet downloads, and video game consoles.

* Most computers are capable of HD or higher resolutions over VGA, DVI, HDMI and/or DisplayPort.
* The optical disc standard Blu-ray Disc can provide enough digital storage to store hours of HD video content. Digital Versatile Discs or DVDs (that hold 4.7 GB for a Single layer or 8.5 GB for a double layer), are not always up to the challenge of today's high-definition (HD) sets. Storing and playing HD movies requires a disc that holds more information, like a Blu-ray Disc (which hold 25 GB in single layer form and 50 GB for double layer) or the now-defunct High Definition Digital Versatile Discs (HD DVDs) which held 15 GB or 30 GB in, respectively, single and double layer variations.

Blu-ray Discs were jointly developed by 9 initial partners including Sony and Phillips (which jointly developed CDs for audio), and Pioneer (which developed its own Laser-disc previously with some success) among others. HD DVD discs were primarily developed by Toshiba and NEC with some backing from Microsoft, Warner Bros., Hewlett Packard, and others. On February 19, 2008, Toshiba announced it was abandoning the format and would discontinue development, marketing and manufacturing of HD DVD players and drives.

### Types of recorded media

The high resolution photographic film used for cinema projection is exposed at the rate of 24 frames per second but usually projected at 48, each frame getting projected twice helping to minimise flicker. One exception to this was the 1986 National Film Board of Canada short film Momentum, which briefly experimented with both filming and projecting at 48 frame/s, in a process known as IMAX HD.

Depending upon available bandwidth and the amount of detail and movement in the image, the optimum format for video transfer is either 720p24 or 1080p24. When shown on television in PAL system countries, film must be projected at the rate of 25 frames per second by accelerating it by 4.1 percent. In NTSC standard countries, the projection rate is 30 frames per second, using a technique called 3:2 pull-down. One film frame is held for three video fields (1/20 of a second), and the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second) and then the process is repeated, thus achieving the correct film projection rate with two film frames shown in one twelfth of a second.

See also: Telecine and Deinterlacing

Older (pre-HDTV) recordings on video tape such as Betacam SP are often either in the form 480i60 or 576i50. These may be upconverted to a higher resolution format, but removing the interlace to match the common 720p format may distort the picture or require filtering which actually reduces the resolution of the final output.

Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings are recorded in either the 720p or the 1080i format. The format used is set by the broadcaster (if for television broadcast). In general, 720p is more accurate with fast action, because it progressively scans frames, instead of the 1080i, which uses interlaced fields and thus might degrade the resolution of fast images.

720p is used more for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because computer monitors progressively scan; 720p video has lower storage-decoding requirements than either the 1080i or the 1080p. This is also the medium for high-definition broadcasts around the world and 1080p is used for Blu-ray movies.

### HD in filmmaking

Film as a medium has inherent limitations, such as difficulty of viewing footage while recording, and suffers other problems, caused by poor film development/processing, or poor monitoring systems. Given that there is increasing use of computer-generated or computer-altered imagery in movies, and that editing picture sequences is often done digitally, some directors have shot their movies using the HD format via high-end digital video cameras. While the quality of HD video is very high compared to SD video, and offers improved signal/noise ratios against comparable sensitivity film, film remains able to resolve more image detail than current HD video formats. In addition some films have a wider dynamic range (ability to resolve extremes of dark and light areas in a scene) than even the best HD cameras. Thus the most persuasive arguments for the use of HD are currently cost savings on film stock and the ease of transfer to editing systems for special effects.

Depending on the year and format in which a movie was filmed, the exposed image can vary greatly in size. Sizes range from as big as 24 mm × 36 mm for VistaVision/Technirama 8 perforation cameras (same as 35 mm still photo film) going down through 18 mm × 24 mm for Silent Films or Full Frame 4 perforations cameras to as small as 9 mm × 21 mm in Academy Sound Aperture cameras modified for the Techniscope 2 perforation format. Movies are also produced using other film gauges, including 70 mm films (22 mm × 48 mm) or the rarely used 55 mm and CINERAMA.

The four major film formats provide pixel resolutions (calculated from pixels per millimeter) roughly as follows:

* Academy Sound (Sound movies before 1955): 15 mm × 21 mm (1.375) = 2,160 × 2,970
* Academy camera US Widescreen: 11 mm × 21 mm (1.85) = 1,605 × 2,970
* Current Anamorphic Panavision ("Scope"): 17.5 mm × 21 mm (2.39) = 2,485 × 2,970
* Super-35 for Anamorphic prints: 10 mm × 24 mm (2.39) = 1,420 × 3,390

In the process of making prints for exhibition, this negative is copied onto other film (negative → interpositive → internegative → print) causing the resolution to be reduced with each emulsion copying step and when the image passes through a lens (for example, on a projector). In many cases, the resolution can be reduced down to 1/6 of the original negative's resolution (or worse). Note that resolution values for 70 mm film are higher than those listed above.

### HD on the World Wide Web/HD streaming

Many online video streaming, on-demand and digital download services offer HD video. Due to heavy compression, the image detail produced by these formats can be far below that of broadcast ATSC 1 (8-18 Mbit/s MP2), and often even inferior to SD DVD-Video (3-9 Mbit/s MP2) upscaled to the same image size.[8] The following is a chart of numerous online services and their HD offering:

#### World Wide Web HD resolutions

Source  | Codec  | Highest resolution (W×H)  | Total bit rate/bandwidth  | Video bit rate  | Audio bit rate

|
|
|
|
|

Amazon Video[note 1] | VC-1[9] | 1280×720[10] | 2.5-6 Mbit/s |  |
BBC iPlayer | H.264[11] | 1280×720[12][note 2] | 3.2 Mbit/s[11] | 3 Mbit/s[11] | 192 kbit/s[11]
blinkbox  |  | 1280×720 | 2.25 Mbit/s (SD) and 4.5 Mbit/s (HD)  | 2.25-4.5 Mbit/s | 192 kbit/s
Blockbuster Online  |  | 1280×720 |  |  |
CBS.com/TV.com  |  | 1920×1080[13] | 3.5 Mbit/s and 2.5 Mbit/s (720p)[13] |
Dacast | VP6, H.264[14] | Unknown  | 5 Mbit/s[15] |  |
Hulu | On2 Flash VP6[16] | 1280×720[17] | 2.5 Mbit/s[18] |  |
iTunes/Apple TV | QuickTime H.264[19] | 1920×1080[19] |  |  |
MetaCDN  | MPEG-4, FLV, OGG, WebM, 3GP[20] | No Limit[21] |  |  |
Netflix | AV1[22], H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, HEVC | 3840×2160[23] | 25 Mbit/s[24] | 2.6 Mbit/s and 3.8 Mbit/s (1080p)[25] |
PlayStation Video | H.264/MPEG-4 AVC[26] | 1920×1080[26] |  | 8 Mbit/s[26] | 256 kbit/s[26]
Vimeo | H.264, H.265[27] | 8192×4320[27] |  | 50-80 Mbit/s[27] | 320 kbit/s[27]
Vudu | H.264[28] | 1920×1080[29] | 4.5 Mbit/s[30] |  |
Xbox Video[note 3] |  | 1920×1080[31] |  |  |
YouTube | H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, VP9, AV1[32] | 7680×4320[33] |  | 80-160 Mbit/s (24, 25, 30 FPS) and 120-240 Mbit/s (48, 50, 60 FPS) SDR.

100-200 Mbit/s (24, 25, 30 FPS) and 150-300 Mbit/s (48, 50, 60 FPS) HDR[34]

1. ↑ Formerly "Amazon Unbox", which now refers to a video player software, and later "Amazon Video on Demand".
2. ↑ During live events "BBC iPlayer" streams have a resolution of 1024×576.
3. ↑ Formerly "Xbox Live Marketplace Video Store", but replaced by "Xbox Video" in 2012.

### HD in video surveillance

Since the late 2000s a considerably large number of security camera manufacturers have started to produce HD cameras. The need for high resolution, color fidelity, and frame rate is acute for surveillance purposes to ensure that the quality of the video output is of an acceptable standard that can be used both for preventative surveillance as well as for evidence purposes.[35]

Although, HD cameras can be highly effective indoor, special industries with outdoor environments called for a need to produce much higher resolutions for effective coverage. The ever-evolving image sensor technologies allowed manufacturers to develop cameras with 10–20 MP resolutions, which therefore have become efficient instruments to monitor larger areas.

In order to further increase the resolution of security cameras, some manufacturers developed multi-sensor cameras. Within these devices several sensor-lens combinations produce the images, which are later merged during image processing.[36] These security cameras are able to deliver even hundreds of megapixels with motion picture frame rate.

Such high resolutions, however, requires special recording, storage and also video stream display technologies.

### HD in gaming

Among video game consoles, the PS2 supports 1080i and Xbox 1080p, but only in a handful of games. The PS3[37] and 360[38] both output a 1080p signal, but few games are true 1080p; most only render at 720p or less and are upscaled internally. The Xbox, PS2, and PS3 do not universally upscale, and will fall back to lower resolution signals for most games; all later consoles can upscale all games to the console's maximum resolution. The Vita/PSTV renders 544p qHD scaled up to 1080p over HDMI output, while the Wii does not support HD at all.[39] The Wii U,[40] Switch,[41] Xbox One, and PS4 support native 1080p,[42] though without an external TV the integrated display is 480p FWVGA in the Wii U GamePad and 720p in the Switch.[41]

The Xbox One X, Xbox Series X, PS4 Pro, PS5,[42] and Switch 2 support native 4K, though the Switch 2 integrated screen is 1080p.[43]

The Xbox Series X and PS5 are advertised as capable of 8K after future firmware updates.[44] In spite of several games rendering internally at 6K or 8K downscaled,[45] firmware permitting the output of signals above a hard 4K cap remains vaporware even for non-gaming applications and upscaling,[46][47] with mention of 8K quietly eliminated from newer PS5 shipments.[48] The PS5 Pro actually supports 8K from launch, though native 8K games are still under development,[49] shipping games so far upscale from no more than 6K.[50]

In theory, PC games are only limited by the display's resolution and GPU driver support, though especially older games and ports have arbitrarily and sometimes unintentionally hardcoded caps on video mode setting. Some GPUs support DisplayPort 2.1 for native 8K resolution at high refresh rates over a single cable,[51] while some PC monitors support link aggregation to drive a single monitor with greater bandwidth over multiple cables.[52] Ultrawide monitors are supported, which can display more of the game world than a common display with a 16:9 aspect ratio,[53] and multi-monitor setups are possible, such as having a single game span across three monitors for a more immersive experience.[54]

## See also

* ATSC tuner
* Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB)
* Digital television
* HD ready
* Enhanced definition television
* HDTV input and colorspace (YPbPr / YCbCr)
* Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting
* United States Federal Standard 1037C
* Waveform monitor

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Image is either a frame or, in case of interlaced scanning, two fields‍—‍‌ even and odd.

## References

1. ↑ Lee, Jack (2005). Scalable Continuous Media Streaming Systems: Architecture, Design, Analysis and Implementation. John Wiley & Sons. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-470-85764-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=7fuvu52cyNEC&pg=PA25.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shishikui, Yoshiaki; Nakanishi, Hiroshi; Imaizumi, Hiroyuki (October 26–28, 1993). "An HDTV Coding Scheme using Adaptive-Dimension DCT". Signal Processing of HDTV: Proceedings of the International Workshop on HDTV '93, Ottawa, Canada (Elsevier): 611–618. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-81844-7.50072-3. ISBN 978-1-4832-9851-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=j9XSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA611.
3. ↑ Ahmed, Nasir (January 1991). "How I Came Up With the Discrete Cosine Transform". Digital Signal Processing 1 (1): 4–5. doi:10.1016/1051-2004(91)90086-Z. Bibcode: 1991DSP.....1....4A. https://www.scribd.com/doc/52879771/DCT-History-How-I-Came-Up-with-the-Discrete-Cosine-Transform.
4. ↑ Ghanbari, Mohammed (2003). Standard Codecs: Image Compression to Advanced Video Coding. Institution of Engineering and Technology. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-85296-710-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuU8T3ooOAC&pg=PA1.
5. ↑ Li, Jian Ping (2006). Proceedings of the International Computer Conference 2006 on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing: Chongqing, China, 29-31 August 2006. World Scientific. p. 847. ISBN 978-981-270-999-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=FZiK3zXdK7sC&pg=PA847.
6. ↑ Lea, William (1994). Video on demand: Research Paper 94/68. House of Commons Library. https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/RP94-68. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
7. ↑ Commission Regulation (EU) 2021/341 of 23 February 2021 amending Regulations (EU) 2019/424, (EU) 2019/1781, (EU) 2019/2019, (EU) 2019/2020, (EU) 2019/2021, (EU) 2019/2022, (EU) 2019/2023 and (EU) 2019/2024 with regard to ecodesign requirements for servers and data storage products, electric motors and variable speed drives, refrigerating appliances, light sources and separate control gears, electronic displays, household dishwashers, household washing machines and household washer-dryers and refrigerating appliances with a direct sales function
8. ↑ "Why HD movie downloads are a big lie". Ziff-Davis. 2007-05-31. https://www.zdnet.com/article/why-hd-movie-downloads-are-a-big-lie/.
9. ↑ "Amazon.com -- News Release". 2006-09-07. http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=903244&highlight=. "...using the ultra-efficient VC-1 Advanced Profile codec."
10. ↑ "Amazon.com: Help > Digital Products > Amazon Video On Demand". https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=3748&#speed. "Our 2.5 Mbps HD files are streamed in high-quality 720p resolution."
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "What do I need to know about HD on BBC iPlayer?". http://iplayerhelp.external.bbc.co.uk/help/about_bbc_iplayer/hd_bbciplayer. "We use h.264 with a bitrate of 3.2 Mbps and 192 kbps audio"
12. ↑ "What do I need to know about HD on BBC iPlayer?". http://iplayerhelp.external.bbc.co.uk/help/about_bbc_iplayer/hd_bbciplayer. "In order to be classed as "true" high definition, we encode in at least 1280x720 resolution, or 720p."
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "CBS.com - HD Video - System Requirements". CBS.com. http://www.cbs.com/hd/sys_requirements.shtml.
14. ↑ "Streaming Protocols for Flash, RTMP, H.264 & VP6". Dacast. https://www.dacast.com/blog/streaming-protocols//.
15. ↑ "Live Streaming Solution". Dacast. https://www.dacast.com/blog/streaming-media-solutions-with-low-latency-integrated-option/.
16. ↑ "Hulu - About". Hulu. http://www.hulu.com/about/media_faq#technology. "Hulu videos are streamed as Flash video files (FLV files). These files are encoded using the On2 Flash VP6 codec..."
17. ↑ "Hulu - About". Hulu. http://www.hulu.com/about/media_faq#technology. "HD videos on Hulu are streamed at 1280 x 720 resolution."
18. ↑ "Hulu - About". Hulu. http://www.hulu.com/about/media_faq#technology. "Hulu currently supports four different streams including 480kbps, 700kbps, 1,000kbps (an H.264 encode that is not on On2 VP6) and 2.5Mbps."
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Video quality reference table from best to worst". https://www.apple.com/itunes/inside-itunes/2012/03/movies-now-available-on-icloud.html.
20. ↑ "MetaCDN Technical Specs". MetaCDN. http://www.metacdn.com/technical-specs.jsp.
21. ↑ "Live Streaming Service". MetaCDN. http://www.metacdn.com/live-streaming-prices.
22. ↑ Blog, Netflix Technology (2024-05-02). "Bringing AV1 Streaming to Netflix Members' TVs" (in en). Medium. https://netflixtechblog.com/bringing-av1-streaming-to-netflix-members-tvs-b7fc88e42320.
23. ↑ "You Can Now Stream 4K Netflix on Windows 10". MakeUseOf. http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/stream-4k-netflix-windows-10/.
24. ↑ "Internet Connection Speed Recommendations". https://help.netflix.com/en/node/306.
25. ↑ Hunt, Neil (2008-11-06). "The Official Netflix Blog: Encoding for streaming". Netflix. http://blog.netflix.com/2008/11/encoding-for-streaming.html. "second-generation HD encodes ... at 2600kbps and 3800kbps"
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Dipert, Brian (2008-07-17). "Online Video Content Distribution: Sony's PlayStation 3 Enters The Ring (Albeit With A Sound-Hampered Hand Tied Behind Its Back)". EDN. http://www.edn.com/blog/400000040/post/910030091.html.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 "Video and audio compression guidelines". Vimeo. https://help.vimeo.com/hc/articles/12426043233169-Video-and-audio-compression-guidelines.
28. ↑ Sturgeon, Shane (2008-02-21). "Showdown: Apple TV vs. VUDU". HDTV Magazine. http://www.hdtvmagazine.com/columns/2008/02/showdown_apple_tv_vs_vudu.php. "...all HD content is ... encoded with H.264 High Profile"
29. ↑ "Streaming Requirements". Vudu. http://speedtest.vudu.com/cdn1/. "HDX (1080p)"
30. ↑ "Streaming Requirements". Vudu. http://speedtest.vudu.com/cdn1/. "HDX (1080p) requires 4500 kbps"
31. ↑ "XBox Video". Microsoft. http://xbox.com/video.
32. ↑ Martin Eesmaa. "Youtube Format IDs" (in en). https://gist.github.com/MartinEesmaa/2f4b261cb90a47e9c41ba115a011a4aa.
33. ↑ "Video resolution & aspect ratios". https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/6375112.
34. ↑ "YouTube recommended upload encoding settings". https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/1722171.
35. ↑ "High Megapixel Cameras – It's Not Just About Quality". SecurityMagazine. https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/91615-high-megapixel-cameras-its-not-just-about-quality.
36. ↑ "3 Ways Multi-Sensor Cameras Alter the Video Surveillance Landscape". SecurityInfoWatch. 15 June 2018. https://www.securityinfowatch.com/video-surveillance/article/12413917/3-ways-multisensor-cameras-alter-the-video-surveillance-landscape.
37. ↑ "PlayStation 3 Technical Specifications". SCEA. http://www.us.playstation.com/ps3/about/specs.
38. ↑ Reimer, Jeremy (October 30, 2006). "Microsoft prepares major update to Xbox Live". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2006/10/8108/.
39. ↑ "Iwata Asks: E3 2011 Special Edition". June 2011. p. 7. https://www.nintendo.co.uk/NOE/en_GB/news/iwata/iwata_asks_special_edition_wii_u_43781_43761.html.
40. ↑ Yin-Poole, Wesley (June 5, 2012). "Nintendo Wii U supports 1080p, CPU and GPU confirmed". Eurogamer. https://www.eurogamer.net/nintendo-wii-u-supports-1080p-cpu-and-gpu-revealed.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Wood, Rhys (March 8, 2022). "Is Nintendo Switch 4K? An overview of resolution on the portable console". TechRadar. https://www.techradar.com/news/is-nintendo-switch-4k-an-overview-of-resolution-on-the-portable-console.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Byford, Sam (June 20, 2017). "4K is the wrong target for Xbox One X and PS4 Pro". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/20/15836204/xbox-one-x-true-4k-vs-ps4-pro-wrong-target.
43. ↑ Valentine, Rebekah (April 2, 2025). "Nintendo Switch 2 Supports 120fps, Up to 4K Resolution Docked" (in en). https://www.ign.com/articles/nintendo-switch-2-supports-120fps-up-to-4k-resolution-docked.
44. ↑ Vjestica, Adam (January 19, 2023). "PS5 vs Xbox Series X: which next-gen console should you buy?". TechRadar. https://www.techradar.com/news/ps5-vs-xbox-series-x-which-next-gen-console-should-you-buy.
45. ↑ Allen, Jen (October 2, 2021). "'The Touryst' is the world's first 8K 60FPS console game but there's a catch". NME. https://www.nme.com/news/the-touryst-is-the-worlds-first-8k-60fps-console-game-but-theres-a-catch-3060708.
46. ↑ Parsons, Tom (November 5, 2020). "The Xbox Series X does not output 8K". What Hi-Fi. https://www.whathifi.com/news/the-xbox-series-x-does-not-output-8k.
47. ↑ Larsen, Rasmus (December 23, 2022). "PlayStation 5's 8K video support still missing after two years - FlatpanelsHD". FlatpanelsHD. https://www.flatpanelshd.com/news.php?subaction=showfull&id=1671770928.
48. ↑ Larsen, Rasmus (June 6, 2024). "Sony removes 8K logo from PlayStation 5 boxes - FlatpanelsHD". FlatpanelsHD. https://www.flatpanelshd.com/news.php?subaction=showfull&id=1717651357.
49. ↑ Garreffa, Anthony (July 21, 2025). "Pure Pool Pro runs at native 4K 120FPS on standard PS5, blistering native 8K 60FPS on PS5 Pro". TweakTown. https://www.tweaktown.com/news/106524/pure-pool-pro-runs-at-native-4k-120fps-on-standard-ps5-blistering-8k-60fps/index.html.
50. ↑ "First "8K" games for PlayStation 5 Pro are not actually 8K" (in en). 20 December 2024. https://www.flatpanelshd.com/news.php?subaction=showfull&id=1734696764.
51. ↑ Dexter, Alan (November 4, 2022). "Samsung promises big things with the first DisplayPort 2.1 8K ultrawide monitor". PC Gamer. https://www.pcgamer.com/displayport-2-1-8k-high-refresh/.
52. ↑ Eberle, Christian (April 10, 2016). "Dell UP2715K 27-inch 5K Monitor Review - Tom's Hardware". Tom's Hardware. https://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/dell-up2715k-27-inch-5k-monitor,4500.html.
53. ↑ Smith, Matt (July 12, 2021). "Are ultrawide monitors worth it?". PC World. https://www.pcworld.com/article/394848/are-ultrawide-monitors-worth-it.html.
54. ↑ Castle, Katharine (March 1, 2018). "How to set up three monitors for super ultrawide gaming". Rock Paper Shotgun. https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/how-to-set-up-three-monitors-for-ultrawide-gaming-guide.

## Further reading

* "Images formats for HDTV". http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_299-ive.pdf. (549 KiB), article from the EBU Technical Review.
* "High Definition for Europe - a progressive approach". http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_300-wood.pdf. (207 KiB), article from the EBU Technical Review.
* "High Definition (HD) Image Formats for Television Production". http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3299.pdf. (117 KiB), technical report from the EBU
* "Digital Terrestrial HDTV Broadcasting in Europe". http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3312.pdf. , technical report from the EBU

## External links

* ATSC

* v
* t
* e

High-definition (HD)

Concepts|

* High-definition television
* High-definition video
* Ultra-high-definition television

Analog broadcast
(All defunct)|

* 819 line system
* HD MAC
* MUSE (Hi-Vision)

Digital broadcast|

* ATSC
* DMB-T/H
* DVB
* ISDB
* SBTVD

Audio|

* Dolby Digital
* Surround sound
* DSD
* DXD
* DTS

Filming and storage|

* DCI
* HDV

HD media and
compression|

* Archival Disc
* Blu-ray
* CBHD
* D-VHS
* DVD-Audio
* H.264
* H.265
* HD DVD
* HD VMD
* MPEG-2
* MVC
* Super Audio CD
* Ultra HD Blu-ray
* Uncompressed
* VC-1

Connectors|

* Component
* DisplayPort
* DVI
* HDMI
* VGA

Deployments|

* List of digital television deployments by country

* v
* t
* e

Video storage formats

Videotape|

| Analog|

* Quadruplex (1956)
* VERA (1958)
* Ampex 2 inch helical VTR (1961)
* Sony 2 inch helical VTR (1961)
* Type A (1965)
* CV-2000 (1965)
* Akai (1967)
* U-matic (1969)
* EIAJ-1 (1969)
* Cartrivision (1972)
* Philips VCR (1972)
* V-Cord (1974)
* VX (1974)
* Betamax (1975)
* IVC (1975)
* Type B (1976)
* Type C (1976)
* VHS (1976)
* VK (1977)
* SVR (1979)
* Video 2000 (1980)
* CVC (1980)
* VHS-C (1982)
* M (1982)
* Betacam (1982)
* Video8 (1985)
* MII (1986)
* S-VHS (1987)
* S-VHS-C (1987)
* Hi8 (1989)
* Ruvi (1998)

|

Digital|

* D1 (1986)
* D2 (1988)
* D3 (1991)
* DCT (1992)
* Digital Betacam (1993)
* D5 (1994)
* Digital-S (D9) (1995)
* Betacam SX (1996)
* Digital8 (1999)
* MicroMV (2001)

High Definition|

* Sony HDVS (1984)
* UniHi (1984)
* BCH 1000 (1992)
* W-VHS (1994)
* HDCAM (1997)
* D-VHS (1998)
* D6 HDTV VTR (2000)
* HDV (2003)
* HDCAM SR (2003)

Videodisc|

| Analog|

* Phonovision (1927)
* Ampex-HS (1967)
* TeD (1975)
* LaserDisc (1978)
* CED (1981)
* VHD (1983)
* Laserfilm (1984)
* CD Video (1987)
* VSD (1990)

|

Digital|

* VCD (1993)
* MovieCD (1996)
* DVD (1996)
* MiniDVD (c. 1996)
* CVD (1998)
* SVCD (1998)
* EVD (2003)
* PVD (Personal Video Disc) (2003)
* UMD (2004)
* FVD (2005)

High Definition|

* MUSE Hi-Vision LD (1994)
* Professional Disc (PFD) (2003)
* HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc) (2004)
* VMD (2006)
* HD DVD (2006)
* BRD (BD/Blu-ray Disc) (2006)
* MiniBD (c. 2006)
* HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc) (2007)
* CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc) (2008)

Ultra-High Definition|

* UHD BRD (Ultra HD Blu-ray Disc) (2016)

Virtual|

| Media agnostic|

* DV (1995)
* DVCPRO (1995)
* DVCAM (1996)
* DVCPRO50 (1997)
* DVCPRO HD (2000)

|

Tapeless|

* CamCutter]] Editcam (1995)
* XDCAM (2003)
* MOD (2005)
* AVCHD (2006)
* AVC-Intra (2006)
* TOD (2007)
* iFrame (2009)
* XAVC (2012)

Solid state|

* P2 (2004)
* SxS (2007)
* MicroP2 (2012)

Video recorded to film|

* Kinescope (1947)
* Electronicam kinescope (1950s)
* Electronic Video Recording (1967)

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