Multiplex (television)

Short description: Grouping of program services that are sub-grouped as interleaved data packets

A digital terrestrial television transmitter in Switzerland, broadcasting five TV services on UHF channel 32.

A multiplex or mux, also known as a bouquet, is a grouping of program services as interleaved data packets for broadcast over a network or modulated multiplexed medium, particularly terrestrial broadcasting. The program services are broadcast as part of one transmission and split out at the receiving end.

The conversion from analog to digital television made it possible to transmit more than one video service, in addition to audio and data, within a fixed space previously used to transmit one analog TV service (varying between six and eight megahertz depending on the system used and bandplan). The capacity of a multiplex depends on several factors, including the video resolution and broadcast quality, compression method, bitrate permitted by the transmission standard, and allocated bandwidth; statistical time-division multiplexing is often used to dynamically allocate bandwidth in accordance with the needs of each individual service. Each service in a multiplex has a separate virtual channel (also known as a logical channel number) for identification and tuning. Depending on the country, a multiplex may be controlled by one broadcaster offering multiple subchannels or may feature services from multiple broadcasters with separate licenses.

Multiplexing has made it possible for many new free-to-air television services to be introduced, some of them expressly designed for carriage as additional channels. In the United States, such services are called digital multicast television networks or diginets. The term is also used in an otherwise unrelated sense to refer to additional channels offered by premium pay television services, such as HBO, similar to its meaning with regard to movie theaters.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Tuning
* 2 New services
* 3 Multiplexing by country
* 3.1 Australia
* 3.2 Brazil
* 3.3 Canada
* 3.4 Mexico
* 3.5 Spain
* 3.6 United States
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Tuning

Main article: Engineering:Virtual channel

Depending on the type of transmission system, individual services are either numbered with whole numbers (e.g. 36) or a two-part channel number (e.g. 20.1) consisting of a major and minor channel number.

## New services

Further information: Digital multicast television network

The digital conversion in countries where broadcasters retained control of their entire multiplex after switchover permitted broadcasters to introduce new supplemental and ancillary services, many of them national in scope. In Australia,[2] Mexico,[3] and the United States,[4] new TV channels were introduced with national coverage.[5]

The licensing of such additional services varies according to national broadcasting regulations. In the United States, a broadcast license covers the full 6 MHz channel and any services broadcast within it. The United Kingdom frequency plan includes three "universal" multiplexes for the national public service broadcasters and three commercial multiplexes broadcast from a total of 80 transmitter sites.[6]

The ISDB-T specification includes 1seg, a mobile media and data broadcasting service utilizing a portion of the spectrum in each multiplex.

## Multiplexing by country

### Australia

### Brazil

In 2009, the Brazilian government ruled that only federally-owned television channels—namely TV Brasil, TV Senado, TV Câmara, and TV Justiça—could offer multiple channels of programming. The decision was made, per an advisor to the Brazilian communications ministry, to prevent the leasing of channels to broadcast infomercials and church services. The effect of the decision was to bar new entrants without their own stations from increasing commercial competition.[7] During the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, educational and commercial broadcasters were allowed to introduce subchannels, primarily to carry educational programming, which was extended first to April 2022 and then December 2023.[8][9]

### Canada

The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) requires stations to file licence amendments in order to be considered for permission to carry digital subchannels. On August 17, 2012, the CRTC gave approval to Leamington, Ontario, community station CFTV-TV to broadcast four local subchannels on its digital signal, making it the first station in Canada to launch original content on its multiplex channels.[10]

### Mexico

Further information: Digital multicast television network § Mexico

In 2015, the Federal Telecommunications Institute (IFT) formally authorized broadcasters to apply for permission to add subchannels.[11]

In 2016, the IFT began assigning virtual channels to stations based on their programming, grouping transmitters of the same national network.[12]

### Spain

In 2010, multiplex licensees in Spain were permitted to add two new channels to their services. The Supreme Court of Spain ruled in December 2012 to void this action, stating that the move was illegal as it did not award the channels by way of a public bidding process.[13] As a result, a total of nine channels closed down on May 6, 2014.[14]

### United States

Main article: Engineering:Digital multicast television network

Commercial and non-commercial broadcasters began experimenting with additional subchannels over the course of the 2000s. After the digital television transition in 2009, a new crop of national services, known as digital multicast television networks or diginets, began to emerge, taking advantage of the additional capacity available on many converted stations. Diginets affiliate with individual stations in each market and are generally genre-specific in their programming. Diginets have continued to grow as more advanced encoders enable stations to add additional, income-generating ancillary services. Subchannels have also been used in smaller "short markets" with few full-power stations to provide in-market affiliates of additional major networks; by 2011, Fox had 35 such subchannel affiliates.[15]

Multiplexing is also used in ATSC 3.0 (NextGen TV) rollout plans. To allow multiple stations to begin 3.0 broadcasting without loss of ATSC 3.0 service, one station will typically become a "lighthouse", airing the main channels of several participating stations, while the lighthouse station's channels are broadcast in ATSC 1.0 format on the multiplexes of the other participating stations.[16]

## See also

* Digital subchannel
* List of digital television deployments by country

## References

1. ↑ Dempsey, John (1998-04-07). "HBO, Cinemax find increased plex drive" (in en-US). Variety. https://variety.com/1998/tv/news/hbo-cinemax-find-increased-plex-drive-1117469538/.
2. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `survey`
3. ↑ Villamil, Jenaro (13 March 2017). "TV Azteca relanza dos canales de televisión: Adn40 y A+". Proceso. http://www.proceso.com.mx/477878/tv-azteca-relanza-dos-canales-television-adn40-a.
4. ↑ Marszalek, Diana (January 9, 2017). "Multicast Nets Extend Reach Into New Niches" (in en). Broadcasting & Cable. https://www.nexttv.com/news/multicast-nets-extend-reach-new-niches-162283.
5. ↑ Lallo, Michael (December 7, 2018). "Their audiences are tiny, so why do TV multichannels even exist?" (in en). The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/their-audiences-are-tiny-so-why-do-tv-multichannels-even-exist-20181204-p50k3v.html.
6. ↑ "Managing the spectrum" (in en). https://www.freeview.co.uk/corporate/platform-management/managing-spectrum.
7. ↑ Castro, Daniel (February 27, 2009). "Governo proíbe novos canais de TV digital". Folha de S. Paulo. https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ilustrad/fq2702200904.htm.
8. ↑ Cordeiro, Mirella (April 5, 2021). "Emissoras brasileiras poderão ter multiprogramação até 2022". DPL News. https://dplnews.com/emissoras-brasileiras-poderao-ter-multiprogramacao-ate-2022/.
9. ↑ "Prorrogado prazo para utilização de multiprogramação em canais de TV digital" (in pt-br). https://www.gov.br/mcom/pt-br/noticias/2022/abril/prorrogado-prazo-para-utilizacao-de-multiprogramacao-em-canais-de-tv-digital.
10. ↑ "Decision CRTC 12-446". Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. 17 August 2012. http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2012/2012-446.htm.
11. ↑ "IFT autoriza la multiprogramación a concesionarios". El Economista. Notimex. November 20, 2016. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/empresas/IFT-autoriza-la-multiprogramacion-a-concesionarios-20161120-0019.html.
12. ↑ Martínez, Carla. "IFT emite reglas para identificar canales virtuales de TV" (in es). https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/cartera/telecom/2016/06/17/ift-emite-reglas-para-identificar-canales-virtuales-de-tv/.
13. ↑ "El Supremo declara nulo el acuerdo por el que se repartieron los nuevos canales de la TDT". RTVE. Europa Press. December 11, 2012. https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20121211/supremo-declara-nulo-acuerdo-se-repartieron-nuevos-canales-tdt/585421.shtml. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
14. ↑ "Cierran nueve canales de TDT, entre ellos tres de Atresmedia y dos de Mediaset" (in es). RTVE. May 5, 2014. https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20140505/6-mayo-cierran-nueve-canales-tdt-entre-ellos-tres-atresmedia-dos-mediaset/929125.shtml. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
15. ↑ Colman, Price (2011-04-20). "D2 Offers A1 Opportunity For Big Four Nets" (in en). https://tvnewscheck.com/uncategorized/article/d2-offers-a1-opportunity-for-big-four-nets/.
16. ↑ Butts, Tom (2020-03-10). "Here's the Skinny on ATSC 3.0: Broadcast's NextGen TV Standard" (in en). https://www.tvtechnology.com/resources/atsc-30-the-skinny-on-nextgen-tv.

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