STS-80

The Wake Shield Facility takes flight for a third time, after being deployed by Columbia's Canadarm

Mission type| Research
Operator| NASA
Mission duration| 17 days, 15 hours, 53 minutes, 17 seconds
Distance travelled| 11,000,000 km (6,800,000 mi)
Orbits completed| 279
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft| Space Shuttle Columbia
Payload mass| 13,006 kg (28,673 lb)
Crew
Crew size| 5
Members|

* Kenneth D. Cockrell
* Kent Rominger
* Story Musgrave
* Thomas David Jones
* Tamara E. Jernigan

Start of mission
Launch date| November 19, 1996, 19:55:47 (1996-11-19UTC19:55:47Z) UTC (2:55:47 pm EST)
Launch site| Kennedy, LC-39B
End of mission
Landing date| December 7, 1996, 11:49:04 (1996-12-07UTC11:49:05Z) UTC (6:49:04 am EST)
Landing site| Kennedy, SLF Runway 33
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Geocentric
Regime| Low Earth
Perigee altitude| 318 kilometres (198 mi)
Apogee altitude| 375 kilometres (233 mi)
Inclination| 28.45 degrees
Period| 91.5 min

From left: Rominger, Jernigan, Musgrave, Jones and Cockrell

Space Shuttle program

<- STS-79

STS-81 ->

STS-80 was a Space Shuttle mission flown by Space Shuttle Columbia. The launch was originally scheduled for October 31, 1996, but was delayed to November 19 for several reasons.[1] Likewise, the landing, which was originally scheduled for December 5, was pushed back to December 7 after bad weather prevented landing for two days.[2]

It was the longest Shuttle mission ever flown at 17 days, 15 hours, and 53 minutes.[2]

Although two spacewalks were planned for the mission, they were both canceled after problems with the airlock hatch prevented astronauts Tom Jones and Tammy Jernigan from exiting the orbiter.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Crew
* 1.1 Crew seat assignments
* 2 Mission highlights
* 3 Mission payload
* 4 Scientific projects
* 5 Mission background
* 6 Wake-up calls
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Crew

Position | Astronaut

|

Commander  | Kenneth D. Cockrell
Third spaceflight
Pilot  | Kent V. Rominger
Second spaceflight
Mission Specialist 1  | F. Story Musgrave
Sixth and last spaceflight
Mission Specialist 2
Flight Engineer  | Thomas D. Jones
Third spaceflight
Mission Specialist 3  | Tamara E. Jernigan
Fourth spaceflight

### Crew seat assignments

Seat[4] | Launch  | Landing  | 150px
Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck.
Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck.

|
|
|

1  | Cockrell
2  | Rominger
3  | Musgrave  | Jernigan
4  | Jones
5  | Jernigan  | Musgrave
6  | Unused
7  | Unused

Musgrave was supposed to sit in Seat 5 during landing, however, he actually stood on the flight deck behind Cockrell in Seat 1 throughout re-entry and landing to film the spacecraft's reentry through the overhead windows.[4]

## Mission highlights

* The mission deployed two satellites and successfully recovered them after they had performed their tasks.[1]
* Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer-Shuttle Pallet Satellite II (ORFEUS-SPAS II) was deployed on flight day one.[5] It was captured on flight day sixteen.[6]
* The Wake Shield Facility-3 was deployed on flight day 4, and was recaptured three days later.[1]
* The mission was the longest mission in Space Shuttle history.[7]
* On this mission, Story Musgrave became the only person to fly on all five Space Shuttles – Challenger, Atlantis, Discovery, Endeavour, and Columbia.[8]
* Musgrave also tied a record for spaceflights, and set a record for being the oldest man in space.[1] Both records have since been surpassed.[9][10]
* Two spacewalks were planned for the mission but were canceled after astronauts Tom Jones and Tammy Jernigan discovered the outer hatch of the airlock was jammed.[11] The jam was attributed to a loose screw that may have fell during its installation.[12]

## Mission payload

The payload being prepared for launch in a transfer container. Visible is the WSF-3 (being lowered in), and ORFEUS-SPAS II (Already in place)

Columbia brought with it two free floating satellites, both of which were on repeat visits to space. Also, a variety of equipment to be tested on two planned spacewalks was part of the payload. These would have been used to prepare for construction of the International Space Station. Included in the Shuttle's payload were:[1]

* Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer-Shuttle Pallet Satellite II (ORFEUS-SPAS II)
* Far Ultraviolet (FUV) Spectrograph
* Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) Spectrograph
* Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Spectrograph (IMAPS)
* Surface Effects Sample Monitor (SESAM)
* ATV Rendezvous Pre-Development Project (ARP)
* Student Experiment on ASTRO-SPAS (SEAS)
* Wake Shield Facility (WSF-3)
* NIH-R4
* Space Experiment Module (SEM)
* EVA Development Flight Tests (EDTF-5)
* Crane
* Battery Orbital Replacement Unit
* Cable Caddy
* Portable Work Platform
* Portable Foot Restraint Work Station (PFRWS)
* Temporary Equipment Restraint Aid (TERA)
* Articulating Portable Foot Restraint
* Body Restraint Tether (BRT)
* Multi-Use Tether (MUT)
* Visualization in an Experimental Water Capillary pumped Loop (VIEW-CPL)
* Biological Research In Canister (BRIC)
* Commercial Materials Dispersion Apparatus Instrumentation Technology Associates Experiment (CCM-A) (formerly STL/NIH-C-6)
* Commercial MDA ITA Experiment (CMIX-5)

## Scientific projects

The ORFEUS SPAS is prepared for launch

Columbia carried into orbit two satellites that were released and recaptured after some time alone. The first was the Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme Ultraviolet Spectrometer-Shuttle Pallet Satellite II (ORFEUS-SPAS II). The main component of the satellite, the ORFEUS telescope, had two spectrographs, for far and extreme ultraviolet.

Another spectrograph, the Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Spectrograph, was also on board the satellite. Several payloads not relevant to astronomy rounded out the satellite. It performed without problems for its flight, taking 422 observations of almost 150 astronomical bodies, ranging from the Moon to extra-galactic stars and a quasar. Being the second flight of ORFEUS-SPAS II allowed for more sensitive equipment, causing it to provide more than twice the data of its initial run.[1]

Also deployed from Columbia was the Wake-Shield Facility (WSF), a satellite that created an ultra-vacuum behind it, allowing for the creation of semiconductor thin films for use in advanced electronics. WSF created seven films before being recaptured by Columbia's robotic arm after three days of flight.[1] The 12-foot-diameter (3.7 m) craft was on its third mission, including STS-60, when hardware problems prevented it from deploying off the robotic arm. Wake Shield was designed and built by the Space Vacuum Epitaxy Center at the University of Houston in conjunction with its industrial partner, Space Industries, Inc.[13]

Another inclusion was a Space Experiment Module (SEM).[13] The SEM included student research projects selected to fly into space.[14] This was the first flight of the program.[15] Among the experiments conducted were analysis of bacteria growth on food in orbit, crystal growth in space, and microgravity's effect on a pendulum.[16]

NIH.R4 was an experiment conducted for the National Institute of Health and Oregon Health Sciences University.[13] It was designed to test the effects of spaceflight on circulation and vascular constriction.[17] Biological Research in Canister (BRIC) explored gravity's effects on tobacco and tomato seedlings. Visualization in an Experimental Water Capillary Pumped Loop (VIEW-CPL) was conducted to test a new idea in thermal spacecraft management.[18] The Commercial MDA ITA Experiment were a variety of experiments submitted by high school and middle school students sponsored by Information Technology Associates.[19]

## Mission background

Columbia is rolled out to launch pad 39B Launch of STS-80 Attempt | Planned | Result | Turnaround | Reason | Decision point | Weather go (%) | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1 | 1996-11-15 2:50 PM 15 Nov 1996, 2:50:00 pm  | Scrubbed | — | Weather | 1996-11-13 11:36 13 Nov 1996, 11:36 am (T−19:00:00 hold) | 10[20] | High winds at KSC.[21]
2 | 1996-11-19 2:55:47 PM 19 Nov 1996, 2:55:47 pm  | Success | 4 days, 0 hours, 6 minutes |  |  | 80[22] | Countdown clock held at T−31 seconds to measure hydrogen gas.[21]

Astronauts were selected for the mission on January 17, 1996.[23] Stacking of the Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) began September 9, 1996.[24] On September 18, the launch date was bumped back from no earlier than (NET) October 31 to November 8.[25] Payload doors were closed on September 25.[26] The following day, the External fuel tank was mated to the SRBs inside the Vehicle Assembly Building.[27]

Further progress was delayed while two windows on the orbiter were replaced; NASA feared that they might be susceptible to breakage after seven and eight flights.[28] Columbia was rolled over to the VAB on October 9 to begin final assembly preparations.[29]

STS-80 Landing

On October 11, Columbia was mated with the external fuel tank, and the payload was delivered and transferred.[30] Rollout to Pad 39B occurred on October 16, which was followed by flight readiness checks of the main propulsion system.[31]

After a Flight Readiness Review on October 28, an additional FRR was requested to further analyze the Redesigned Solid Rocket Motor (RSRM) due to nozzle erosion that occurred on STS-79; on the 29th, a fuel pump failed, delaying the fueling process of Columbia.[32] The erosion problem led to a week long delay instituted on November 4.[33] A launch date of November 15 was set, contingent on a successful Atlas launch two days prior.[34] The forecast of bad weather pushed the launch back even further, to a date of November 19.[35]

During landing, Jones planned to use a video camera to capture footage of the plasma tube trailing behind the orbiter from the overhead windows. He asked Musgrave to assist with the recording, with the expectation that he would take his seat on the mid-deck once the orbiter reached entry interface. Instead, Musgrave elected to remain standing on the flight deck behind Commander Cockrell (in Seat 1) throughout re-entry and landing. Jones estimated that the 61-year-old Musgrave would have experienced 1.7 times the normal force of Earth's gravity for five to ten continuous minutes after 18 days of near weightlessness.[36]

## Wake-up calls

NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15.[37] Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.[37][38]

Flight Day  | Song  | Artist/Composer

|
|

Day 2  | "I Can See For Miles"  | The Who
Day 3  | "Theme From Fireball XL5"  | Barry Gray
Day 4  | "Roll With the Changes"  | REO Speedwagon
Day 5  | "Reelin' and Rockin'"  | Chuck Berry
Day 6  | "Roll with It"  | Steve Winwood
Day 7  | "Good Times Roll"  | The Cars
Day 8  | "Red Rubber Ball"  | Cyrkle
Day 9  | "Alice's Restaurant"  | Arlo Guthrie
Day 10  | "Some Guys Have All the Luck"  | Robert Palmer
Day 11  | "Changes"  | David Bowie
Day 12  | "Break on Through (To the Other Side)"  | The Doors
Day 13  | "Shooting Star"  | Bad Company
Day 14  | "Stay"  | Jackson Browne
Day 15  | "Return to Sender"  | Elvis Presley
Day 16  | "Should I Stay or Should I Go"  | The Clash
Day 17  | "Nobody Does It Better"  | Carly Simon
Day 18  | "Please Come Home for Christmas"  | Sawyer Brown

## See also

* List of human spaceflights
* List of Space Shuttle missions
* Outline of space science
* STS-78 (16 day 21 hour Shuttle mission)
* STS-67 (16 days 15 hour Shuttle mission)
* STS-73 (15 days 21 hours Shuttle mission)

## References

This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

|

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "STS-80". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-80.html.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "STS-80 Day 19 Highlights". NASA. December 7, 1996. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-80/sts-80-day-19-highlights.html.
3. ↑ "STS-80 Mission Control Center Status Report #27". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/shuttle/sts-80/STS-80-27.html.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "STS-80". Spacefacts. http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-80.htm.
5. ↑ "STS-80 Day 2 Highlights". NASA. November 20, 1996. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-80/sts-80-day-02-highlights.html.
6. ↑ "STS-80 Day 16 Highlights". NASA. December 4, 1996. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-80/sts-80-day-16-highlights.html.
7. ↑ "CNN Student News One-Sheet: Space Shuttle Facts". CNN. March 11, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/studentnews/02/07/one.sheet.space.shuttle/index.html.
8. ↑ "Story Musgrave 6-time Space Shuttle Astronaut simulates Space Flight | Hubble Space Telescope | Space Exploration". Space Story. http://www.spacestory.com/storyf.htm.
9. ↑ "STS-124 Shuttle Report | Current Space Demographic Data". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/shuttle/sts124/fdf/currentdemo.html.
10. ↑ "Retired astronaut slams Glenn space try". http://lmtonline.com/news/archive/100398/pagea9.pdf.
11. ↑ NASA. "So Close Yet So Far: The Jammed Airlock Hatch of STS-80". https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/740020main_SCSC-R-0113 Basic.pdf.
12. ↑ "Shuttle Orbiter Airlock Hatch Failure Caused By Loose Screw On STS-80 Prevented Two Planned Mission EVAs". Kennedy Space Center. 29 August 2010. https://llis.nasa.gov/lesson/4417.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "STS-80". NASA. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-80/mission-sts-80.html.
14. ↑ "Space Experiment Module (SEM)". NASA. November 8, 2011. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/science/experiments/SEM.html.
15. ↑ Goddard News – Top Feature
16. ↑ "SEM 1 on STS-80". Musc.edu. http://www.musc.edu/cando/sts80/actives.html.
17. ↑ "NIH.R4/STS-80". NASA. http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis3/Exp_Pub_Appendix/nih_r.r/nihr4_1.html.
18. ↑ "KSC Fact Sheet "STS-80/Columbia – ORFEUS-SPAS-2/Wake Shield Facility-3"". NASA. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/release/1996/124-96.htm.
19. ↑ "ITA student program". Itaspace.com. http://www.itaspace.com/students.html.
20. ↑ "13 November 1996 Shuttle Status Report". NASA. November 13, 1996. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/stsstat/1996/nov/11-13-96.htm.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Legler, Robert D.; Bennett, Floyd V. (September 1, 2011). "Space Shuttle Missions Summary". NASA. p. 97. https://sma.nasa.gov/SignificantIncidents/assets/space-shuttle-missions-summary.pdf. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
22. ↑ "November 18, 1996 Shuttle Status Report". NASA. 1996-11-18. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/stsstat/1996/nov/11-18-96.htm.
23. ↑ Jones, Thomas (2006). Sky Walking. New York, NY: HarperCollins. p. 159. ISBN 0-06-085152-X. https://archive.org/details/skywalkingastron00jone/page/159.
24. ↑ "10 September 1996 Shuttle Status Report". NASA. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/stsstat/1996/sep/9-10-96s.htm.
25. ↑ "18 September 1996 Shuttle Status Report". NASA. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/stsstat/1996/sep/9-18-96s.htm.
26. ↑ "25 September 1996 Shuttle Status Report". NASA. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/stsstat/1996/sep/9-25-96s.htm.
27. ↑ "26 September 1996 Shuttle Status Report". NASA. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/stsstat/1996/sep/9-26-96t.htm.
28. ↑ "4 October 1996 Shuttle Status Report". NASA. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/stsstat/1996/oct/10-04-96.htm.
29. ↑ "10 October 1996 Shuttle Status Report". NASA. October 10, 1996. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/stsstat/1996/oct/10-10-96.htm.
30. ↑ "11 October 1996 Shuttle Status Report". NASA. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/stsstat/1996/oct/10-11-96.htm.
31. ↑ "16 October 1996 Shuttle Status Report". NASA. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/stsstat/1996/oct/10-16-96.htm.
32. ↑ "29 October 1996 Shuttle Status Report". NASA. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/stsstat/1996/oct/10-29-96.htm.
33. ↑ "4 November 1996 Shuttle Status Report". NASA. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/stsstat/1996/nov/11-04-96.htm.
34. ↑ "12 November 1996 Shuttle Status Report". NASA. November 12, 1996. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/stsstat/1996/nov/11-12-96.htm.
35. ↑ "14 November 1996 Shuttle Status Report". NASA. November 14, 1996. http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/status/stsstat/1996/nov/11-14-96.htm.
36. ↑ Lenehan, Anne E. (2004). Story: The Way of Water. Soundscape Software Pty Ltd. p. 267. ISBN 9780975228609.
37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Fries, Colin (June 25, 2007). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls". NASA. https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup calls.pdf.
38. ↑ Fries, Colin (March 13, 2015). "Chronology of Wakeup Calls (STS-80 listed)". NASA. https://history.nasa.gov/wakeup calls.pdf.

## External links

* NASA mission summary
* STS-80 Video Highlights

* v
* t
* e

Space Shuttle Columbia (OV-102)

Flights|

* STS-1
* STS-2
* STS-3
* STS-4
* STS-5
* STS-9
* STS-61-C
* STS-28
* STS-32
* STS-35
* STS-40
* STS-50
* STS-52
* STS-55
* STS-58
* STS-62
* STS-65
* STS-73
* STS-75
* STS-78
* STS-80
* STS-83
* STS-94
* STS-87
* STS-90
* STS-93
* STS-109
* STS-107

Status|

* Out of service: Columbia disaster (destroyed) 1 February 2003 (STS-107)

Related|

* Columbia Accident Investigation Board
* STS-61-E
* STS-61-H
* STS-144
* Columbia Memorial Space Center
* Columbia Hills (Mars)
* Columbia: The Tragic Loss (2004 documentary)

* v
* t
* e

U.S. Space Shuttle missions

Completed
(crews)|

| 1970s|

* 1977
* ALT

|

1980s|

* 1981
* STS-1
* STS-2
* 1982
* STS-3
* STS-4
* STS-5
* 1983
* STS-6
* STS-7
* STS-8
* STS-9
* 1984
* STS-41-B
* STS-41-C
* STS-41-D
* STS-41-G
* STS-51-A
* 1985
* STS-51-C
* STS-51-D
* STS-51-B
* STS-51-G
* STS-51-F
* STS-51-I
* STS-51-J
* STS-61-A
* STS-61-B
* 1986
* STS-61-C
* STS-51-L†
* 1988
* STS-26
* STS-27
* 1989
* STS-29
* STS-30
* STS-28
* STS-34
* STS-33

1990s|

* 1990
* STS-32
* STS-36
* STS-31
* STS-41
* STS-38
* STS-35
* 1991
* STS-37
* STS-39
* STS-40
* STS-43
* STS-48
* STS-44
* 1992
* STS-42
* STS-45
* STS-49
* STS-50
* STS-46
* STS-47
* STS-52
* STS-53
* 1993
* STS-54
* STS-56
* STS-55
* STS-57
* STS-51
* STS-58
* STS-61
* 1994
* STS-60
* STS-62
* STS-59
* STS-65
* STS-64
* STS-68
* STS-66
* 1995
* STS-63
* STS-67
* STS-71
* STS-70
* STS-69
* STS-73
* STS-74
* 1996
* STS-72
* STS-75
* STS-76
* STS-77
* STS-78
* STS-79
* STS-80
* 1997
* STS-81
* STS-82
* STS-83
* STS-84
* STS-94
* STS-85
* STS-86
* STS-87
* 1998
* STS-89
* STS-90
* STS-91
* STS-95
* STS-88
* 1999
* STS-96
* STS-93
* STS-103

2000s|

* 2000
* STS-99
* STS-101
* STS-106
* STS-92
* STS-97
* 2001
* STS-98
* STS-102
* STS-100
* STS-104
* STS-105
* STS-108
* 2002
* STS-109
* STS-110
* STS-111
* STS-112
* STS-113
* 2003
* STS-107†
* 2005
* STS-114
* 2006
* STS-121
* STS-115
* STS-116
* 2007
* STS-117
* STS-118
* STS-120
* 2008
* STS-122
* STS-123
* STS-124
* STS-126
* 2009
* STS-119
* STS-125
* STS-127
* STS-128
* STS-129

2010s|

* 2010
* STS-130
* STS-131
* STS-132
* 2011
* STS-133
* STS-134
* STS-135

Cancelled|

* STS-41-F
* STS-61-E
* STS-61-F
* STS-61-G
* STS-61-H
* STS-62-A
* STS-61-M
* STS-144
* STS-3xx
* STS-400
* Others

Orbiters|

* Atlantis
* Challenger
* disaster
* report
* Columbia
* disaster
* investigation
* Discovery
* Endeavour
* Enterprise

* † indicates failure missions.

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launches in 1996

STS-72 (SPARTAN-206) | PAS-3R * MEASAT-1 | Koreasat 2 | Kosmos 2327 | Gorizont #43L | Palapa C1 | N-STAR b | Intelsat 708 | NEAR Shoemaker | Kosmos 2328 * Kosmos 2329 * Kosmos 2330 * Gonets-D1 #1 * Gonets-D1 #2 * Gonets-D1 #3 | Gran' #44L | Soyuz TM-23 | STS-75 (TSS-1R) | Polar | REX II | Intelsat 707 | Kosmos 2331 | IRS-P3 | STS-76 | USA-117 | Inmarsat-3 F1 | Astra 1F | MSAT-1 | Priroda | MSX | Kosmos 2332 | USA-118 | BeppoSAX | Progress M-31 | USA-119 * USA-120 * USA-121 * USA-122 * USA-123 * USA-124 | Kometa #18 | Palapa C2 * Amos-1 | MSTI-3 | STS-77 (SPARTAN-207 * IAE * PAMS-STU) | Galaxy 9 | Gorizont #44L | Cluster F1 * Cluster F2 * Cluster F3 * Cluster F4 | Intelsat 709 | STS-78 | Kobal't | TOMS-EP | USA-125 | Apstar 1A | Arabsat 2A * Türksat 1C | USA-126 | USA-127 | Progress M-32 | Télécom 2D * Italsat 2 | Molniya 1-79 | Midori * Fuji 2 | Soyuz TM-24 | Chinasat-7 | FAST | Interbol 2 * Maigon 5 * Victor | Kosmos 2333 | Kosmos 2334 * UNAMSAT-2 | Inmarsat-3 F2 | GE-1 | EchoStar II | USA-128 | STS-79 | Ekspress-6 | FSW-17 | Molniya 3-62 | HETE * SAC-B | Mars Global Surveyor | Arabsat 2B * MEASAT-2 | Mars 96 | STS-80 (WSF * ORFEUS-SPAS) | Progress M-33 | Hot Bird 2 | Mars Pathfinder (Sojourner) | Kosmos 2335 | Inmarsat-3 F3 | Kosmos 2336 | USA-129 | Bion No.11

Payloads are separated by bullets ( * ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in bold text. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets.

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