Rich Communication Services

Short description: Mobile communication protocol

Rich Communication Services

A thread of conversation and media in the Google Messages application on Android

Developer| GSMA
Type| Instant messaging
Launch date| September 15, 2008; 15 years ago (2008-09-15)
Platform(s)| various Android smartphones, iPhone in 2024
Operating system(s)| Android 5 and later, iOS in 2024
Status| Active
Website| www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/rcs/

Rich Communication Services (RCS) is a communication protocol between mobile telephone carriers and between phone and carrier, aiming at replacing SMS messages with a text-message system that is richer, provides phonebook polling (for service discovery), and can transmit in-call multimedia. It is part of the broader IP Multimedia Subsystem. Google has added support for end-to-end encryption for all chats using RCS in their own app, Google Messages. End-to-end encryption is not a feature of RCS specified by GSMA.[1][2][3][4]

It is also marketed as Advanced Messaging,[5] chat features,[6] joyn, SMSoIP,[7] Message+, and SMS+.[8]

In early 2020, it was estimated that RCS was available from 88 operators in 59 countries with approximately 390 million users per month.[9] By November 2020, RCS was available globally in Google Messages on Android, provided directly by Google if the operator does not provide RCS.[10] By 2023, there were 800 million active RCS users on Google's platform and 1.2 billion handsets worldwide supporting RCS.[11]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 RCS specifications
* 2.1 RCS Universal Profile
* 2.2 Historical RCS Specifications
* 3 RCS Business Messaging
* 4 Status
* 4.1 Interconnect and hubs
* 5 Accreditation
* 6 Reception
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## History

The Rich Communication Suite industry initiative[12] was formed by a group of industry promoters in 2007. In February 2008 the GSM Association (GSMA) officially became the project home of RCS and an RCS steering committee was established by the organization, officially announced as Rich Communications Suite on September 15, 2008.[13]

The steering committee specified the definition, testing, and integration of the services in the application suite known as RCS.[14][15][16] Three years later, the RCS project released a new specification – RCS-e (e = "enhanced"), which included various iterations of the original RCS specifications. The GSMA program is now called Rich Communication Services.[17]

The GSMA published the Universal Profile in November 2016.[18] The Universal Profile is a single GSMA specification for advanced communications. Carriers that deploy the Universal Profile guarantee interconnection with other carriers. (As of January 2017), there were 47 mobile network operators, 11 manufacturers, and 2 OS providers (Google and Microsoft) that had announced their support of the Universal Profile.[19] Google's Jibe Cloud platform is an implementation of the RCS Universal Profile, designed to help carriers launch RCS quickly and scale easily.[20]

Samsung was one of the first major device original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to support RCS. Samsung RCS capable devices have been commercially launched in Europe since 2012 and in the United States since 2015.

Google supports RCS on Android devices with its Android SMS app Google Messages, beginning with Lollipop across Android devices.[21][22] In April 2018, it was reported that Google would be transferring the team that was working on its Google Allo messaging service to work on a wider RCS implementation.[23][24][25] In June 2019, Google announced that it would begin to deploy RCS on an opt-in basis via the Messages app, with service compliant with the Universal Profile and hosted by Google rather than the user's carrier, if the carrier does not provide RCS. The rollout of this functionality began in France and the United Kingdom.[23][24][26]

In response to concerns over the lack of end-to-end encryption in RCS, Google stated that it would only retain message data in transit until it is delivered to the recipient.[27] In November 2020, Google later announced that it would begin to roll out end-to-end encryption for one-on-one conversations between Messages users, using RCS but not part of the GSMA's RCS specifications, beginning with the beta version of the app.[28] In December 2020, Samsung updated its One UI Messages app to also allow users to opt into RCS.[29] Google added end-to-end encryption to their Messages app using the Signal Protocol as the default option for one-on-one RCS conversations starting in June 2021. Google stated it would like to collaborate with other companies to make end to end encryption over RCS compatible with other apps.[30][31][1][32] In December 2022, end-to-end encryption was added to group chats in the Google Messages app for beta users and was made available to all users in August 2023. Additionally, Google enabled RCS in Messages by default to encourage end-to-end encryption adoption.[3][4][33]

In October 2019, the four major U.S. carriers announced an agreement to form the Cross-Carrier Messaging Initiative to jointly implement RCS using a newly developed app. This service was to be compatible with the Universal Profile.[34] However, this carrier-made app never came to fruition. And later, both T-Mobile and AT&T signed deals with Google to adopt Google's Messages app.[35][36][37]

In September 2022, Apple CEO Tim Cook said the company had no plans to support RCS on its devices or any interoperability with iMessage.[38] However, in November 2023, an Apple spokesperson announced that Apple plans to introduce RCS support in 2024. The decision came after the European Union passed the Digital Markets Act which could have required Apple to support RCS.[39][40] Apple stated it will not support Google's end-to-end encryption extension over RCS, but would work with GSMA to create an RCS encryption standard.[40]

## RCS specifications

### RCS Universal Profile

The GSMA's Universal Profile is a globally agreed-upon standard for implementing RCS. The profile allows subscribers of different carriers and nations to communicate with each other.[41] Universal Profile became the dominant RCS specification since its introduction.

Version 1.0 (November 2016)[42]
Includes core features such as capability discovery which will be interoperable between regions, chat, group chat, file transfer, audio messaging, video share, multi-device, enriched calling, location share and live sketching.
Version 2.0 (July 2017)[42]
Includes Messaging as a Platform, APIs, plug-in integration and improved authentication and app security.
Version 2.1 (December 2017)[42]
Version 2.2 (May 2018)[42]
Version 2.3 (December 2018)[42]
Version 2.4 (October 2019)[42]
Removes plug-in integration and includes integrated seamless web-view.

### Historical RCS Specifications

Before Universal Profile RCS, there was a variety of proprietary RCS specifications that did not allow RCS messaging between carriers.[43] RCS combines different services defined by 3GPP and Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) with an enhanced phonebook. Another phone's capabilities and presence information can be discovered and displayed by a mobile phone. RCS reuses 3GPP specified IMS core system as the underlying service platform taking care of issues such as authentication, authorization, registration, charging and routing.

Release 1 Version 1.0 (December 15, 2008)

Offered the first definitions for the enrichment of voice and chat with content sharing, driven from an RCS enhanced address book (EAB).

Release 2 Version 1.0 (August 31, 2009)

Added broadband access to RCS features: enhancing the messaging and enabling sharing of files.

Release 3 Version 1.0 (February 25, 2010)

Focused on the broadband device as a primary device.

Release 4 Version 1.0 (February 14, 2011)

Included support for LTE.

Release 5 Version 1.0 (April 19, 2012)

RCS 5.0 was completely backwards-compatible with RCS-e V1.2 specifications and also includes features from RCS 4 and new features such as IP video call, IP voice call and Geo-location exchange. RCS5.0 supported both OMA CPM and OMA SIMPLE IM. RCS 5.0 included the following features.

* Standalone Messaging
* 1-2-1 Chat
* Group Chat
* File Transfer
* Content Sharing
* Social Presence Information
* IP Voice call (IR.92 and IR.58)
* IP Video call (IR.94)
* Geolocation Exchange
* Capability Exchange based on Presence or SIP OPTIONS

Release 5.1

5.1 was completely backwards compatible with the RCS-e V1.2 and RCS 5.0 specifications. It introduced additional new features such as Group Chat Store & Forward, File Transfer in Group Chat, File Transfer Store & Forward, and Best Effort Voice Call, as well as lessons-learnt and bug fixes from the V1.2 interoperability testing efforts. RCS 5.1 supported both OMA CPM and OMA SIMPLE IM.

* Version 1.0 (August 13, 2012)
* Version 2.0 (May 3, 2013)
* Version 3.0 (September 09, 2013)
* Version 4.0 (November 28, 2013)

Release 5.2 Version 5.0 (May 7, 2014)

Improved central message store and introduced service extension tags into the specification. It also introduced a number of incremental improvements and bug fixes to RCS 5.1 V4.0 that improved the user experience and resolve issues that were noticed in deployed RCS networks.

Release 5.3 Version 6.0 (February 28, 2015)

Release 6.0 Version 7.0 (March 21, 2016)

Support for Visual Voice Mail and more

Release 7.0 Version 8.0 (June 28, 2017)

Support for Chatbots, SMS fallback features and more

Release 8.0 Version 9.0 (May 16, 2018)

Support for additional Chatbots features and vCard 4.0

RCS-e (enhanced)

* Initial Version (May 2011)
* Version 1.2 (November 28, 2011)
* Version 1.2.2 (July 4, 2012)

Joyn

The GSMA defined a series of specific implementations of the RCS specifications. The RCS specifications often defined a number of options for implementing individual communications features, resulting in challenges in delivering interoperable services between carriers. The RCS specifications aimed to define a more specific implementation that promotes standardization and simplify interconnection between carriers.

* Joyn Hot Fixes (July 15, 2013) \- based upon the RCS 1.2.2 specification (previously known as RCS-e), this includes 1:1 chat, group chat, MSRP file sharing and video sharing (during a circuit-switched call).[44] Services based upon this specification were live in Spain, France and Germany.
* Joyn Blackbird Drop 1 (June 19, 2013) \- based upon the RCS 5.1 specification, this extends the Joyn Hot Fixes service to include HTTP file sharing, location sharing, group file sharing, and other capabilities such as group chat store and forward. Joyn Blackbird Drop 1 was backwards compatible with Joyn Hot Fixes.[45] Vodafone Spain's network is accredited for Joyn Blackbird Drop 1, and Telefónica and Orange Spain have also been involved in interoperability testing with vendors of Joyn Blackbird Drop 1 clients. A number of client vendors were accredited to Joyn Blackbird Drop 1.
* Joyn Blackbird Drop 2 (September 26, 2013) \- also based upon the RCS 5.1 specification, this primarily added IP voice and video calling.[46]
* Joyn Crane (August 18, 2015) [47]

## RCS Business Messaging

RCS Business Messaging (RBM) is the B2C (A2P in telecoms terminology) version of RCS. This is supposed to be an answer to third-party messaging apps (or OTTs) absorbing mobile operators' messaging traffic and associated revenues. While RCS is designed to win back Person-to-Person (P2P) traffic, RBM is intended to retain and grow this A2P traffic.[48][49] RCS offers "rich" features similar to those of messaging apps, but delivered (in theory) via the preloaded SMS messaging app - for example Google Messages or Samsung Messages. By making these features available in a B2C setting, RBM is expected to attract marketing and customer service spend from enterprises, thanks to improved customer engagement and interactive features that facilitate new use cases.[50][51] This was the primary reason for the development of RCS by the GSMA.

RBM includes features not available to ordinary users, including predefined quick-reply suggestions, rich cards, carousels, and branding. This last feature is intended to increase consumer confidence and reduce fraud through the implementation of a verified sender system.[52] These additional features are only available with the use of a messaging-as-a-platform (MaaP) server integrated with the operator's network. The MaaP controls the verified sender details, unlocking RBM features, while also segregating P2P and A2P RCS messages, aiding monetisation of the latter (SMS currently suffers from grey routes, where A2P messages are sent over P2P connections, which are cheaper or often free).[53]

## Status

According to GSMA PR in 2012, Rich Communication Services (RCS) carriers from around the globe supporting the RCS standard included AT&T, Bell Mobility, Bharti Airtel, Deutsche Telekom, Jio, KPN, KT Corporation, LG U+, Orange, Orascom Telecom, Rogers Communications, SFR, SK Telecom, Telecom Italia, Telefónica, Telia Company, Telus, Verizon and Vodafone.[54]

Universal Profile is currently backed by "a large and growing ecosystem" (68 supporters in 2019). Universal Profile support is optional in 4G, but mandatory in 5G networks and devices.[55]

* 55 operators: Advanced Info Service, América Móvil, AT&T Mobility, Axiata, Beeline, Base, Bell Mobility, Bharti Airtel, China Telecom, China Unicom, Claro Americas, Deutsche Telekom, Etisalat, Globe Telecom, Ice, Indosat Ooredoo, Jio, KDDI, KPN, M1 Limited, MegaFon, Millicom, MTN Group, MTS (network provider), NTT Docomo, Optus, Orange S.A., Personal, Proximus, Rogers Communications, Singtel, Smart Communications, SLTMobitel, Sprint Corporation, T-Mobile US, Telcel, Tele2, Telefónica, Telenor, Telia Company, Telkomsel, Telstra, Telus, TIM (brand), Turkcell, Verizon Communications, VEON, and Vodafone.
* 12 OEMs: TCL (Alcatel Mobile), Asus, General Mobile, HTC, Huawei, Intex Technologies, Lava International, LG Electronics, Lenovo (Motorola), Samsung Electronics, Sony and ZTE.[56]
* 2 mobile OS providers: Google and Apple in 2024.[39]

RCS launches[57] Operator  | Country  | Launch date  | Note

|
|
|

Movistar  |  Spain  | June 2012  | [58] Branded as joyn.
MetroPCS  |  United States  | November 2012  | [58] Branded as joyn.
KT |  South Korea  | December 2012  | [58][59] Branded as joyn. Discontinued in 2016.
LG U+  |  South Korea  | December 2012  | [58][59] Branded as joyn. Discontinued in 2016.
SK Telecom |  South Korea  | December 2012  | [58][59] Branded as joyn.
Deutsche Telekom  |  Germany  | February 2013  | [58] Branded as Message+[60]
Telcel  |  Mexico  | February 2013  | [58] Branded as joyn.
Claro  | Multiple markets

List

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Puerto Rico
* Uruguay

| May 2013  | [58] Branded as joyn.
Sprint |  United States  | October 2013  | Launched as a separate application
U.S. Cellular  |  United States  | October 2018  | Universal Profile [61]
Telekom  |  Romania  | June 2014  | [62][63] Branded as joyn.
Slovak Telekom  |  Slovakia  | June 2014  | [62][63] Branded as joyn.
O2 |  Germany  | 2015  | [64] Branded as Message+Call.
SFR  |  France  | May 2015  | [65][66] Initially branded as joyn, now RCS.[67]
T-Mobile US  |  United States  | July 2015 - September 2023  | [68] Branded as Advanced Messaging. In June 2023, T-Mobile US converted to Google Jibe for RCS services.[69]
AT&T  |  United States  | November 2015 - June 2023  | Branded as Advanced Messaging and Video Call.[70][71] In June 2023, AT&T converted to Google Jibe for RCS services.[72]
MTS |  Russia  | December 2015  | [73] Branded as MTS Connect.
Airtel  |  India  | February 2016  |
Jio  |  India  | September 2016  | [74] Branded as Jio4GVoice.
Sprint |  United States  | November 2016  | [75] Branded as RCS. Universal Profile.
Rogers Wireless  |  Canada  | December 2016  | Universal Profile.
Fido Solutions  |  Canada  | December 2016  | Universal Profile.
Telenor  | Multiple markets

List

* Bangladesh
* Bulgaria
* Denmark
* Hungary
* India
* Malaysia
* Montenegro
* Myanmar
* Norway
* Pakistan
* Serbia
* Sweden
* Thailand

| February 2017  | Universal Profile.[76]
Celcom  |  Malaysia  | May 2017  | Universal Profile.
Vodafone | Multiple markets

List

* Albania
* Czech Republic
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* Italy
* Malta
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Portugal
* Romania
* Spain
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* Egypt

| 2012-2017  | [77] Universal Profile.[78]

[58][79][80][81][82] First Branded as joyn. Since November 2013 Message+.

Telstra |  Australia  | October 2017  | Branded as Telstra Messaging.[83] Universal Profile v2.[84]
Telia Company  |  Sweden  | December 2017  | Branded as SMS+.[85]
Telia Company  |  Norway  | February 2018  | Branded as SMS+.[85]
Globe Telecom  |  Philippines  | February 2018  | Universal Profile
NTT Docomo  |  Japan  | May 2018  | Branded as +Message.[86]
KDDI  |  Japan  | May 2018  | Branded as +Message.[86]
SoftBank Corp.  |  Japan  | May 2018  | Branded as +Message.[86]
Rakuten Mobile |  Japan  | April 2020  | As part of Link application.[87]
Freedom Mobile  |  Canada  | October 2018  | Universal Profile.
Verizon  |  United States  | December 2018  | Branded as Chat and launched as part of Android's default Messenger app with initial rollout for Pixel 3 phones. By 2022, Google's Messages app with RCS became the default messaging app for Android phones on Verizon.[88]
Google Fi Wireless  |  United States  | January 2019  | Universal Profile.
Google (Note: Not a carrier)  | 🌐 Global  | November 2019  | In Google's Messages app, if a carrier does not provide Universal Profile RCS, Google provides RCS.[10]
Telekom Albania  |  Albania  |  | Universal Profile.
Bell  |  Canada  |  | Universal Profile.
China Mobile |  China  |  | Universal Profile.
Orange | Multiple markets

List

* Belgium
* DR Congo
* Côte d'Ivoire
* France
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Jordan
* Madagascar
* Moldova
* Morocco
* Niger
* Romania
* Senegal
* Slovakia
* Spain
* Tunisia

| 2012-2019[89] | Branded as Chat Messages in Romania,[90] joyn elsewhere.[58][62][63]

[91] Since July 2018 branded as Chat - Universal profile in Slovakia.

[92] Service in France was interrupted as of 14 November 2017.

Boost  |  United States  |  | Universal Profile.
COSMOTE  |  Greece  |  | Branded as Message+[93]
Telekom  |  Hungary  |  | Universal Profile.
Vodacom  |  South Africa  |  | Universal Profile.
Telkom Mobile  |  South Africa  |  | Universal Profile.[94]
Illinois Valley Cellular  |  United States  |  | Universal Profile.
Tiercel Wireless  |  United States  |  | Universal Profile.
TracFone Wireless  |  United States  |  | Universal Profile.
T-Mobile US  |  United States  | May 2020  | Universal Profile[95]
Swisscom |  Switzerland  | April 2020  | Branded as Message+ [96] Discontinued in 2023.
Proximus  |  Belgium  | August 2020[97] |
MTS |  Russia  | October 2020  | Only for Samsung smartphones and only for Moscow customers,[98] MTS Connect still works for all MTS customers
Base  |  Belgium  | February 2021[89] |

### Interconnect and hubs

Like SMS, RCS requires national and international interconnects to enable roaming. As with SMS, this will be accomplished with hubbing \- where third-party providers complete agreements with individual operators to interwork their systems. Each subsequent operator that connects to a hub is therefore connected automatically to all other connected operators. This eliminates the need to each operator to connect to all the others to which they may need to send messages.[99] RCS hubs are provided by stakeholders with a vested interest in increasing RCS use. These include traditional SMS hub providers (e.g. Global Message Services and Sinch), software and hardware vendors (e.g. Interop Technologies, Mavenir, and ZTE), and also Google via its Jibe Cloud platform.[100]

## Accreditation

The RCS interop and testing (IOT) accreditation process[101] was started by the GSMA in order to improve the quality of testing, increase transparency, drive scale, minimize complexity and accelerate time-to-market (TTM) of joyn services. Companies need to undertake the IOT process from the GSMA to apply for a license to use the service mark joyn.

"Accredited" means that the device, client or network has undertaken a series of test cases (150 to 300) in a specific set of conditions, provided test results and traces that have been analysed by the GSMA RCS IOT team and any IOT issues arising resolved with the submitter.[102]

"Accreditation Ready" is the designation awarded to a hosted RCS service that has undertaken the same series of test cases as the mobile network operator, provided test results and traces that have been analysed by the GSMA RCS IOT team and any IoT issues arising resolved with the submitter.[102]

A list of RCS AS providers and their GSMA RCS Accreditation status can be found here: [103]

## Reception

In 2018, Amnesty International researcher Joe Westby criticized RCS for not allowing end-to-end encryption, because it is treated as a service of carriers and thus subject to lawful interception.[104][105]

The Verge in 2019 criticized the inconsistent support of RCS in the United States, with carriers not supporting RCS in all markets, not certifying service on all phones, or not yet supporting the Universal Profile. Concerns were shown over Google's decision to run its own RCS service due to the possibility of antitrust scrutiny, but it was acknowledged that Google had to do so in order to bypass the carriers' inconsistent support of RCS, as it wanted to have a service more comparable to Apple's iMessage service available on Android.[27][106]

Ars Technica in 2019 criticized Google's move to launch a direct-to-consumer RCS service, considering it a contradiction of RCS being native to the carrier to provide features reminiscent of messaging apps, counting it as being among various past and unsuccessful attempts by Google to develop an in-house messaging service (including Google Talk, Google+ Messenger, Hangouts, and Allo), and noting limitations: such as its dependencies on phone numbers as the identity (whereas email-based accounts are telco-agnostic), not being capable of being readily synchronized between multiple devices, and the aforementioned lack of end-to-end encryption.[107]

## See also

* Matrix communication protocol
* XMPP, Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bohn, Dieter (November 19, 2020). "Google is rolling out end-to-end encryption for RCS in Android Messages beta". Vox Media, Inc.. https://www.theverge.com/platform/amp/2020/11/19/21574451/android-rcs-encryption-message-end-to-end-beta.
2. ↑ Omara, Emad (June 2021). ﻿Technical Paper: Messages End-to-End Encryption Overview -﻿ (Report). 1.1. https://www.gstatic.com/messages/papers/messages_e2ee.pdf.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Google Messages Gets End-to-End Encryption for Group Chats on Android" (in en). https://www.pcmag.com/news/google-messages-gets-end-to-end-encryption-for-group-chats-on-android.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Li, Abner (2022-12-02). "Google Messages starts rolling out end-to-end encryption (E2EE) for group chats in beta" (in en-US). https://9to5google.com/2022/12/02/google-messages-group-encryption/.
5. ↑ "Advanced Messaging - Network 2020" (in en-US). Network 2020. http://www.gsma.com/network2020/rcs-2/.
6. ↑ Friedman, Alan (23 February 2023). "Google drops "Chat" for "RCS" on Android" (in en-US). https://www.phonearena.com/news/google-drops-chat-for-rcs_id145788.
7. ↑ "About joyn". GSMA. http://www.joynus.com/about/.
8. ↑ "SMS+ - Telia.se" (in sv). https://www.telia.se/privat/telefoni/sms-plus.
9. ↑ "RCS Set to Revolutionize Mobile Messaging Ecosystem" (in en-US). https://www.forest-interactive.com/newsroom/forest-interactive-rcs-set-to-revolutionize-mobile-messaging-ecosystem/.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Helping you connect around the world with Messages" (in en-us). 2020-11-19. https://blog.google/products/messages/helping-you-connect-around-world-messages/.
11. ↑ MEF (2023-11-21). "RCS Business Messaging Takes Center Stage: Takeaways from RCS World 2023 - Blog" (in en-GB). https://mobileecosystemforum.com/2023/11/21/rcs-business-messaging-takes-center-stage-takeaways-from-rcs-world-2023/.
12. ↑ PALOU, NACHO (12 June 2012). "Joyn, un servicio de mensajería instantánea limitado a las operadoras móviles". http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20120612/joyn-servicio-mensajeria-instantanea-limitado-operadoras-moviles/534852.shtml.
13. ↑ "GSMA To Take Rich Communication Suite Forwards". https://www.gsma.com/newsroom/press-release/gsma-to-take-rich-communication-suite-forwards/.
14. ↑ "Rich Communications". GSMA. http://www.gsma.com/network2020/rcs/.
15. ↑ "Strategic Rationale". GSMA. http://www.gsma.com/network2020/strategic-rationale/.
16. ↑ "Operators, Ecosystem & Hosted Solutions | Network 2020". http://www.gsma.com/network2020/rcs/operators-ecosystem-and-hosted-solutions/.
17. ↑ "Rich Communications – past, present & future". GSMA. http://www.gsma.com/rcs/rich-communications-past-present-future/.
18. ↑ "Universal Profile FAQs". 17 November 2016. http://www.gsma.com/network2020/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Universal-Profile-FAQs-updated-17-Nov-2016.pdf.
19. ↑ "Universal profile - Network 2020". http://www.gsma.com/network2020/universal-profile/.
20. ↑ "Jibe Platform". https://jibe.google.com/jibe-platform/.
21. ↑ Wanjala, Alvin. "How to Check if Your Android Phone Has RCS". https://www.makeuseof.com/does-android-phone-have-rcs/.
22. ↑ Kuczynski, Kyle. "What is RCS Messaging? Rich Communication Services Guide". https://www.messagedesk.com/blog/rich-communication-services-rcs.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Google gives up on Google Allo, hopes carriers will sort out RCS messaging" (in en-us). Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/04/google-gives-up-on-google-allo-hopes-carriers-will-sort-out-rcs-messaging/.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Exclusive: Chat is Google's next big fix for Android's messaging mess". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/19/17252486/google-android-messages-chat-rcs-anil-sabharwal-imessage-texting.
25. ↑ "Google is 'pausing investment' in Allo". 19 April 2018. https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/19/17253308/google-allo-texting-paused-android-messages.
26. ↑ Bohn, Dieter (2019-06-17). "Google is finally taking charge of the RCS rollout" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/17/18681573/google-rcs-chat-android-texting-carriers-imessage-encryption.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Bohn, Dieter (2019-06-17). "Google is finally taking charge of the RCS rollout". https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/17/18681573/google-rcs-chat-android-texting-carriers-imessage-encryption.
28. ↑ Bohn, Dieter (2020-11-19). "Google is rolling out end-to-end encryption for RCS in Android Messages beta" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/19/21574451/android-rcs-encryption-message-end-to-end-beta.
29. ↑ "Samsung Messages starts adding support for Google RCS Chat" (in en-US). 2020-12-16. https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/12/16/samsung-messages-starts-adding-support-for-google-rcs-chat/.
30. ↑ Amadeo, Ron (June 16, 2021). "Google enables end-to-end encryption for Android's default SMS/RCS app". https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/06/google-enables-end-to-end-encryption-for-androids-default-sms-rcs-app/.
31. ↑ Clark, Mitchell (June 15, 2021). "Google adds E2E RCS encryption to Messages, emoji mashup suggests, and more for Android". https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/15/22534173/google-android-summer-features-earthquake-messages-emoji-kitchen-auto-voice-access.
32. ↑ Omara, Emad (June 2021). ﻿Technical Paper: Messages End-to-End Encryption Overview -﻿ (Report). 1.1. https://www.gstatic.com/messages/papers/messages_e2ee.pdf.
33. ↑ "Your RCS conversations are now fully end-to-end encrypted - Google Messages Community". https://support.google.com/messages/thread/229405182.
34. ↑ Bohn, Dieter (2019-10-24). "AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, and T-Mobile have finally agreed to replace SMS with a new RCS standard" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2019/10/24/20931202/us-carriers-rcs-cross-carrier-messaging-initiative-ccmi-att-tmobile-sprint-verizon.
35. ↑ Bohn, Dieter (2021-03-29). "T-Mobile is betting big on Google's Android services: RCS, YouTube TV, Pixel, and more" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/29/22356918/t-mobile-google-android-services-rcs-youtube-tv-pixel-storage-backup.
36. ↑ Bohn, Dieter (2021-06-30). "AT&T joins T-Mobile in switching all Android cellular communication devices to Google's 'Messages' app for RCS" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/30/22556686/att-android-phones-rcs-google-messages.
37. ↑ "Android Fans Just got a Texting Upgrade. T-Mobile and Google Join Forces to Expand Rich Messaging (RCS) | T-Mobile Newsroom" (in en-US). https://www.t-mobile.com/news/network/rcs-with-google.
38. ↑ Roth, Emma (2022-09-07). "Tim Cook says "buy your mom an iPhone, if you want to end green bubbles."" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2022/9/7/23342243/tim-cook-apple-rcs-imessage-android-iphone-compatibility.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Miller, Chance (2023-11-16). "Apple announces that RCS support is coming to iPhone next year" (in en-US). https://9to5mac.com/2023/11/16/apple-rcs-coming-to-iphone/.
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Hell freezes over – Apple to support RCS messages from Android phones next year" (in en). 2023-11-16. https://www.techradar.com/phones/iphone/breaking-apple-will-support-rcs-in-2024.
41. ↑ "Universal Profile" (in en-GB). https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/rcs/universal-profile/.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 "Universal Profile - Thank You" (in en-GB). https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/universal-profile-thank-you/.
43. ↑ "Everything You Need to Know About RCS Universal Profile" (in en). 2016-11-05. https://smartphones.gadgethacks.com/how-to/everything-you-need-know-about-rcs-universal-profile-0174767/.
44. ↑ "V1.2 joyn Hot Fixes, User Experience Guidelines" (in en-GB). 2013-07-15. https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/uncategorized/v1-2-joyn-hot-fixes-user-experience-guidelines/.
45. ↑ "joyn Blackbird Drop 1 accreditation guidelines 1.0". June 19, 2013. https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/joyn-Blackbird-guide-v1-19_06_13.pdf.
46. ↑ "joyn Blackbird Product Definition Document Version 2.0". September 26, 2013. https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Blackbird-Product-Descrption-Document-v2.0.pdf.
47. ↑ "joyn Crane Product Definition Document Version 2.0". August 18, 2015. https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/RCC-62-Crane-Prod-Def-Doc-v2-0.pdf.
48. ↑ "RCS Business Messaging" (in en-US). https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/rcs/rcs-business-messaging/.
49. ↑ Aragon, Carlos (2019-07-15). "BRINGING MESSAGING BACK TO THE CARRIERS" (in en-US). https://mavenir.com/blog/bringing-messaging-back-carriers/.
50. ↑ "Will Rich Communication Services (RCS) revolutionize business messaging?" (in en). 2019-08-29. https://martechtoday.com/will-rich-communication-services-rcs-revolutionize-business-messaging-235158.
51. ↑ Debris, Virginie (2019-10-30). "GMS' Chief Product Officer Virginie Debris on the real value of RBM" (in en-US). https://www.gms-worldwide.com/blog/real-value-of-rcs-business-messages/.
52. ↑ MEF (2018-10-25). "Fraud-free RCS business messaging: Is it possible? - Blog" (in en-GB). https://mobileecosystemforum.com/2018/10/25/fraud-free-rcs-business-messaging-is-it-possible/.
53. ↑ GSMA Future Networks (August 2019). "Enabling your Network for RCS Business Messaging". https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/GSMA-MAAP-Launch-Options-V1.pdf.
54. ↑ "Mobile Operators Show Increased Momentum in Rich Communications". PR Newswire. 27 February 2012. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/mobile-operators-show-increased-momentum-in-rich-communications-140529543.html.
55. ↑ "Universal profile" (in en-US). https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/rcs/universal-profile/.
56. ↑ Goldstein, Phil (2015-03-05). "Jibe Mobile CEO says RCS isn't dead, points to native IP messaging embedded on smartphones" (in en). https://www.fiercewireless.com/wireless/jibe-mobile-ceo-says-rcs-isn-t-dead-points-to-native-ip-messaging-embedded-smartphones.
57. ↑ "Global Launches - Future Networks" (in en-US). https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/rcs/global-launches/.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 58.5 58.6 58.7 58.8 58.9 "RCS Fact October 2013". GSMA. 2013-10-29. http://www.gsma.com/network2020/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/RCS-Facts-OCTOBER-2013.pdf.
59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 "Korean operators launch joyn service". Telecompaper. 27 December 2012. http://www.telecompaper.com/news/korean-operators-launch-joyn-service--915959.
60. ↑ "Deine Telefon- und Nachrichten-Funktionen können jetzt noch mehr!". Deutsche Telekom. https://messageplus.telekom-dienste.de/.
61. ↑ "Get More Out ofTexting". US Cellular. n.d.. https://www.uscellular.com/support/android-messages/index.html.
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 "Jibe Mobile powers Deutsche Telekom joyn expansion in Romania and Slovakia" Fierce Wireless. 2014-06-30. Retrieved 2014-07-02.
63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 "Cosmote Romania, Slovak Telekom launch Joyn apps". Telecompaper. 2014-06-30. http://www.telecompaper.com/news/cosmote-romania-slovak-telekom-launch-joyn-apps--1022456.
64. ↑ "Die neue O2 Message+Call App: Jetzt mit dem Smartphone im WLAN telefonieren" (in de). o2 Germany. 2015-08-11. https://blog.telefonica.de/2015/08/die-neue-o2-messagecall-app-jetzt-mit-dem-smartphone-im-wlan-telefonieren/.
65. ↑ "SFR Launches RCS Native Messaging for Samsung and Sony Mobile Smartphones — powered by Jibe's Communications Cloud". 3 July 2015. https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/rcs-related-news/sfr-launches-rcs-native-messaging-for-samsung-and-sony-mobile-smartphones-powered-by-jibes-communications-cloud/.
66. ↑ "Network Interconnection of Rich Communication Services between Orange France and SFR". 21 May 2015. https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/digest/network-interconnection-of-rich-communication-services-between-orange-france-and-sfr/.
67. ↑ "Messagerie enrichie RCS - SFR". https://assistance.sfr.fr/tel-mobile/appels-sms-mms-internet/joyn-messagerie-rcs.html.
68. ↑ "Announcing Advanced Messaging. Only at T-Mobile". http://newsroom.t-mobile.com/issues-insights-blog/advanced-messaging-blog.htm.
69. ↑ Li, Abner (2023-09-21). "T-Mobile switching to Google's Jibe for RCS in Messages app" (in en-US). https://9to5google.com/2023/09/21/t-mobile-rcs-google-jibe/.
70. ↑ "AT&T Launches Video Calling and Advanced Messaging". http://about.att.com/newsroom/video_calling_and_advanced_messaging.html.
71. ↑ "Advanced Messaging". https://www.att.com/shop/wireless/features/advanced-messaging.html.
72. ↑ "AT&T starts using Google's Jibe platform for RCS messages" (in en-US). 2023-06-11. https://www.engadget.com/att-starts-using-googles-jibe-platform-for-rcs-messages-220258243.html.
73. ↑ "MTS Connect". http://connect.mts.ru/.
74. ↑ "RCS launches". https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Network-2020-RCS-launches-31-October-2016-1.pdf.
75. ↑ "Partnering with global carriers to upgrade SMS". 4 November 2016. https://www.blog.google/products/android/partnering-global-carriers-upgrade-sms/.
76. ↑ "Partnering with Telenor to launch RCS messaging in Europe and Asia" (in en). Google. 2017-02-16. https://blog.google/topics/rcs/partnering-telenor-launch-rcs-messaging-europe-and-asia/.
77. ↑ "Global Launches - Future Networks" (in en). https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/rcs/global-launches/.
78. ↑ "Delivering RCS messaging to Android users worldwide" (in en). Google. 2017-02-24. https://blog.google/topics/rcs/delivering-rcs-messaging-android-users-worldwide/.
79. ↑ "WhatsApp-Konkurrent: Vodafone startet mit Message+" (in de). teltarif. 2013-11-08. http://www.teltarif.de/vodafone-message-plus-messenger-joyn/news/53234.html.
80. ↑ "Vodafone Albania introduces monthly bundle, Message+". Telecompaper. 2014-04-28. http://www.telecompaper.com/news/vodafone-albania-introduces-monthly-bundle-message--1010534.
81. ↑ "Understanding Message+ and RCS: Why we're giving you the future of texting before anyone else". Vodafone UK. 2014-09-10. http://blog.vodafone.co.uk/2014/09/10/understanding-message-and-rcs-why-were-giving-you-the-future-of-texting-before-anyone-else/.
82. ↑ "Your texts and chat messages - all in one place". Vodafone UK. http://www.vodafone.co.uk/explore/apps/vodafone-message-plus/.
83. ↑ "Telstra Messaging FAQs - Telstra Crowdsupport - 713814" (in en). https://crowdsupport.telstra.com.au/t5/Announcements/Telstra-Messaging-FAQs/ba-p/713814.
84. ↑ "Telstra RCS Support on Messages - Telstra". https://forums.whirlpool.net.au/archive/2720925.
85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "Telia Company partners with Google for Improved Messaging Service" (in en). https://www.teliacompany.com/en/news/news-articles/2017/telia-company-partners-with-google-for-improved-messaging-service.
86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 田中聡 (2018-04-10). "SMSやキャリアメールとの違いは？ 「＋メッセージ」でできること、できないこと" (in ja). ITmedia Inc.. http://www.itmedia.co.jp/mobile/articles/1804/10/news128.html.
87. ↑ "Mavenir Cloud-Native RCS Solution Launches as Part of Rakuten Mobile Communication Platform, Rakuten Link" (in en). https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200407005050/en/Mavenir-Cloud-Native-RCS-Solution-Launches-as-Part-of-Rakuten-Mobile-Communication-Platform-Rakuten-Link.
88. ↑ Bohn, Dieter (2021-07-20). "Verizon is also switching to Android Messages as default for RCS" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/20/22584443/verizon-android-messages-rcs.
89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Sanchez, Laurent Redondo (2021-02-01). "Le RCS débarque chez BASE, après Orange et Proximus" (in fr-FR). https://www.bemobile.be/2021/02/01/le-rcs-debarque-chez-base-apres-orange-et-proximus/.
90. ↑ "Orange anunţă Chat Messages, serviciu bazat pe standardul RCS". Orange.ro. 2017-10-16. https://www.orange.ro/newsroom/comunicat/servicii-5/orange-anunţa-chat-messages-serviciu-bazat-pe-standardul-rcs-1018.
91. ↑ Živé.sk. "Orange podporuje Chat v Androide. Konkurenciu pre Viber či Messenger (Slovak)". Živé.sk. https://zive.azet.sk/clanok/133250/orange-podporuje-chat-konkurenciu-pre-viber-ci-messanger/.
92. ↑ "Le service joyn n'est plus disponible". Orange. https://assistance.orange.fr/mobile-tablette/tous-les-mobiles-et-tablettes/installer-et-utiliser/communiquer/joyn/le-service-joyn-n-est-plus-disponible_79892-80904.
93. ↑ "Message+". https://www.cosmotemessageplus.gr/.
94. ↑ "Rich Communication Service (RCS):Taking RCS to the South African Market". https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Cape-Town-Telkom-SA.pdf.
95. ↑ Kastrenakes, Jacob (2020-05-26). "T-Mobile now supports cross-carrier RCS messaging" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/26/21270386/tmobile-rcs-cross-carrier-universal-profile-google-messages.
96. ↑ "RCS: introducing the future of SMS – Message+". 17 April 2020. https://community.swisscom.ch/t5/Telephony-Knowledge-Base/RCS-introducing-the-future-of-SMS-Message/ta-p/612475.
97. ↑ "Le SMS 2.0 débarque chez Proximus" (in fr-BE). https://geeko.lesoir.be/2020/08/06/le-sms-2-0-debarque-chez-proximus/.
98. ↑ "RCS – чат и SMS в одном приложении | Услуги частным клиентам | Официальный сайт МТС - Москва и Московская область". https://moskva.mts.ru/personal/mobilnaya-svyaz/uslugi/mobilnaya-svyaz/rcs.
99. ↑ Flynn, Ray (2013). "RCS Hub White Paper". https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/RCS-Hub-White-Paper-Nov-2013.pdf.
100. ↑ "The RCS Ecosystem" (in en-US). https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/rcs/the-rcs-ecosystem/.
101. ↑ "Accreditation and Certification". 14 November 2017. https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/rcs/accreditation-certification/.
102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 "GSMA RCS Interop and Testing". GSMA. http://www.gsma.com/rcs/interop-and-testing/.
103. ↑ https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/List-of-current-accreditations-for-Hosted-Solutions-Providers-v6.pdf [bare URL PDF]
104. ↑ "Google's new Chat service shows total contempt for Android users' privacy" (in en). 20 April 2018. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/04/googles-new-chat-service-shows-total-contempt-for-android-users-privacy/.
105. ↑ "Google's new chat service won't be secure like iMessage and WhatsApp: Amnesty International" (in en-US). The Indian Express. 2018-04-22. http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/google-new-chat-service-wont-be-secure-like-imessage-and-whatsapp-amnesty-international-5147050/.
106. ↑ Bohn, Dieter (2019-05-09). "With the Pixel 3A, T-Mobile just proved how broken the RCS Chat rollout has become". https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/9/18563641/pixel-3a-t-mobile-rcs-chat-rollout-broken-encryption.
107. ↑ Amadeo, Ron (2019-06-18). "Google's ninth attempt at a messaging service will be based on RCS" (in en-us). https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2019/06/google-ninth-attempt-at-a-messaging-service-will-be-based-on-rcs/.

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