Television lines

Short description: Horizontal resolution specification

TVL is defined as the maximum number of alternating light and dark vertical lines that can be resolved per picture height. EIA 1956 video resolution target, used to measure TVL

Television lines (TVL) is a specification of an analog camera or monitor's horizontal image resolution.[1] The TVL is one of the most important resolution measures in a video system. The TVL can be measured with the standard EIA 1956 resolution chart.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Definition
* 2 Limitations
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Definition

TVL is defined as the maximum number of alternating light and dark vertical lines that can be resolved per picture height.[3] A resolution of 400 TVL means that 200 distinct dark vertical lines and 200 distinct white vertical lines can be counted over a horizontal span equal to the height of the picture. For example, on 4 by 3 inches (10.2 cm × 7.6 cm) monitor with 400 TVL, 200 vertical dark lines can be counted over 3 inches (7.6 cm) width on monitor (Note that the 3 inches (7.6 cm) of monitor height is used rather than the 4 inches (10 cm) of whole monitor width).

TVL is an inherent quality of a camera or monitor, influenced by the visual bandwidth of the transmission system used. It should not be confused with the number of horizontal scanning lines of such systems, which e.g. 625 lines for the PAL system, 525 lines for the NTSC system.[3]

The following table shows the horizontal resolutions of some analog video systems:[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]

System  | Television Lines

|

Luma | Chroma
CV-2000[10] | 220  |
VHS,[4][5] EV, Video8[4][5] | 240  | 30
EIAJ-2[4] | 240  |
U-matic[4] | 240  |
V-Cord[11] | 250  |
CED[4] | 250  |
Betamax,[4] VHS HQ  | 250  | 30
SuperBeta[4][5] | 280  | 30
Betacam  | 300  | 120
U-matic SP[4] | 330  |
NTSC broadcast[9] | 330  | 70
Betacam SP  | 340  | 120
Type A[4] | 350  | 120
S-VHS,[4][5][9] Hi8[4][5][6][7][8] | 400  | 30
Quadruplex (NTSC)[4] | 400  | 120
LaserDisc (NTSC)[4][12] | 420  | 70
PAL D[13] | 470  | 102
ED Beta[4][5] | 500  | 30
MUSE[14] | 598  | 209

## Limitations

Since analog transmission of video is scan line-based, the same number of horizontal lines is always transmitted. However, several factors impede the ability to display fine detail within a line:

1. The camera or other source of material.
2. The storage and processing of the picture.
3. The transmission of the TV signal e.g. broadcast by radio or by cable.
4. The reception and reproduction of the picture on a TV set.

## See also

* Kell factor, which limits the vertical resolution in analog television, and both horizontal and vertical resolution in digital television, to a fraction of the number of scan lines or pixels

## References

1. ↑ Jack, Keith (2005). Video Demystified. ISBN 0-7506-7822-4.
2. ↑ "QA-70-1 Video Resolution Pattern (EIA-1956) Product Specifications". http://www.aig-imaging.com/mm5/PDF/EIA Video Resolution Pattern QA-70-1_v1-07.pdf. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Overview and resolution". Wsc.monstercable.com. http://wsc.monstercable.com/emails/may02/article_hdtv_robertharley.html.
4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 "Video History". Mar 29, 2010. http://www.videointerchange.com/video-history.htm.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Braithwaite, Lancelot (April 1989). "Hi8 debut sets a new 8mm standard". Video Magazine: pp. 23–27. https://archive.org/details/video-magazine-1989-04/page/n25/mode/2up.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Beeching, Steve (2001). Video and Camcorder Servicing and Technology. Newnes. ISBN 0-7506-5039-7.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sony EV-S7000 Hi8 VCR Operating Instructions. Sony. pp. 79. https://docs.sony.com/release/EVS3000.PDF.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Damjanovski, Vlado (2005). CCTV: Networking and Digital Technology. Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 238. ISBN 0-7506-7800-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=MQZQIFaOhgoC.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Booth, Stephen A. (October 1992). "Pieces of 8". Popular Mechanics: pp. 66. https://books.google.com/books?id=OOMDAAAAMBAJ&dq=s+vhs+420+lines&pg=PA66.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Sony Corporation (1968). Sony CV-2600 Simplified Skip Field Videocorder. pp. 4. http://archive.org/details/ETC1282.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Sanyo V-Cord II System advertising brochure" (JPEG). LabGuy's World: The History of Video Tape Recorders before Betamax and VHS. http://www.labguysworld.com/V-CORD_II_ADV_001_006.jpg.
12. ↑ MESSIER, PAUL (2001). "DARA BIRNBAUM'S TIANANMEN SQUARE: BREAK-IN TRANSMISSION: A CASE STUDY IN THE EXAMINATION, DOCUMENTATION, AND PRESERVATION OF A VIDEO-BASED INSTALLATION". Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 40 (3): 193 to 209. https://cool.culturalheritage.org/jaic/articles/jaic40-03-003_4.html.
13. ↑ "Resolution Calculated TV Lines" (in en). https://www.causewaysecuritysolutions.com/resolution-calculated-tv-lines.html.
14. ↑ 藤尾, 孝 (September 10, 1988). "Hdtv (ハイビジョン) 開発の経緯-システムの最適化とその性能-". テレビジョン学会誌 42 (6): 570–578. doi:10.3169/itej1978.42.570. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/itej1978/42/6/42_6_570/_article/-char/ja/.

* v
* t
* e

Analog television broadcasting topics

Systems|

* 180-line
* 405-line ( System A )
* 441-line
* 525-line ( System J , System M )
* 625-line ( System B , System C , System D , System G , System H , System I , System K , System L , System N )
* 819-line ( System E , System F )

Color systems|

* NTSC
* PAL
* PAL-M
* PAL-S
* PALplus
* SECAM

Video|

* Back porch and front porch
* Black level
* Blanking level
* Chrominance
* Chrominance subcarrier
* Colorburst
* Color killer
* Color TV
* Composite video
* Frame (video)
* Horizontal scan rate
* Horizontal blanking interval
* Luma
* Nominal analogue blanking
* Overscan
* Raster scan
* Safe area
* Television lines
* Vertical blanking interval
* White clipper

Sound|

* Multichannel television sound
* NICAM
* Sound-in-Syncs
* Zweikanalton

Modulation|

* Frequency modulation
* Quadrature amplitude modulation
* Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)

Transmission|

* Amplifiers
* Antenna (radio)
* Broadcast transmitter/Transmitter station
* Cavity amplifier
* Differential gain
* Differential phase
* Diplexer
* Dipole antenna
* Dummy load
* Frequency mixer
* Intercarrier method
* Intermediate frequency
* Output power of an analog TV transmitter
* Pre-emphasis
* Residual carrier
* Split sound system
* Superheterodyne transmitter
* Television receive-only
* Direct-broadcast satellite television
* Television transmitter
* Terrestrial television
* Transposer
* Digital television transition

Frequencies & Bands|

* Frequency offset
* Microwave transmission
* Television channel frequencies
* UHF
* VHF

Propagation|

* Beam tilt
* Distortion
* Earth bulge
* Field strength in free space
* Knife-edge effect
* Noise (electronics)
* Null fill
* Path loss
* Radiation pattern
* Skew
* Television interference

Testing|

* Distortionmeter
* Field strength meter
* Vectorscope
* VIT signals
* Zero reference pulse

Artifacts|

* Dot crawl
* Ghosting
* Hanover bars
* Sparklies

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