LED-backlit LCD

Short description: Display technology implementation

"LED TV" redirects here. For true LED displays, see LED display.

An Apple iPod Touch disassembled to show the array of white-edge LEDs powered on with the device

An LED-backlit LCD is a liquid-crystal display that uses LEDs for backlighting instead of traditional cold cathode fluorescent (CCFL) backlighting.[1] LED-backlit displays use the same TFT LCD (thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display) technologies as CCFL-backlit LCDs, but offer a variety of advantages over them.

Televisions that use a combination of an LED backlight with an LCD panel are sometimes advertised as LED TVs, although they are not truly LED displays.[1][2]

Backlit LCDs cannot achieve true blacks for pixels, unlike OLED and microLED displays. This is because even in the "off" state, black pixels still allow some light from the backlight through. Some LED-backlit LCDs use local dimming zones to increase contrast between bright and dim areas of the display, but this can result in a "blooming" or "halo" effect on dark pixels in or adjacent to an illuminated zone.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Comparison with CCFL-backlit LCDs
* 1.1 Advantages
* 2 LED arrangements
* 3 Technology
* 3.1 Quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF)
* 3.2 Mini LED
* 3.3 RGB LED
* 4 Backlight-dimming flicker
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Comparison with CCFL-backlit LCDs

### Advantages

When compared with earlier CCFL backlights, using LEDs for backlighting offers:

* Wider color gamut (with RGB-LED or QDEF)[4][5] and dimming range[6][7]
* Greater contrast ratio
* Very slim (some screens are less than 0.5 inches (13 mm) thin in edge-lit panels)
* Significantly lighter and cooler, as much as half the total chassis and system weight of a comparable CCFL
* Typically 20–30% lower power consumption and longer lifespan
* Greater reliability[8]

## LED arrangements

A single direct LED cluster of a LCD

LED backlights replace CCFL (fluorescent) lamps with a few to several hundred white, RGB or blue LEDs. An LCD with LED-Backlight may be edge- or direct-lit:[9]

* edge-lit (ELED): LEDs form a line around the rim of the screen. May additionally support:
* frame dimming: adjusts the brightness of the entire backlight based on the content displayed, as if local dimming was supported but only with a single zone
* local dimming: multiple vertical or horizontal zones are individually controlled
* direct-lit (DLED) or full-array: LEDs form an array directly behind the screen at equally spaced intervals. May additionally support:
* frame dimming: adjusts the brightness of the entire backlight based on the content displayed, as if local dimming was supported but only with a single zone
* local dimming: multiple direct-lit LED clusters (rectangles) are individually controlled. Commonly referred to as Full Array Local Dimming (FALD).

Additionally a special diffusion panel (light guide plate, LGP) is often used to spread the light evenly behind the screen.

The local dimming method of backlighting allows to dynamically control the level of light intensity of specific areas of darkness on the screen, resulting in much higher dynamic-contrast ratios, though at the cost of less detail in small, bright objects on a dark background, such as star fields or shadow details.[10]

A 2016 study by the University of California (Berkeley) suggests that the subjectively perceived visual enhancement with common contrast source material levels off at about 60 LCD local dimming zones.[11]

In 2025 RTINGS.com found in accelerated longevity tests that edge-lit TVs were more prone to quicker failure than direct-lit panels (especially during non-stop usage) due to the heat of the LEDs being more concentrated and intense than direct-lit panels, making them more prone to panel cracking and warping and thus LED burnouts and failures.[12]

## Technology

LED-backlit LCDs are not self-illuminating (unlike pure-LED systems). There are several methods of backlighting an LCD panel using LEDs, including the use of either white or RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) LED arrays behind the panel and edge-LED lighting (which uses white LEDs around the inside frame of the TV and a light-diffusion panel to spread the light evenly behind the LCD panel). Variations in LED backlighting offer different benefits. The first commercial full-array LED-backlit LCD TV was the Sony Qualia 005 (introduced in 2004),[13][14][15][16][17] which used RGB LED arrays to produce a color gamut about twice that of a conventional CCFL LCD television. This was possible because red, green and blue LEDs have sharp spectral peaks which (combined with the LCD panel filters) result in significantly less bleed-through to adjacent color channels. Unwanted bleed-through channels do not "whiten" the desired color as much, resulting in a larger gamut. RGB LED technology continues to be used on Sony BRAVIA LCD models. LED backlighting using white LEDs produces a broader spectrum source feeding the individual LCD panel filters (similar to CCFL sources), resulting in a more limited display gamut than RGB LEDs at lower cost. Television sets described as "LED TVs" are LCD-based, with the LEDs dynamically controlled using the video information[18] (dynamic backlight control or dynamic "local dimming" LED backlight, also marketed as HDR, high dynamic range television, invented by Philips researchers Douglas Stanton, Martinus Stroomer and Adrianus de Vaan[19][20][21]

The evolution of energy standards and the increasing public expectations regarding power consumption made it necessary for backlight systems to manage their power. As for other consumer electronics products (e.g., fridges or light bulbs), energy consumption categories are enforced for television sets.[22] Standards for power ratings for TV sets have been introduced, e.g., in the US, EU, Australia,[23] and China.[24] A 2008 study[25] showed that among European countries power consumption is one of the most important criteria for consumers when they choose a television, as important as the screen size.[26]

Using PWM (pulse-width modulation), a technology where the intensity of the LEDs are kept constant but the brightness adjustment is achieved by varying a time interval of flashing these constant light intensity light sources,[27] the backlight is dimmed to the brightest color that appears on the screen while simultaneously boosting the LCD contrast to the maximum achievable levels, drastically increasing the perceived contrast ratio, increasing the dynamic range, improving the viewing angle dependency of the LCD and drastically reducing power consumption.[clarification needed]

The combination of LED dynamic backlight control[19] in combination with reflective polarizers and prismatic films (invented by Philips researchers Adrianus de Vaan and Paulus Schaareman[28] make these "LED" (LCD) televisions far more efficient than the previous CRT-based sets, leading to a worldwide energy saving of 600 TWh in 2017, equal to 10% of the electricity consumption of all households worldwide, or twice the energy production of all solar cells in the world.[29][30]

The prismatic and reflective polarization films are generally achieved using so called DBEF films manufactured and supplied by 3M.[31][32] These reflective polarization films using uniaxial oriented polymerized liquid crystals (birefringent polymers or birefringent glue) were invented in 1989 by Philips researchers Dirk Broer, Adrianus de Vaan and Joerg Brambring.[33]

A first dynamic "local dimming" LED backlight was public demonstrated by BrightSide Technologies in 2003,[34] and later commercially introduced for professional markets (such as video post-production).[35] Edge LED lighting was first introduced by Sony in September 2008 on the 40-inch (1,000 mm) BRAVIA KLV-40ZX1M (known as the ZX1 in Europe). Edge-LED lighting for LCDs allows thinner housing; the Sony BRAVIA KLV-40ZX1M is 1 cm thick, and others are also extremely thin. LED-backlit LCDs have longer life and better energy efficiency than plasma and CCFL LCD TVs.[36] Unlike CCFL backlights, LEDs do not use mercury in their manufacture, which is an environmental pollutant. However, other elements (such as gallium and arsenic) are used in the manufacture of the LED emitters; there is debate over whether they are a better long-term solution to the problem of screen disposal. Because LEDs can be switched on and off more quickly than CCFLs and can offer a higher light output, it is theoretically possible to offer very high contrast ratios. They can produce deep blacks (LEDs off) and high brightness (LEDs on). However, measurements made from pure-black and pure-white outputs are complicated by edge-LED lighting not allowing these outputs to be reproduced simultaneously on screen.[clarification needed]

Full-array mini-LED backlights, consisting of several thousand WLEDs, were being researched for TVs and mobile devices in 2017.[37]

The white LEDs in LED backlights may use special silicate phosphors, which are brighter but degrade faster.[38] The size of the LEDs is one of the factors that determines the size of the bezel of LED-backlit LCDs.[39]

### Quantum dot enhancement film (QDEF)

Quantum dots are photoluminescent; they are useful in displays because they emit light in specific, narrow normal distributions of wavelengths. To generate white light best suited as an LCD backlight, parts of the light of a blue-emitting LED are transformed by quantum dots into small-bandwidth green and red light such that the combined white light allows a nearly ideal color gamut to be generated by the RGB color filters of the LCD panel. The quantum dots may be in a separate layer as a quantum dot enhancement film, or replace pigment-based green and red resists normally used in LCD color filters. In addition, efficiency is improved, as intermediate colors are no longer present and do not have to be filtered out by the color filters of the LCD screen. This can result in a display that more accurately renders colors in the visible spectrum. Companies developing quantum dot solutions for displays include Nanosys, 3M as a licensee of Nanosys, QD Vision of Lexington, Massachusetts, US and Avantama of Switzerland.[40][41] This type of backlighting was demonstrated by various TV manufacturers at the Consumer Electronics Show 2015.[42] Samsung introduced their first 'QLED' quantum dot displays at CES 2017 and later formed the 'QLED Alliance' with Hisense and TCL to market the technology.[43][44]

### Mini LED

Not to be confused with MicroLED.

Mini LED displays are LED-backlit LCDs that use thousands of miniature light-emitting diodes as the backlight source, enabling hundreds to thousands of full-array local dimming (FALD) zones. This offers improved contrast and deeper blacks compared with conventional LED-backlit LCDs.[45]

Compared with OLED displays, Mini-LED LCDs can achieve higher sustained brightness and avoid burn-in, although they may still display slight blooming around bright highlights due to limited zone granularity.[46]

The technology was first commercialized in high end televisions in 2019, notably by TCL Technology, followed by other manufacturers including Samsung and LG. It has since been used in tablets and laptops: for example, the Apple 12.9-inch iPad Pro (2021) featured a “Liquid Retina XDR” Mini-LED panel with over 10,000 LEDs divided into 2,596 dimming zones,[47] and LG's UltraGear evo GM9 (2026), branded "Hyper Mini LED," paired a 27-inch 5K panel with 9,216 LEDs across 2,304 dimming zones at up to 1,250 nits peak brightness.[48]

Despite these advantages, Mini-LED displays remain more complex and expensive to manufacture than traditional LCDs, and uniform illumination across thousands of backlight segments presents ongoing manufacturing challenges.

### RGB LED

Unlike conventional white or blue LED backlights, RGB backlights generate spectrally purer light with narrow band red, green, and blue spectrum, allowing the LCD to produce a wider color gamut and more accurate colors.[49] This technology allows LCDs to provide increases brightness and color performance with various advanced LED technology.

TVs using an Micro RGB backlight have been released by Samsung and LG,[when?] [50] whereas Hisense employs a larger variant called RGB Mini-LED. At CES 2026, TVs and computer monitors using RGB Mini-LED backlights were announced by LG, TCL, Hisense, and HKC.

LG uses Micro RGB technology in its pure RGB spectrum LCD televisions.[51] The display received Triple 100% Color Certification from Intertak for its color accuracy standards. The system includes an alpha AI processor that runs image control algorithms to manage color and picture quality.

Despite the name, RGB Mini-LED and "Micro RGB" are not a self-emissive display technologies like MicroLED. These displays still rely on liquid crystal layers and do not offer pixel-level light control, as the light is modulated through the LCD matrix rather than emitted directly from each pixel.[52]

## Backlight-dimming flicker

LED backlights are often dimmed by applying pulse-width modulation to the supply current, switching the backlight off and on more quickly than the eye can perceive. If the dimming-pulse frequency is too low or the user is sensitive to flicker, this may cause discomfort and eyestrain similar to the flicker of CRT displays at lower refresh rates.[53] This can be tested by simply waving a hand in front of the screen; if it appears to have sharply defined edges as it moves, the backlight is pulsing at a fairly low frequency. If the hand appears blurry, the display either has a continuously illuminated backlight or is operating at a frequency too high to perceive. Flicker can be reduced (or eliminated) by setting the display to full brightness, although this can degrade image quality and increases power consumption. As of 2025, most recently-made LED-backlit LCDs now use DC current regulation instead of pulse-width modulation to lower the brightness level, thus producing no flicker when the brightness setting is decreased; these are often marketed by the display manufacturer as being "flicker-free".[54][55]

## See also

* Uniformity tape

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "LED vs LCD TV Comparison". http://www.ledtele.co.uk/ledvslcd.html.
2. ↑ Practice, Advertising Standards Authority | Committee of Advertising. "Samsung Electronics (UK) Ltd". https://www.asa.org.uk/rulings/samsung-electronics-uk-ltd-a13-240995.html.
3. ↑ Shafer, Rob (2022-06-11). "What Is FALD Blooming Or Halo Effect?" (in en-US). https://www.displayninja.com/what-is-fald-blooming-halo-effect/.
4. ↑ Dell Studio XPS 16: Highest Color Gamut Ever?. Anandtech.com, 26 February 2009
5. ↑ Competing display technologies for the best image performance; A.J.S.M. de Vaan; Journal of the society of information displays, Volume 15, Issue 9 September 2007 Pages 657–666; http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1889/1.2785199/abstract?
6. ↑ Novitsky, Tom; Abbott, Bill (12 November 2007). "Driving LEDs versus CCFLs for LCD backlighting". https://www.eetimes.com/driving-leds-versus-ccfls-for-lcd-backlighting/#.
7. ↑ Dimming options for LCD brightness; J. Moronski; Electronicproducts.com; 3 January 2004; http://www.electronicproducts.com/Optoelectronics/Dimming_options_for_LCD_brightness_control.aspx
8. ↑ "Plasma Vs LCD vs LED TV". http://www.hdplasmatvreviews.com/plasma-vs-lcd-vs-led-tv/.
9. ↑ "Local Dimming on TVs: Direct-Lit, Full-Array, and Edge-Lit" (in en-US). https://www.rtings.com/tv/tests/picture-quality/local-dimming.
10. ↑ Scott Wilkinson. "Ultimate Vizio ". UltimateAVmag.com. Posted Fri 29 May 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
11. ↑ David M. Hoffman, Natalie Stepien, Wei Xiong "Implications of the number of local dimming zones and native LCD contrast on visual quality of HDR displays
12. ↑ Grimm, Sunny (2025-09-27). "Large-scale simulated 10-year OLED monitor torture tests confirm burn-in haunts all models — Testing also reveals edge-lit TVs are insanely failure-prone" (in en). https://www.tomshardware.com/monitors/large-scale-simulated-10-year-torture-test-confirms-burn-in-haunts-all-oled-monitors-testing-also-reveals-edge-lit-tvs-are-insanely-failure-prone.
13. ↑ "ソニー、LEDバックライト搭載の液晶テレビ「QUALIA 005」". https://av.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/20040819/sony1.htm.
14. ↑ Kaplan, Fred (13 October 2004). "Sony's Qualia Product Line - Nymag". https://nymag.com/nymetro/shopping/features/strategist/10084/.
15. ↑ "Sony QUALIA 005 TV". 19 August 2004. https://gizmodo.com/sony-qualia-005-tv-19964.
16. ↑ caren.les@laurin.com, Caren B. Les. "The Road Leads Up for the LED Backlight Unit Market". https://www.photonics.com/Articles/The_Road_Leads_Up_for_the_LED_Backlight_Unit/a35253.
17. ↑ "Lumileds, Sony Develop Groundbreaking LED Backlight Technology". https://phys.org/news/2004-08-lumileds-sony-groundbreaking-backlight-technology.amp.
18. ↑ LED TVs: 10 things you need to know; David Carnoy, David Katzmaier; CNET.com/news; 3 June 2010; https://www.cnet.com/news/led-tvs-10-things-you-need-to-know/
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Method of and device for generating an image having a desired brightness; D.A. Stanton; M.V.C. Stroomer; A.J.S.M. de Vaan; US patent USRE42428E; 7 June 2011; https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=US&NR=RE42428E
20. ↑ "LED local dimming explained". https://www.cnet.com/tech/home-entertainment/led-local-dimming-explained/.
21. ↑ Chen, Haiwei; Zhu, Ruidong; Li, Ming-Chun; Lee, Seok-Lyul; Wu, Shin-Tson (24 January 2017). "Pixel-by-pixel local dimming for high-dynamic-range liquid crystal displays". Optics Express 25 (3): 1973–1984. doi:10.1364/oe.25.001973. ISSN 1094-4087. PMID 29519046. Bibcode: 2017OExpr..25.1973C. https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-25-3-1973.
22. ↑ Commission Regulation (EC) No 642/2009 of 22 July 2009 implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for televisions
23. ↑ "EU Australia and US regulation on energy consumption in TV sets", 2008
24. ↑ "China Regulation on Energy Consumption in TV Sets", 2010
25. ↑ "International survey on the importance of the energy efficiency of TV appliances", 2008
26. ↑ Controlling Power Consumption for Displays With Backlight Dimming; Claire Mantel et al; Journal of Display Technology; Volume: 9, Issue: 12, Dec. 2013; https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6520956
27. ↑ Dimming options for LCD brightness; J. Moronski; Electronicproducts.com; 3 Januari 2004; http://www.electronicproducts.com/Optoelectronics/Dimming_options_for_LCD_brightness_control.aspx
28. ↑ Illumination system and display device including such a system; A.J.S.M. de Vaan; P.B. Schaareman; European patent EP0606939B1; https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0606939B1&KC=B1&FT=D&ND=5&date=19980506&DB=EPODOC&locale=en_EP#
29. ↑ Energy Efficiency Success Story: TV Energy Consumption Shrinks as Screen Size and Performance Grow, Finds New CTA Study; Consumer Technology Association; press release 12 July 2017; https://cta.tech/News/Press-Releases/2017/July/Energy-Efficiency-Success-Story-TV-Energy-Consump.aspx
30. ↑ LCD Television Power Draw Trends from 2003 to 2015; B. Urban and K. Roth; Fraunhofer USA Center for Sustainable Energy Systems; Final Report to the Consumer Technology Association; May 2017; http://www.cta.tech/cta/media/policyImages/policyPDFs/Fraunhofer-LCD-TV-Power-Draw-Trends-FINAL.pdf
31. ↑ Brochure 3M Display Materials & Systems Division Solutions for Large Displays: The right look matters; http://multimedia.3m.com/mws/media/977332O/display-materials-systems-strategies-for-large-displays.pdf
32. ↑ Broadband reflective polarizers based on form birefringence for ultra-thin liquid crystal displays; S.U. Pan; L. Tan and H.S. Kwok; Vol. 25, No. 15; 24 July 2017; Optics Express 17499; https://www.osapublishing.org/oe/viewmedia.cfm?uri=oe-25-15-17499&seq=0
33. ↑ Polarisation-sensitive beam splitter; D.J. Broer; A.J.S.M. de Vaan; J. Brambring; European patent EP0428213B1; 27 July 1994; https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=EP&NR=0428213B1&KC=B1&FT=D#
34. ↑ H. Seetzen, et al.: "A High Dynamic Range Display System Using Low and High Resolution Modulators", SID03 Digest
35. ↑ "BrightSide DR37-P HDR display | bit-tech.net". https://bit-tech.net/reviews/tech/brightside_hdr_edr/1/.
36. ↑ "Samsung.com". Samsung.com. http://www.samsung.com/us/productsubtype/led/.
37. ↑ "Mini LED TV Backlight and Display to Be Rolled Out Soon". https://www.ledinside.com/news/2017/10/mini_led_tv_backlight_and_display_to_be_rolled_out_soon.
38. ↑ Bush, Steve (14 March 2014). "Discussing LED lighting phosphors". https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/products/led/discussing-led-lighting-phosphors-2014-03/.
39. ↑ "New report explains how Apple will eliminate the bezel on its 2018 LCD iPhone". 10 July 2018. https://bgr.com/2018/07/10/apple-iphone-lcd-6-1-inch-no-bezels/amp/.
40. ↑ Cadmium-free quantum dot display. avantama.com. Retrieved 16 August 2019
41. ↑ IEEE Spectrum, 2012, 8, p.11-12 Quantum Dots Are Behind New Displays
42. ↑ CES 2015 - Placing bets on the New TV Technologies. IEEE Spectrum, 7 January 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2015
43. ↑ "Samsung, Hisense & TCL form 'QLED Alliance' to take on OLED - FlatpanelsHD". 2 April 2017. http://www.flatpanelshd.com/news.php?subaction=showfull&id=1493202792.
44. ↑ "QLED Alliance Kicks off in Beijing". 18 April 2017. http://www.nanosysinc.com/dot-color-archive/2017/4/18/welcome-to-the-qled-era.
45. ↑ Shafer, Rob (2019-06-05). "Mini-LED vs MicroLED – What Is The Difference?". https://www.displayninja.com/mini-led-vs-microled/.
46. ↑ "Mini LED Explained: How It Improves LCD Displays". https://www.tomshardware.com/news/mini-led-explained.
47. ↑ Bohn, Dieter (2021-05-19). "iPad Pro (2021) review: the best screen, but is that enough?". https://www.theverge.com/22442084/ipad-pro-2021-review-features-screen-mini-led-m1-processor.
48. ↑ "LG's $1,200 UltraGear evo GM9 is the first 5K Mini LED gaming monitor". https://gagadget.com/en/707660-lgs-1200-ultragear-evo-gm9-is-the-first-5k-mini-led-gaming-monitor/.
49. ↑ "Environmentally friendly quantum‑dot color filters for ultra‑high‑definition liquid crystal displays.". https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-72468-8.pdf.
50. ↑ "LG’s Micro rgb tv promise significant forward in picture quality". https://www.cnet.com/tech/home-entertainment/lgs-micro-rgb-evo-tv-promises-better-color-at-ces-2026/.
51. ↑ "LG's Micro RGB TVs Boast Big Screens, Big Colors and Big Prices" (in en). https://www.cnet.com/tech/home-entertainment/lgs-micro-rgb-tvs-boast-big-screens-big-colors-and-big-prices/.
52. ↑ "Samsung's Micro RGB TV isn't real Micro LED—but it's so good you may not even care". 22 August 2025. https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2025/08/samsungs-micro-rgb-tv-proves-the-value-of-rgb-backlights-for-premium-displays/.
53. ↑ "TFT Central". http://www.tftcentral.co.uk/articles/content/pulse_width_modulation.htm#side_effects.
54. ↑ Shafer, Rob (2 April 2025). "What Is Flicker-Free Technology And PWM? [Simple Guide"]. https://www.displayninja.com/what-is-flicker-free-technology/.
55. ↑ James, Scott (10 November 2025). "Our Monitor Motion Tests: Image Flicker". https://www.rtings.com/monitor/tests/motion/image-flicker.

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