Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)

Short description: Proposed NASA space probe to travel 1000 AU from the Sun

Interstellar Probe

Artist's rendering of the Interstellar Probe (plasma wave antennas extend far beyond portion shown)

Mission type| Outer planetary, heliosphere, and interstellar medium exploration
Operator| NASA / Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory
Website| interstellarprobe.jhuapl.edu
Spacecraft properties
Launch mass| 860 kg (1,900 lb)
Power| 470 watts (at launch)
Start of mission
Launch date| 2036
Rocket| Space Launch System Block 2
Flyby of Jupiter
Closest approach| 2037
Distance| ~4 000 km

Flagship

Interstellar Probe (ISP) is a proposed NASA space probe designed to explore and characterize the heliosphere and interstellar space. The study was originally proposed in 2018 by NASA for the Applied Physics Laboratory. It would have a baseline launch between 2036 and 2041.[1] The probe would launch on a direct hyperbolic trajectory to encounter Jupiter after six to seven months, after which the probe would travel at a speed of about 6–7 Astronomy:astronomical unit|astronomical units (900,000,000–1.05×109 kilometres) per year, leaving the heliosphere after only 16 years.[2]

The probe may have the opportunity to encounter minor planets on the way out, including Orcus and Quaoar, though such flybys would require specific launch dates. With next-generation radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), the mission would be designed to last for over 50 years after its launch, a similar feat reached by the Voyager 1 and 2 probes despite their intended 5-year lifetime. The mission has been called "Voyager on steroids".[2]

## Contents

* 1 Mission background
* 1.1 Primary science goals
* 2 Scientific instruments
* 3 Mission operations
* 3.1 Launch and trajectories
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Mission background

Interstellar probes such as the Voyager program were made only with the intent to visit the outer planets, with the added interstellar mission as a mere bonus. Their lifetime had never been expected to be much longer than 12 years at the most, but the probes have lasted for upwards of four decades thus far. Both Voyagers left the heliosphere in the 2010s; Voyager 1 in 2012,[3] and 2 in 2018.[4]

While their readings have been valuable, many of their instruments have been shut off due to a lack of power in their RTGs. In addition, neither of them are headed toward the IBEX ribbon, a region discovered by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer where energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) seem to highly affect the heliosphere and are able to breach it at unprecedented rates.[5]

A graph displaying the IBEX ribbon juxtaposed with flyby speed and secondary targets

### Primary science goals

The main goals of the Interstellar mission include characterizing the heliosphere as a habitable astrosphere by its global nature, its interactions with the Sun and the interstellar medium, and the nature of said interstellar medium. Similar goals may include viewing the Sun as a habitable exoplanetary system from beyond, with potential outbound giant or dwarf planet flybys along the way depending on chosen launch date, and understanding the universe from beyond the heliosphere.[1]

## Scientific instruments

The probe would contain two differing scientific payloads, both weighing about 85–90 kg (187–198 lb). One would prioritize Lyman-alpha science, whereas the other would prioritize visible and infrared imaging of flyby targets.[1] Payloads highlighted in red are exclusive to the baseline payload. Instruments in green are intended for the augmented flyby payload.

Instrument (abbr.)  | Dimension, range, resolution  | Heritage

|
|

Magnetometer (MAG)  | Electromagnetic radiation:
0.01–100 nT  | Magnetospheric Multiscale: DFG
Plasma Waves (PWS)  | Plasma wave observations:
~1 Hz – 5 MHz, ≤0.7 µV/m at 3 kHz, ∆f/f ≤ 4%, ≤60 s full spectrum  | Van Allen: EFW
Plasma Subsystem (PLS)  | Ion spectrometer:
< 3 eV/e to 20 keV/e  | Parker Solar Probe: SWEAP, Span-A
Pick-Up Ions (PUI)  | Ion counter: 0.5–78 keV/e  | Ulysses: SWICS
Energetic Particles (EPS)  | Ionization analysis: 20 keV – 20 MeV  | Parker Solar Probe: IS☉IS, EPI-Lo
Cosmic Rays (CRS)  | Cosmic ray analysis: H to Sn; 10 MeV/nuc – 1 GeV/nuc  | Parker Solar Probe: IS☉IS, EPI-Hi
Interstellar Dust Analyzer (IDA)  | Dust analysis: 10−19 to 10−14 g  | Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe: IDEX
Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS)  | H, 3He, 4He, 14N, 16O, 20Ne, 22Ne, 36Ar, 38Ar, m/Δm ≥ 100  | Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer: NMS
Energetic Neutral Atom Imager (ENA)  | Images emission of energetic neutral atoms; ~1–100 keV H  | Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe: IMAP-Ultra
Lyman-Alpha Spectrograph (LYA)  | Mapping solar wind interactions with interstellar medium:
±100 km/s Doppler range, <10 km/s resolution  | MAVEN: IUVS
Visible-Near-IR (VIR)  | Flyby imaging:
0.4–4 µm; ≥ 5 ch. ≤0.975 µm
>240 ch. >0.975 µm  | New Horizons: Ralph
Visible-IR Mapper (IRM)  | Infrared mapping:
0.5–15 µm
30–100 µm  | New Horizons: LEISA, CIBER-2

## Mission operations

The baseline trajectory, using a passive gravity assist at Jupiter The Solar Oberth trajectory, using a brake at Jupiter for a burn at perihelion

### Launch and trajectories

The baseline launch would be in 2036 using a Space Launch System in its Block 2 configuration, featuring an additional Centaur and Star 48BV booster. This launch would put the probe on a direct trajectory to Jupiter, and after a mere seven months the probe would make a gravity assist to speed out at about 95 km/s (about 216000 mph).[1] Alternative trajectories include bringing the Star 48 booster for a burn upon closest approach; one trajectory involving that burn at Jupiter with a slightly longer transit time, and another with about the same transit time, but passing ahead of Jupiter for a dive down near the Sun for an even faster escape trajectory.[1]

Further trajectory options have been considered, including performing flybys of Saturn, Uranus, or Neptune depending on launch date to help characterize planetary formation and complement missing data sets, and dwarf planets to help characterize them as New Horizons did in 2015 with its flyby of Pluto.[1]

## See also

* Shensuo, a proposed pair of probes by China made to explore the outer solar system and heliosphere.
* New Horizons, a Pluto flyby mission by NASA currently en route to explore the interstellar medium.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 McNutt, Ralph; Paul, Michael; Brandt, Pontus; Kinnison, Jim. "Interstellar Probe: Humanity's Journey to Interstellar Space". Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. https://interstellarprobe.jhuapl.edu/Interstellar-Probe-MCR.pdf.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Stone, Richard (28 July 2022). "'Voyager on steroids.' Mission would probe mysterious region beyond our Solar System" (in en). Science. doi:10.1126/science.ade1070. https://www.science.org/content/article/voyager-steroids-mission-probe-mysterious-region-beyond-solar-system. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
3. ↑ "Interstellar Mission". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/interstellar-mission/.
4. ↑ University of Iowa (November 4, 2019). "Voyager 2 reaches interstellar space – Iowa-led instrument detects plasma density jump, confirming spacecraft has entered the realm of the stars". EurekAlert!. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2019-11/uoi-v2r103119.php.
5. ↑ Baldwin, Emily (October 15, 2009). "IBEX maps edge of Solar System". Astronomy Now. http://www.astronomynow.com/news/n0910/15IBEX/.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to Jupiter

Flybys|

* Pioneer program
* Pioneer 10
* 11
* Voyager program
* Voyager 1
* 2
* Ulysses
* Cassini–Huygens
* New Horizons

Orbiters|

* Galileo
* Juno (active)

Atmospheric probes|

* Galileo Probe

Planned missions|

* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) (2022)
* Europa Clipper (2023)

Proposed missions|

* Io Volcano Observer (2021)
* Laplace-P (2023)
* Europa Lander (2024)
* FIRE (2024)
* OKEANOS (2027)
* Smara (2030)

Cancelled / Concepts|

* Argo (proposed)
* Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace
* Jupiter Europa Orbiter
* Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter
* Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter
* Europa Orbiter
* Innovative Interstellar Explorer
* Jovian Europa Orbiter
* Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
* Neptune Orbiter
* New Horizons 2
* Pioneer H
* Tsiolkovsky mission

Related topics|

* Exploration of Jupiter
* Atmosphere of Jupiter
* Magnetosphere of Jupiter
* Moons of Jupiter
* Io
* Exploration
* Europa
* Colonization
* Ganymede
* Callisto
* Rings of Jupiter
* Deep Space Network
* Missions to the outer planets
* Colonization of the outer Solar System

* v
* t
* e

21st-century space probes

Active space probes
(deep space missions)|

| Moon|

* ARTEMIS
* Chandrayaan-2
* Chang'e 3
* Chang'e 4 (Yutu-2)
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

|

Mars|

* ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

Venus|

* Akatsuki

Minor planet|

* Chang'e 2
* Hayabusa2 / MINERVA-II
* New Horizons
* OSIRIS-REx

Solar science|

* ACE
* DSCOVR
* Parker Solar Probe
* SOHO
* STEREO
* Wind

Others|

* BepiColombo
* Gaia
* Juno
* THEMIS
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2

Completed after 2000
(by termination date)|

| 2000s|

* 2001
* NEAR Shoemaker
* Deep Space 1
* 2003
* Pioneer 10
* Galileo
* Nozomi
* 2004
* Genesis
* 2005
* Huygens
* 2006
* Mars Global Surveyor
* 2008
* Phoenix
* 2009
* Chang'e 1
* Ulysses
* Chandrayaan-1
* SELENE
* LCROSS

|

2010s|

* 2010
* Hayabusa
* MER Spirit
* 2011
* Stardust
* 2012
* GRAIL
* 2013
* Deep Impact
* 2014
* LADEE
* Venus Express
* Chang'e 5-T1
* 2015
* MESSENGER
* PROCYON
* IKAROS
* 2016
* Rosetta / Philae
* Yutu
* ExoMars Schiaparelli
* 2017
* LISA Pathfinder
* Cassini
* 2018
* MASCOT
* Dawn
* Longjiang-1
* 2019
* MarCO
* MER Opportunity
* Beresheet
* Longjiang-2
* Vikram / Pragyan

* List of Solar System probes
* List of lunar probes
* List of space telescopes

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to minor planets and comets

* List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft
* List of artificial objects on extra-terrestrial surfaces

Past and
current|

| Flybys|

* Cassini–Huygens
* Chang'e 2
* Clementine†
* CONTOUR†
* Deep Impact
* EPOXI
* Deep Space 1
* Galileo
* Halley Armada
* Giotto
* Sakigake
* Suisei
* Vega 1
* Vega 2
* International Cometary Explorer
* NEAR Shoemaker
* New Horizons
* Pioneer 7
* PROCYON†
* Rosetta
* Stardust/NExT
* Ulysses

|

Orbiters|

* Dawn
* Hayabusa
* Hayabusa2
* NEAR Shoemaker
* OSIRIS-REx
* Rosetta
* Timeline

Landers|

* Hayabusa
* MINERVA†
* Hayabusa2
* HIBOU
* MASCOT
* MINERVA-II 2
* OWL
* NEAR Shoemaker
* Philae

Impactors|

* Deep Impact

Sample return|

* Hayabusa
* Hayabusa2
* OSIRIS-REx
* Stardust

Planned|

* NEA Scout (flyby, 2020-2021)
* Lucy (multiple flybys, 2021)
* DART (impactor and flyby, 2021)
* DESTINY+ (multiple flybys, 2022)
* Psyche (orbiter, 2022)
* Hera (orbiter and landers, 2024)
* Comet Interceptor (flyby, 2028)

Proposed|

* ASTER (orbiter, 2021)
* Athena (flyby of Pallas, 2022)
* Centaurus (multiple flybys, 2026-2029)
* CORSAIR (sample return)
* HAMMER (nuclear impactor concept)
* MANTIS (multiple flybys)
* OKEANOS (multiple flybys and sample return, 2026)
* World Is Not Enough (spacecraft refueling concept)
* ZhengHe (multiple flybys and sample return, 2024)

Cancelled or
not developed|

* AGORA
* AIM
* Asteroid Redirect Mission
* CAESAR
* Castalia
* Clementine 2
* Comet Hopper
* CONDOR
* CRAF
* Don Quijote
* Hayabusa Mk2
* MAOSEP
* Marco Polo
* New Horizons 2
* Vesta

Related|

* Asteroid belt
* Asteroid capture
* Asteroid mining
* Colonization of asteroids
* Ceres
* Colonization
* Pluto
* Exploration
* Small Solar System bodies
* Near-Earth object
* Trans-Neptunian object
* Colonization
* Trojan
* Vesta

* Probes are listed in chronological order of launch. Italics indicate currently active missions. † indicates mission failures.

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