Hinge

A hinge is a mechanical bearing that connects two solid objects, typically allowing only a limited angle of rotation between them. Two objects connected by an ideal hinge rotate relative to each other about a fixed axis of rotation, and all other translations or rotations are prevented; thus a hinge has one degree of freedom. Hinges may be made of flexible material or moving components. In biology, many joints function as hinges, such as the elbow joint.

Hinges are frequently used on pivoting doors, but also are seen on folding ladders and many other flexible mechanisms such as automobile hoods (bonnets), and even large bridges.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Building access
* 3 Large structures
* 4 Spacecraft
* 5 Terminology
* 6 Types
* 6.1 Barrel hinge
* 6.2 Butt hinge / Mortise hinge
* 6.3 Butterfly / Parliament (UK) hinge
* 6.4 Case hinge
* 6.5 Concealed hinge
* 6.6 Continuous / Piano hinge
* 6.7 Flag hinge
* 6.8 Friction hinge
* 6.9 H hinge
* 6.10 HL hinge
* 6.11 One-way hinge
* 6.12 Pivot hinge
* 6.13 Self-closing hinge
* 6.14 Spring hinge
* 6.15 Swing clear hinge
* 6.16 Butler tray hinge
* 6.17 Card table hinge
* 6.18 Carpentier joint
* 6.19 Drop-leaf table hinge
* 6.20 Hinged expansion joint
* 6.21 Living hinge
* 6.22 Other
* 7 Gallery
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## History

Ancient remains of stone, marble, wood, and bronze hinges have been found. Some date back to at least Ancient Egypt, although it is nearly impossible to pinpoint exactly where and when the first hinges were used.[1]

In Ancient Egypt, doors were constructed using a pivot hinge system, which consisted of pivots protruding from the edges of a door made either from dowels or carved as part of the door. These pivots were contained within a stone socket.[2][3]

In Ancient Rome, hinges were called cardō, and gave name to the goddess Cardea and the main street Cardo. Cardō, in the sense of "the chief thing (on which something turns or depends)", is an element of modern words such as cardinal.[1]

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the English word hinge is related to hang.[4]

## Building access

## Large structures

## Spacecraft

A variety of self-actuating, self-locking hinges have been developed for spacecraft deployable structures such as solar array panels, synthetic aperture radar antennas, booms, radiators, etc.[5]

## Terminology

Basic hinge

* Pin – The rod that holds the leaves together, inside the knuckle. Also known as a pintle.
* Knuckle – The hollow—typically circular—portion creating the joint of the hinge through which the pin is set. The knuckles of either leaf typically alternate and interlock with the pin passing through all of them.
* Leaf – The portions (typically two) that extend laterally from the knuckle and typically revolve around the pin.
* End play – Axial movement between the leaves along the axis of the pin. This motion allows the leaves to rotate without binding and is determined by the typical distance between knuckles (knuckle gap) when both edges of the leaves are aligned.
* Gauge – Thickness of the leaves.
* Hinge width – Length from the outer edge of one leaf to the outer edge of the other leaf, perpendicularly across the pin.
* Hinge length – The length of the leaves parallel to the pin.
* Knuckle length – The typical length of an individual knuckle parallel to the pin.
* Leaf width – Length from the center of the pin to the outer edge of the leaf.
* Pitch – Distance from the end of a knuckle to the same edge of its adjacent knuckle on the same leaf.
* Doorstop – A colloquialism referring to loose angular movement of the leaves relative to the pin.[6]

## Types

### Barrel hinge

A barrel hinge consists of a sectional barrel (the knuckle) secured by a pivot. A barrel is simply a hollow cylinder. The vast majority of hinges operate on the barrel principle.[7]

### Butt hinge / Mortise hinge

Any hinge designed to be set into a door or door frame is considered a butt hinge or mortise hinge. A hinge can also be made as a half-mortise, where only one half is mortised and the other is not. Most mortise hinges are also barrel hinges because of how they pivot (i.e., a pair of leaves secured to each other by knuckles through which runs a pin).[8]

### Butterfly / Parliament (UK) hinge

Butterfly or parliament hinges are hinges that hold surfaces flush when opened 180 degrees.[9]

### Case hinge

Case hinges are similar to butt hinges, but are usually more decorative; most commonly used in suitcases, briefcases, and the like.

### Concealed hinge

Used for furniture doors (with or without a self-closing features and/or damping systems), concealed hinges consist of two parts: (1.) the cup and arm, and (2.) the mounting plate. They are also called "cup hinges", or "Euro hinges", as they were developed in Europe and use metric installation standards. Most concealed hinges offer the advantage of full in situ adjustability for standoff distance from the cabinet face, as well as pitch and roll by means of two screws on each hinge.

### Continuous / Piano hinge

Continuous or piano hinges are a variety of barrel hinge that run the entire length of a door, panel, box, etc. They are manufactured with or without holes.

### Flag hinge

Flag hinges are simple two-part hinges where a single leaf, attached to a pin, is inserted into a leaf with a hole. This allows the hinged objects to be easily removed (such as removable doors). They are made in right- and left-hand configurations.[10]

### Friction hinge

Friction hinges are specialized hinges that use controlled resistance to hold a door, window, panel, or display at a chosen angle without drifting, relying on purposefully engineered internal friction to manage motion.[11]

### H hinge

H hinges are capital H-shaped barrel hinges used on flush-mounted doors. Small H hinges (3–4 in or 76–102 mm) tend to be used for cabinets, while larger ones (6–7 in or 150–180 mm) are for passage doors and closet doors.

### HL hinge

HL hinges were commonly used for passage doors, room doors, and closet doors in the 17th, 18th, and the 19th centuries. On taller doors, H hinges were occasionally used between them.

### One-way hinge

A one-way hinge is a hinge which can only swing on one direction; it is the opposite of a two-way or double-action hinge.

### Pivot hinge

A pivot hinge pivots in openings in the floor and the top of the door frame. Also referred to as double-acting floor hinges, they are found in ancient dry stone buildings and, rarely, in old wooden buildings. They are a low-cost alternative for use with lightweight doors.[12] Doors with these hinges may be called haar-hung doors.

### Self-closing hinge

Self-closing hinges are hinges that have an built-in mechanism to automatically close, often with a speed control function. The same as spring hinge, they usually use springs to provide force to close the door and have a mechanical or hydraulic damper to control door close speed. Self-closing hinges function as both hinges and door closers.[13]

### Spring hinge

Spring hinges are spring-loaded hinges that provide assistance in closing or opening the hinge leaves. An inner spring applies force to keep the hinge closed or opened.[14]

### Swing clear hinge

Also called offset door hinges, swing clear hinges allow doors to swing completely clear of their openings.[15] They are often used to comply with Fair Housing Act (FHA) code by providing the minimum 32” clearance when using a 34” door slab.[16]

### Butler tray hinge

Butler tray hinges fold to 90 degrees and snap flat. They are for tables that have a tray top for serving.

### Card table hinge

Card table hinges are mortised into the edges of antique or reproduction card tables and allow the top to fold onto itself.

### Carpentier joint

Carpentier joints are hinges consisting of several thin metal strips of curved cross section.

### Drop-leaf table hinge

Drop-leaf table hinges are mounted under the surface of a table with leaves that drop down. They are most commonly used with rule joints.

### Hinged expansion joint

Hinged expansion joints are joints with hinges that allow the object or unit to bend in a single plane.

### Living hinge

A hinge of flexible material (often plastic) that creates a join between two objects without any knuckles or pins is a living hinge. Molded as a single piece, these hinges have fewer moving parts and have several advantages over other designs, but are more susceptible to fatigue and breakage.[17]

### Other

Other types of hinges include:

* Coach
* Counter flap
* Cranked or storm-proof
* Double action non-spring
* Double action spring
* Flush
* Lift-off
* Pinge (with a quick-release pin)
* Rising butt hinges or cam lift hinges have a spiral knuckle that lifts the door as it opens, allowing it to clear carpets or uneven floors, and closing it gravitationally[18]
* Security
* Tee

## Gallery

* Old construction of hinges in the dry stone wall near Bignasco

* Ancient pivot hinges, found in the dry stone buildings

* A flushed door hinge

* A barrel hinge made of wrought iron

* A barrel hinge made of bronze strap

* Increasing the number of loops to 3 allows the butt hinge axis to be fixed from both ends.

* Door in furniture with spring to hold door either fully shut or fully open. It hides completely behind the door and has adjustment for fine alignment. Allows the door to open even when against a wall.

* Rusty hinges on a building exterior

* This door hinges on the stile and is called a haar-hung door.

This door hinges on the stile and is called a haar-hung door.

* A living hinge on the lid of a Tic Tac box

* Hinged handcuffs

* A piano hinge

* A continuous hinge

* Swing clear hinge

* Hinge on the Sydney Harbour Bridge was used during construction of the bridge, and now accommodates thermal expansion and contraction of the bridge

## See also

* Engineering:Concealed hinge jig - Support and locating tool for drilling recess holes to mount concealed hinges
* Engineering:Floating hinge - Type of hinge that allows rotation and some linear movement
* Engineering:Geared continuous hinge - Type of continuous hinge used mostly on doors in high-traffic entrances
* Engineering:Hinge bender
* Engineering:Plain bearing - Simplest type of bearing, with no rolling elements

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Door Hinges in Antiquity (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)". https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Cardo.html.
2. ↑ "Museum Bulletin | An Early Egyptian Door-Socket" (in en). https://www.penn.museum/sites/bulletin/1315/.
3. ↑ "door | British Museum" (in en). The British Museum. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/Y_EA705.
4. ↑ "hinge". https://www.oed.com/dictionary/hinge_n.
5. ↑ Alan M. Watt; and Sergio Pellegrino. "Tape-Spring Rolling Hinges" p. 2.
6. ↑ heyok (28 April 2014). "Jeep JK tail gate hinge slop". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yy9Di5FWp6c.
7. ↑ Childers, Kathleen (25 August 2023). "Everything to Know About Barrel Hinges". https://www.familyhandyman.com/article/everything-to-know-about-barrel-hinges/.
8. ↑ "What Is a Butt Hinge? The Basics of Butt Hinges and How They Work". 16 December 2021. https://monroeengineering.com/blog/what-is-a-butt-hinge-the-basics-of-butt-hinges-and-how-they-work/.
9. ↑ "Parliament Hinges Old English Collection" (in en). https://www.suffolklatchcompany.com/products/parliament-hinges.
10. ↑ "The Beginner's Guide to Flag Hinges". 26 August 2024. https://monroeengineering.com/blog/the-beginners-guide-to-flag-hinges/.
11. ↑ "Leading Friction Hinge Manufacturers". https://hingemanufacturers.org/friction-hinges/.
12. ↑ "Pivot Hinges". http://www.guden.com/ItemDisplay/PivotHinges.
13. ↑ "Self-Closing Hinges". 26 August 2019. http://www.watersonusa.com/solutions/spring-loaded-door-hinge.
14. ↑ "Spring Hinges". http://www.guden.com/ItemDisplay/Spring-Hinges.
15. ↑ Greene, Lori (27 May 2021). "QQ: Hinge Types – Swing-Clear". https://idighardware.com/2021/05/qq-hinge-types-swing-clear/.
16. ↑ "The Fair Housing Act's Requirement 3: Usable Doors". https://www.hud.gov/sites/dfiles/FHEO/documents/The-Fair-Housing-Act-Requirement-3-Usable-Doors-Participant-Workbook.pdf.
17. ↑ "What is a living hinge and its applications?". 21 March 2024. https://www.essentracomponents.com/en-gb/news/solutions/access-hardware/living-hinges-101-what-you-need-to-know.
18. ↑ Metcalf, Zoe (2025-09-30). "Upgrade Your Doors: The Hidden Benefits of Rising Butt Hinges" (in en-GB). https://www.cookebrothers.co.uk/latest-news/2025/09/30/benefits-of-rising-butt-hinges/.

## External links

* Hinge Terminology—Hingecraft; graphics visualizing many terms

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