Schooner

A schooner (/ˈskuːnər/ SKOO-nər)[1] is a type of sailing vessel defined by its fore-and-aft rig on all of two or more masts and the foremast generally being shorter than the mainmast. The most common variants are gaff-rigged and staysail schooners, with the topsail schooner carrying a square topsail on the foremast, and Bermuda and junk-rigs being rarities.[2]: 211 [3]: 26 [4]: 100 [5]: 48

## Contents

* 1 Name
* 2 History
* 3 Rig types
* 4 Uses
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Name

The term "schooner" first appeared in eastern North America in the early 1700s.[6] The term may be related to a Scots word meaning to skip over water,[7] or to skip stones.[8]

## History

The exact origins of schooner rigged vessels are obscure, but by early 17th century they appear in paintings by Dutch marine artists. The earliest known illustration of a schooner depicts a yacht owned by the mayors (Dutch: burgemeesters) of Amsterdam, drawn by the Dutch artist Rool in 1600. Later examples show schooners in Amsterdam in 1638 and New Amsterdam in 1627. Paintings by Van de Velde (1633–1707) and an engraving by Jan Kip of the Thames at Lambeth, dated 1697, suggest that schooner rig was common in England and Holland by the end of the 17th century. The Royal Transport was an example of a large British-built schooner, launched in 1695 at Chatham.[9]: 233 [4]: 13 [10]

The type was further developed in British North America starting around 1713.[7] In the 1700s and 1800s in what is now New England and Atlantic Canada schooners became popular for coastal trade,Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; refs with no name must have content and being fast and versatile.[11] Three-masted schooners were introduced around 1800.[10]

The schooner rig was used in vessels for a wide range of purposes. Its good ability to windward was valuable to privateers, blockade runners, slave ships, smaller naval craft, pilot boats, and opium clippers. Packet boats (built for the fast conveyance of passengers and goods) were often schooners. Fruit schooners were noted for their quick passages, taking their perishable cargoes on routes such as the Azores to Britain. Some very large schooners with five or more masts were built in the United States from circa 1880–1920 for the bulk cargo trade, such as coal and timber. In yachting, schooners predominated in the early years of the America's Cup. In more recent times, schooners have been used as sail training ships.

The fishing vessels that worked the Grand Banks of Newfoundland were schooners, and held in high regard as an outstanding development of the type. This part of North American eastern seaboard is where the term "schooner" first began to be used as a classification for a particular type of vessel. In merchant use, the ease of handling in confined waters and smaller crews relative to square rigged vessels contributed to the schooner's popularity, especially in the 19th century. Some schooners worked on deep sea routes. In British home waters, schooners usually had cargo-carrying hulls that were designed to take the ground in drying harbors (or, even, to unload dried out on an open beach). The last of these once-common craft had ceased trading by the middle of the 20th century.

Schooners were popular on both sides of the Atlantic in the late 1800s and early 1900s. By 1910, 45 five-masted and 10 six-masted bulk-cargo schooners had been built in Bath, Maine, and in towns on Penobscot Bay, including the Wyoming, which is considered the largest wooden ship ever built.[12] The Thomas W. Lawson was the only seven-masted schooner built.

## Rig types

The rig is rarely found on a hull of less than 50 feet LOA, and small schooners are generally two-masted. In the two decades around 1900, larger multi-masted schooners were built in New England and on the Great Lakes with four, five, six, or even seven masts.[9]: 239–242 Schooners were traditionally gaff-rigged, and some schooners sailing today are reproductions of famous schooners of old, but modern vessels tend to be Bermuda rigged (or occasionally junk-rigged).[13] While a sloop rig is simpler and cheaper, the schooner rig may be chosen on a larger boat to reduce the overall mast height and keep each sail smaller, and thus easier to handle and reef. Two-masted schooners display a variety of sails filling the gaps between them, such as a gaff sail on the foremast (even with a Bermuda mainsail), or a main staysail, often with a fisherman staysail to fill the gap at the top in light airs.

Schooner types are defined by their rig configuration. Most have a bowsprit although some were built without one for crew safety,[clarify] such as Adventure.

Four-masted schooner, Margaret Todd

Some specific types of schooner include:

* Grand Banks fishing schooner: includes a gaff topsail on the main mast and a fisherman's staysail; in winter topmasts and their upper sails are taken down.[14] Bluenose was one such example.
* Topsail schooner/Square topsail schooner: includes a square topsail on the foremast, to which may be added a topgallant. Differing definitions leave uncertain whether the addition of a fore course would make such a vessel a brigantine.[14] A version with raked masts and known for its great speed, called the Baltimore Clipper was popular in the early 1800s.
* Four- to seven-masted schooners: these designs spread the sail area over many smaller sails, at a time when sails were hoisted by hand, though mechanical assistance was used as the ships, sails, and gaffs became too large and heavy to raise manually. These were used for coastal trade on the Atlantic coast of North America, the West Indies, South America, and some trans-Atlantic voyages.[14]
* Tern schooner: a type of three-masted schooner that was common between 1880 and 1920.[14] These had three masts of equal height and no square sails. The name signifies "three of a kind". The simple rig was driven by the need to keep crew sizes to a minimum. They had a range of hull types, with centre-boards being common, especially in those with shallow draft. [4]: 53-60 Wawona, the largest of this type built, sailed on the West Coast of the United States from 1897 to 1947.

## Uses

File:Bluenose vs. Gertrude L. Thebaud, Wallace R. MacAskill, 26 October, 1938.webmFishing schooners Bluenose and Gertrude L. in a race

Schooners were built primarily for cargo, passengers, and fishing.

The Norwegian polar schooner Fram was used by both Fridtjof Nansen and Roald Amundsen in their explorations of the poles.

America, namesake of the America's Cup, was one of the few schooners ever designed for racing. This race was long dominated by schooners. Three-masted schooner Atlantic set the transatlantic sailing record for a monohull in the 1905 Kaiser's Cup race. The record remained unbroken for nearly 100 years.[15] Bluenose (1921–1946) was both a successful fishing boat and a racer.

## See also

* List of schooners

## References

1. ↑ Roslyn Flaherty (August 2, 2021). 'I was never scared': Passenger aboard historic schooner captures video as it sank in Maine river. NEWSCENTERMaine. Event occurs at 00:25. Retrieved February 4, 2024 - via YouTube.
2. ↑ Palmer, Joseph (1975). Jane's Dictionary of Naval Terms. London: Macdonald and Jane's Limited. ISBN 0-356-08258-X.
3. ↑ Cunliffe, Tom (2016). Hand, Reef and Steer: Traditional Sailing Skills for Classic Boats (second ed.). Adlard Coles. ISBN 978-1472925220.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 MacGregor, David R. (1982). Schooners in Four Centuries. Hemel Hempstead: Argus Books Ltd.. ISBN 0-85242-774-3.
5. ↑ MacGregor, David R. (1997). The Schooner, Its Design and Development from 1600 to the Present. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-020-5.
6. ↑ "schooner". https://www.dictionary.com/browse/schooner.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Wallenfeldt, Jeff. "Schooner". https://www.britannica.com/technology/schooner.
8. ↑ "schooner". https://www.etymonline.com/word/schooner.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Leather, John (1970). Gaff Rig. London: Adlard Coles Limited. ISBN 0-229-97489-9.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Marquardt, Karl Heinz (2013). The global schooner: origins, development, design and construction 1695–1845. Conway Maritime. pp. 7–13. ISBN 9780851779300. https://books.google.com/books?id=SxRUAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
11. ↑ "What's in a Rig – The Schooner". 9 December 2015. https://asa.com/news/2015/12/09/whats-in-a-rig-the-schooner/.
12. ↑ "Largest wooden sailing ship ever". https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/725436-largest-wooden-sailing-ship-ever.
13. ↑ Images of junk-rigged schooners
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Sailing Ship Rigs". Nova Scotia Museum. 14 February 2013. https://maritimemuseum.novascotia.ca/research/sailing-ship-rigs.
15. ↑ Ramsey, Nancy (2005-06-02). "YACHT RACING; Schooner Breaks Century-Old Record for Crossing the Atlantic". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/02/sports/othersports/schooner-breaks-centuryold-record-for-crossing-the.html.

## External links

* Nova Scotia Schooner Association

Template:Rating system of the Royal Navy

* v
* t
* e

Types of sailing vessels and rigs

Overviews|

* Age of Sail
* Maritime history
* Age of Discovery

Sailing rigs|

* Bermuda rig
* Crab claw
* Fore-and-aft rig
* Gaff rig
* Gunter rig
* Junk rig
* Lateenrig
* Ljungström rig
* Lug rig
* Pinisi rig
* Square rig
* Tanja rig

By sailing rigs|

* Barque
* Barquentine
* Brig
* Brigantine
* Catboat
* Cutter
* Full-rigged ship
* Jackass-barque
* Ketch
* Lugger
* Mistico
* Schooner
* Sloop
* Yawl

Multihull vessels|

* ʻalia
* Amatasi
* Baurua
* Bigiw
* Camakau
* Catamaran
* Drua
* Guilalo
* Jukung
* Kalia
* Karakoa
* Kora kora
* Lakatoi
* Lanong
* Outrigger canoe
* Pahi
* Paraw
* Pentamaran
* Proa
* Quadrimaran
* Takia
* Tongiaki
* Trimaran
* Ungalawa
* Vinta

Naval and merchant
sailing ships
and other vessels
(by origin date)|

| Ancient|

* Balangay
* Boita
* Borobudur ship
* Dhow
* Fire ship
* Galley
* Penteconter
* Bireme
* Trireme
* Quadriremes
* Tessarakonteres
* Dromon
* Junk
* K'un-lun po
* Lepa
* Mtepe
* Uru

|

Post-classical|

* Balinger
* Benawa
* Birlinn
* Bomb vessel
* Cog
* Hulk
* Jong
* Knarr
* Koch
* Kondura
* Longship
* Malangbang
* Shitik
* Tongkang
* Zabra

15th c.|

* Carrack
* Chinese treasure ship
* Caravel
* Ghurab
* Lancaran
* Hoy
* Trabaccolo

16th c.|

* Crommesteven
* Galiot
* Galleon
* Galleass
* Ghali
* Flyboat
* Fluyt
* Full-rigged pinnace
* Lorcha
* Man-of-war
* Manchua
* Panokseon
* Patache
* Speronara
* Square-rigged caravel (round or de armada)
* Xebec

17th c.|

* Bermuda sloop
* Corvette
* Frigate
* Galeas
* Koff
* Pink
* Polacca
* Ship of the line

18th c.|

* Bilander
* Chialoup
* Chinaman
* Baltimore Clipper
* East Indiaman
* Gallivat
* Garay
* Grab
* Gundalow
* Lanong
* Padewakang
* Post ship
* 74-gun
* Ship of the line
* Sloop-of-war
* Toop
* Trincadour
* Slave ship
* West Indiaman

19th c.|

* Blackwall frigate
* Clipper
* Down Easter
* Golekan
* Iron-hulled sailing ship
* Warship
* Janggolan
* Lambo
* Leti leti
* Palari
* Tamar
* West Country
* Windjammer

20th c.|

* Montagu whaler

Fishing vessels|

* Bago
* Falkuša
* Felucca
* Herring buss
* Jangada
* Jukung
* Masula
* Mayang
* Patorani
* Nordland
* Sixareen
* Sgoth
* Smack
* Tartane
* Well smack
* Yoal

Recreational vessels|

* Dinghy
* Pocket cruiser
* Sailing hydrofoil
* Sailing yacht
* Sportsboat
* Trailer sailer
* Wharrams
* Windsurfer
* Yacht

Special terms|

* Inflatable
* Lashed lug
* Razee
* Sewn
* Tall ship
*   * ULDB

Other types|

* Bristol Channel pilot cutter
* Fusta
* Mersey flat
* Norfolk punt
* Norfolk wherry
* Pausik
* Pinnace (ship's boat)
* Pram
* Scow
* Sneakbox
* Thames sailing barge
* Wherry

Related|

* Nautical operations

* v
* t
* e

Naval ships and warships in 19th and 20th centuries

* Naval ship classes in service
* submarine
* auxiliary
* Operational zones
* Brown-water navy
* Green-water navy
* Blue-water navy
* Gun placement
* Broadside
* Central battery
* Casemate
* Turrets

Aircraft carriers|

* Aircraft cruiser
* Amphibious assault ship
* Anti-submarine warfare carrier
* Balloon carrier
* Battlecarrier
* CAM ship
* Drone carrier
* Escort carrier
* Fighter catapult ship
* Fleet carrier
* Flight deck cruiser
* Helicopter carrier
* Light aircraft carrier
* Merchant aircraft carrier
* Seaplane tender
* Supercarrier

Battleships|

* Coastal defence ship
* Dreadnought
* Fast battleship
* Pre-dreadnought battleship
* Super-dreadnought (Standard-type battleship)
* Treaty battleship

Cruisers|

* Armored cruiser
* Battlecruiser
* Guided missile cruiser
* Heavy cruiser
* Pocket battleship
* Light cruiser
* Merchant raider
* Protected cruiser
* Scout cruiser
* Strike cruiser
* Torpedo cruiser
* Unprotected cruiser

Escort|

* Aviso
* Convoy rescue ship
* Destroyer
* Destroyer escort
* Destroyer leader
* Escort destroyer
* Escorteur
* Frigate
* Guided-missile destroyer
* Kaibōkan
* Sloop

Transport|

* Amphibious transport dock
* Amphibious warfare ship
* Attack transport
* Dock landing ship
* Landing craft
* Landing craft carrier
* Landing Craft Support
* Landing Ship Heavy
* Landing ship, infantry
* Landing Ship Logistics
* Landing Ship Medium
* Landing Ship, Tank
* Landing Ship Vehicle
* Troopship

Patrol craft|

* Armed boarding steamer
* Armed yacht
* Coastal motor boat
* Corvette
* Gunboat
* Harbour defence motor launch
* Motor launch
* Naval drifter
* Naval trawler
* Ocean boarding vessel
* Patrol boat
* Q-ship
* Submarine chaser
* Torpedo boat

Fast attack craft|

* E-boat
* MAS
* MGB
* Missile boat
* MTB
* MTM
* MTSM
* PT boat
* Shin'yō

Mine warfare|

* Danlayer
* Destroyer minesweeper
* Mine countermeasures vessel
* Mine planter
* Minehunter
* Minelayer
* Minesweeper

Command and support|

* Amenities ship
* Ammunition ship
* Auxiliary repair dock
* Auxiliary ship
* Collier
* Combat stores ship
* Command ship
* Crane vessel
* Depot ship
* Destroyer tender
* Dispatch boat
* Fast combat support ship
* Flotilla leader
* General stores issue ship
* Hospital ship
* Joint support ship
* Naval tugboat
* Net laying ship
* Repair ship
* Replenishment oiler
* Submarine tender

Submarines|

* Amphibious assault submarine
* Attack submarine
* Ballistic missile submarine
* Coastal submarine
* Cruise missile submarine
* Cruiser submarine
* Deep-submergence vehicle
* DSRV
* Fleet submarine
* Human torpedo
* Midget submarine
* Submarine aircraft carrier
* Wet sub

Miscellaneous|

* Armed merchantman
* Arsenal ship
* Barracks ship
* Breastwork monitor
* Capital ship
* Flagship
* Floating battery
* Littoral combat ship
* Monitor
* Mother ship
* River monitor

Related|

* Ship types
* Sailing vessels

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Engineering:Schooner&oldid=4118361"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template