Ikonos

Ikonos-2

Mission type| Earth observation
Operator| DigitalGlobe
Formerly GeoEye, Space Imaging
COSPAR ID| 1999-051A
SATCAT no.| 25919
Mission duration| Final: 15 years, 6 months, 6 days
Spacecraft properties
Bus| LM-900[1]
Manufacturer| Lockheed Martin Space Systems
Launch mass| 817 kg (1,800 lb)[1]
Dimensions| 1.83 × 1.57 m (6.0 × 5.2 ft)[1]
Power| 1,500 W[1]
Start of mission
Launch date|  24 September 1999, 18:22 (1999-09-24UTC18:22) UTC[2]
Rocket| Athena II, LM-007
Launch site| Vandenberg AFB SLC-6
Contractor| Lockheed Martin
Entered service| December 1999[1]
End of mission
Disposal| Decommissioned
Deactivated| 31 March 2015 (2015-04-01)[3]
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Geocentric
Regime| Low Earth
Eccentricity| 0.00028
Perigee altitude| 678 km (421 mi)
Apogee altitude| 682 km (424 mi)
Inclination| 98.2°
Period| 98.4 minutes
Epoch| 24 September 1999, 18:22 UTC[2]
Main telescope
Type| Cassegrain[1]
Diameter| 70 cm (28 in)[1]
Focal length| 10 m (394 in)[1]
Focal ratio| f/14.3
Wavelengths| Panchromatic: 450–900 nm[1]
Multispectral: 450–860 nm[1]
Resolution| Panchromatic: 0.82–1 m[1]
Script error: No such module "in5".(32–39 in)
Multispectral: 3.28–4 m[1]
Script error: No such module "in5".(129–157 in)

IKONOS was a commercial Earth observation satellite, and was the first to collect publicly available high-resolution imagery at 1- and 4-meter resolution. It collected multispectral (MS) and panchromatic (PAN) imagery. The capability to observe Earth via space-based telescope has been called "one of the most significant developments in the history of the space age", and IKONOS brought imagery rivaling that of military spy satellites to the commercial market.[4][5] IKONOS imagery began being sold on 1 January 2000, and the spacecraft was retired in 2015.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Specifications
* 2.1 Spacecraft
* 2.2 Optical Sensor Assembly
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## History

IKONOS originated under the Lockheed Corporation as the Commercial Remote Sensing System (CRSS) satellite. In April 1994 Lockheed was granted one of the first licenses from the U.S. Department of Commerce for commercial satellite high-resolution imagery.[6] On 25 October 1995 partner company Space Imaging received a license from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to transmit telemetry from the satellite in the eight-gigahertz Earth exploration-satellite services band.[7] Prior to launch, Space Imaging changed the name of the satellite system to IKONOS. The name comes from the Greek word eikōn, for "image".[8]

Two satellites were originally planned for operation. IKONOS-1 was launched on 27 April 1999 at 18:22 UTC from Vandenberg AFB Space Launch Complex 6,[9][10] but Athena II rocket's payload fairing did not separate due to an electrical malfunction, resulting in the satellite failing to reach orbit and falling into the atmosphere over the South Pacific Ocean.[11]

IKONOS-2 was built in parallel with and as a nearly identical twin to IKONOS-1. Whereas IKONOS-1 was built with Ring Laser Gyros (RLGs) for attitude rate sensors, IKONOS-2 fortuitously was built with Hemispherical Resonator Gyros (HRGs). RLGs were found to be incompatible with long-duration space missions, whereas HRGs could last 10 or more years in space. Completion of IKONOS-2 construction was projected for July 1999 with a January 2000 launch.[12] In reaction to the loss of IKONOS-1, the spacecraft was renamed IKONOS[12][13] and its processing accelerated, resulting in a launch on 24 September 1999 at 18:22 UTC, also from Vandenberg aboard an Athena II rocket.[2] The company began selling IKONOS imagery on the market on 1 January 2000.[1][14]

In December 2000, IKONOS received the "Best of What's New" Grant Award in Aviation & Space from Popular Science magazine.[15] The acquisition of Space Imaging and its assets by Orbimage was announced in September 2005 and finalized in January 2006.[16][17] The merged company was renamed GeoEye,[17] which was itself acquired by DigitalGlobe in January 2013.[18]

DigitalGlobe operated IKONOS until its retirement on 31 March 2015.[3] During its lifetime, IKONOS produced 597,802 public images, covering more than 400 million km2 (154 million sq mi) of area.[19]

## Specifications

### Spacecraft

IKONOS was a three-axis stabilized spacecraft designed by Lockheed Martin Space Systems. The design later became known as the LM-900 satellite bus and was optimized to carry remote sensing payloads.[20] Four reaction wheels stabilized the spacecraft's altitude, which was measured by two star trackers and a Sun sensor. Orbital position information was provided by a GPS receiver. The spacecraft body was a hexagonal design of 1.83 by 1.57 meters (6.0 by 5.2 ft) and 817 kilograms (1,800 lb), with 1.5 kilowatts of power provided by three solar panels. Its design life was seven years. IKONOS operated in a Sun-synchronous, near-polar, circular orbit at approximately 680 km (423 mi).[1]

### Optical Sensor Assembly

IKONOS's primary instrument was the Optical Sensor Assembly (OSA), designed and built by Kodak. It had a primary mirror aperture of 70 cm (28 in), and a folded optical focal length of 10 m (394 in) using 5 mirrors. The main mirror featured a honeycomb design to reduce mass.[21] The detectors at the focal plane included a panchromatic sensor with 13,500 pixels cross-track, and four multispectral sensors (blue, green, red, and near-infrared) each with 3,375 pixels along-track. Its nadir image swath was 11.3 km (7 mi).[22] Total instrument mass was 171 kg (377 lb) and it consumed 350 watts.[21]

Spatial and spectral resolutions[8][23] Band | 0.8-meter panchromatic | 4-meter multispectral
1-meter pan-sharpened

|
|

Pan | 526–929 nm |
1 (Blue) |  | 445–516 nm
2 (Green) |  | 506–595 nm
3 (Red) |  | 632–698 nm
4 (Near IR) |  | 757–853 nm

## See also

* GeoEye-1

## References

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 "Ikonos-2". eoPortal. European Space Agency. https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/i/ikonos-2.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Launch/Orbital information for Ikonos 2". National Space Science Data Center. NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-051A.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "DigitalGlobe's IKONOS Satellite Retired After 15 Years of On-Orbit Operation" (Press release). Lockheed Martin. 14 May 2015.
4. ↑ Broad, William J. (1999-04-27). "Private Spy In Space To Rival Military's (Published 1999)" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/27/science/private-spy-in-space-to-rival-military-s.html.
5. ↑ Broad, William J. (13 October 1999). "Giant Leap for Private Industry: Spies in Space". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/13/us/giant-leap-for-private-industry-spies-in-space.html.
6. ↑ "Company News: Lockheed Wins License for Satellite Sensing System". The New York Times. 26 April 1994. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/26/business/company-news-lockheed-wins-license-for-satellite-sensing-system.html.
7. ↑ Turner, Linda (25 October 1995). "Space Imaging granted FCC license for private remote sensing satellite system" (Press release). Business Wire. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016 - via TheFreeLibrary.com.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Imagery Sources". GeoEye. http://www.geoeye.com/CorpSite/products/imagery-sources/Default.aspx#ikonos.
9. ↑ Mecham, Michael (3 May 1999). "Faulty Athena Shroud Ruins Ikonos 1 Launch". Aviation Week & Space Technology. http://aviationweek.com/awin/faulty-athena-shroud-ruins-ikonos-1-launch.
10. ↑ Brender, Mark; Lidov, Linda (27 April 1999). "Lockheed Martin Athena Launch of Ikonos Satellite Experienced an Anomaly" (Press release). Space Imaging. Retrieved 3 December 2016 - via FAS.org.
11. ↑ Harland, David M.; Lorenz, Ralph D. (2006). Space Systems Failures: Disasters and Rescues of Satellites, Rocket and Space Probes. Springer Science+Business Media. p. 107. ISBN 0-387-21519-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=eszSE5VGvuMC&pg=PA107.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "DA 01-765: Application for Modification of Space Station Authorization". Federal Communications Commission. 28 March 2001. https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DA-01-765A1.txt.
13. ↑ Bossler, John D., ed (2010). Manual of Geospatial Science and Technology (2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-1-4200-8734-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=UdZ3uDekqwwC&pg=PA335.
14. ↑ Livingston, Steven (January 2015). "Commercial Remote Sensing Satellites and the Regulation of Violence in Areas of Limited Statehood". CGCS Occasional Paper Series on ICTs, Statebuilding, and Peacebuilding in Africa (University of Pennsylvania) (5). http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/app/uploads/2015/01/Livingston_Final.pdf.
15. ↑ "Spy Sat for the Rest of Us". Popular Science 257 (6): 44. December 2000. https://books.google.com/books?id=IyBQ4E9G0iQC&pg=PA44.
16. ↑ Frederick, Missy (19 September 2005). "Orbimage-Space Imaging Merger Expected To Stabilize the Industry". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/orbimage-space-imaging-merger-expected-stabilize-industry/.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Vuong, Andy (12 January 2006). "Thornton's Space Imaging Acquired". The Denver Post. http://www.denverpost.com/2006/01/12/thorntons-space-imaging-acquired/.
18. ↑ Ferster, Warren (31 January 2013). "DigitalGlobe Closes GeoEye Acquisition". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/digitalglobe-closes-geoeye-acquisition/.
19. ↑ Kramer, Miriam (28 May 2015). "The life and death of Ikonos, a pioneering commercial satellite". Mashable. http://mashable.com/2015/05/28/ikonos-satellite-digitalglobe/.
20. ↑ Krebs, Gunter D. (11 November 2016). "Lockheed Martin: LM-900". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sat/lockheed_lm-900.htm.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Kramer, Herbert J. (2002). Observation of the Earth and Its Environment: Survey of Missions and Sensors (4th ed.). Springer-Verlag. pp. 286–287. ISBN 3-540-42388-5. Bibcode: 2002oees.book.....K. https://books.google.com/books?id=4JucM8bpLbEC&pg=PA286.
22. ↑ "IKONOS Satellite Sensor". Satellite Imaging Corporation. http://www.satimagingcorp.com/satellite-sensors/ikonos/.
23. ↑ Qian, Shen-En, ed (2016). Optical Payloads for Space Missions. John Wiley & Sons. p. 824. ISBN 978-1-118-94514-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=Vp2LBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA824.

## External links

* IKONOS data sheet by DigitalGlobe

Template:DigitalGlobe

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Orbital launches in 1999

Mars Polar Lander | ROCSAT-1 | Stardust | Globalstar 23 * Globalstar 36 * Globalstar 38 * Globalstar 40 | Telstar 6 | JCSAT-6 | Soyuz TM-29 | ARGOS * Ørsted * SUNSAT | Arabsat 3A * Skynet 4E | Globus No.15 | Wide Field Infrared Explorer | Globalstar 23 * Globalstar 37 * Globalstar 41 * Globalstar 46 | AsiaSat 3S | DemoSat | Progress M-41 * Sputnik 99 | INSAT-2E | USA-142 | Eutelsat W3 | Globalstar 19 * Globalstar 42 * Globalstar 44 * Globalstar 45 | Landsat 7 | UoSAT-12 | Ikonos-1 | ABRIXAS * Megsat-0 | USA-143 | Orion 3 | Feng Yun 1C * Shijian 5 | TERRIERS * MUBLCOM | Nimiq 1 | USA-144 | Oceansat-1 * Kitsat-3 * DLR-Tubsat | STS-96 (Starshine 1) | Globalstar 25 * Globalstar 47 * Globalstar 49 * Globalstar 52 | Iridium 14A * Iridium 21A | Astra 1H | QuikSCAT | FUSE | Gran' No.45 | Molniya 3-50 | Globalstar 30 * Globalstar 32 * Globalstar 35 * Globalstar 51 | Progress M-42 | Okean-O No.1 | STS-93 (Chandra) | Globalstar 26 * Globalstar 28 * Globalstar 43 * Globalstar 48 | Telkom 1 * Globalstar 24 * Globalstar 27 * Globalstar 53 * Globalstar 54 | Kosmos 2365 | Kosmos 2366 | Koreasat 3 | Yamal-101 * Yamal-102 | Foton 12 | Globalstar 33 * Globalstar 50 * Globalstar 55 * Globalstar 58 | EchoStar V | Ikonos 2 | Telstar 7 | LMI-1 | Resurs F-1M | USA-145 | DirecTV-1R | CBERS-1 * SACI-1 | Globalstar 31 * Globalstar 56 * Globalstar 57 * Globalstar 59 | Orion 2 | Ekspress A1 | GE-4 | MTSAT-1 | Shenzhou 1 | Globalstar 29 * Globalstar 34 * Globalstar 39 * Globalstar 61 | USA-146 | Hélios 1B * Clémentine | Orbcomm FM30 * Orbcomm FM31 * Orbcomm FM32 * Orbcomm FM33 * Orbcomm FM34 * Orbcomm FM35 * Orbcomm FM36 | XMM-Newton | SACI-2 | USA-147 | Terra | STS-103 | Arirang-1 * ACRIMSAT * Millennial | Galaxy 11 | Kosmos 2367 | Kosmos 2368

Payloads are separated by bullets ( * ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in bold text. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets.

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