Tick–tock model

Short description: Production model by Intel

Tick–tock was a production model adopted in 2007 by chip manufacturer Intel. Under this model, every new process technology was first used to manufacture a die shrink of a proven microarchitecture (tick), followed by a new microarchitecture on the now-proven process (tock). It was replaced by the process–architecture–optimization model, which was announced in 2016 and is like a tick–tock cycle followed by an optimization phase. More generally, tick–tock is an engineering model which refreshes one half of a binary system each release cycle.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Roadmap
* 2.1 Pentium 4 / Core / Xeon Roadmap
* 2.2 Atom roadmap
* 2.3 Both
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## History

Every "tick" represented a shrinking of the process technology of the previous microarchitecture (with minor changes, commonly to the caches, and rarely introducing new instructions, as with Broadwell in late 2014) and every "tock" designated a new microarchitecture.[1] These occurred roughly every year to 18 months.[1]

Due to the slowing rate of process improvements, in 2014 Intel created a "tock refresh" of a tock in the form of a smaller update to the microarchitecture[2] not considered a new generation in and of itself. In March 2016, Intel announced in a Form 10-K report that it would always do this in future, deprecating the tick–tock cycle in favor of a three-step process–architecture–optimization model, under which three generations of processors are produced under a single manufacturing process, with the third generation out of three focusing on optimization.[3]

After introducing the Skylake architecture on a 14 nm process in 2015, its first optimization was Kaby Lake in 2016. Intel then announced a second optimization, Coffee Lake, in 2017[4] making a total of four generations at 14 nm[5] before the Palm Cove die shrink to 10 nm in 2018.

## Roadmap

### Pentium 4 / Core / Xeon Roadmap

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Pentium 4 / Core / Xeon Roadmap  Change
(step)  | Fabri­cation
process | Micro-
architecture | Code names
for step  | Intel
Generation
Desktop/Mobile  | Intel
Generation
Xeon  | Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Desktop/WS[6][7] | Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Xeon/Server  | Release date  | Processors

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

8P/4P Server  | 4P/2P Server/WS | Embedded Xeon  | 1P Xeon  | Enthusiast/WS | Desktop  | Mobile
Tick
(new fabrica-
tion process) | 65 nm  | P6, NetBurst | Yonah (P6),
Presler (NetBurst),
Cedar Mill (NetBurst)  | N/A  | 1995-11-1 (P6),
2000-11-20 (NetBurst)  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | Presler (NetBurst)  | Cedar Mill (NetBurst)  | Yonah (P6)
Tock
(new micro-
architecture) | Core | Merom[8] | 2006-07-27[9][10] | Tigerton  | Woodcrest
Clovertown  | Kentsfield | Conroe  | Merom
Tick  | 45 nm  | Penryn | 2007-11-11[11] | Dunnington  | Harpertown  | Yorkfield | Wolfdale | Penryn
Tock  | Nehalem | Nehalem | 1  | N/A  | NHM[12] | N/A  | 2008-11-17[13] | Beckton | Gainestown | Lynnfield  | Bloomfield | Lynnfield | Clarksfield
Tick  | 32 nm  | Westmere | 1  | WSM[12] | 2010-01-04[14][15] | Westmere-EX  | Westmere-EP | N/A  | Gulftown | Clarkdale | Arrandale
Tock  | Sandy Bridge | Sandy Bridge | 2  | 1 (E3/E5) | SNB  | JKT (Jaketown)  | 2011-01-09[16] | Skipped[17] | Sandy Bridge-EP | Gladden  | Sandy Bridge  | Sandy Bridge-E  | Sandy Bridge  | Sandy Bridge-M
Tick  | 22 nm[18] | Ivy Bridge  | 3  | 2 (E3/E5/E7) | IVB  | IVT (Ivytown)  | 2012-04-29  | Ivy Bridge-EX[19] | Ivy Bridge-EP[19] | Gladden  | Ivy Bridge  | Ivy Bridge-E[20] | Ivy Bridge  | Ivy Bridge-M
Tock  | Haswell | Haswell | 4  | 3 (E3/E5/E7) | HSW, CRW (Crystal Well)
with Iris Pro[21][22] | HSX  | 2013-06-02  | Haswell-EX  | Haswell-EP  | N/A  | Haswell-DT  | Haswell-E  | Haswell-DT[23] | Haswell-MB (notebooks)
Haswell-LP (ultrabooks)[23]
Refresh  | Haswell Refresh,
Devil's Canyon[24] | N/A  | N/A  | 2014-05-11,
2014-06-02  | No server version released  | Devil's Canyon  | No mobile version released
Tick (Process)  | 14 nm[18] | Broadwell[25] | 5  | 4 (E3/E5/E7) | BDW  | BDX  | 2014-09-05  | Broadwell-EX[26] | Broadwell-EP[26] | Broadwell-DE  | Broadwell-DT  | Broadwell-E | Broadwell-DT  | Broadwell-H
Broadwell-U
Broadwell-Y
Tock (Architecture)  | Skylake[25] | Skylake[25] | 6  | 5 (E3)
1 (SP)
W-2100
W-31xx  | SKL
SKL-S
SKL-X
SKL-H
SKL-U
SKL-Y
SKL-D
SKL-DT  | SKX  | 2015-08-05[27] | Skylake-SP | Skylake-DE  | Skylake-D/DT/H  | Skylake-X | Skylake  | Skylake-H
Skylake-U
Skylake-Y
Optimization
(Refresh)
[3][28][29][30] | Kaby Lake[31] | 7  | 6 (E3) | KBL  | N/A  | 2017-01-03[32] | Only 1P server (Xeon E3) version released  | Kaby Lake-DT/H
cores: 4 (4/8)  | Kaby Lake-X[33] | Kaby Lake | Kaby Lake-H
Kaby Lake-U
Kaby Lake-Y
Kaby Lake R[34][35] | 8  | N/A  | KBL-R  | 2017-08-21[35] | Only mobile version released  | Kaby Lake R
Coffee Lake | 8[36] | E-2100  | CFL
CFL-S
CFL-E
CFL-H
CFL-U  | 2017-10-05[37] | Only 1P server (Xeon E) version released  | Coffee Lake-H | Coffee Lake-S WS (Coffee Lake-E)  | No WS version released  | Coffee Lake-S | Coffee Lake-H
Coffee Lake-U
Whiskey Lake,
Amber Lake[38] | 8  | N/A  | WHL
AML  | 2018-08-28[38] | Only mobile version released  | Whiskey Lake-U
Amber Lake-Y
Skylake (Skylake-X Refresh)  | 9  | ?  | 2018-10-08[39] | Only WS version released  | Skylake X  | Only WS version released
Coffee Lake (Coffee Lake Refresh)  | 9[36] | E-2200  | CFL-R
CFL-ER
CFL-HR  | N/A  | 2018-10-08,[40] 2019-04-23[41] | Only 1P server (Xeon E) version released  | Coffee Lake-S WS (Coffee Lake-ER)  | No WS version released  | Coffee Lake-R | Coffee Lake-H Refresh
Cascade Lake | 10  | 2 (SP)
W-2200
W-3200  | CSL  | CXL  | 2019-04-02[42] | Cascade Lake-SP | Cascade Lake-AP | N/A  | Cascade Lake-W
Cascade Lake-X | Only server / WS version released
Comet Lake,[43] Amber Lake  | 10  | N/A  | CML
AML  | N/A  | 2019-08-21[43] | No server version released  | Comet Lake-W | Comet Lake-S | Comet Lake-H
Comet Lake-U
Amber Lake-Y
Cascade Lake (Cascade Lake Refresh)  | N/A  | 2 (SP) | N/A  | ?  | 2020-02-24[44] | Cascade Lake R  | Only server version released
Cooper Lake  | N/A  | 3 (SP) | N/A  | CPL
CPL-SP  | 2020-06-18[45] | Cooper Lake-SP  | Only 8P/4P server version released
Architecture  | Cypress Cove[46] | Rocket Lake[46] | 11  | E-2300  | RKL  | N/A  | 2021-03-30[47] | N/A  | Rocket Lake-E | Rocket Lake-W | Rocket Lake-S | N/A
Process  | 10 nm | Palm Cove  | Cannon Lake  | 8  | N/A  | CNL  | 2018-05-16[48] | Only mobile version released  | Cannon Lake-U
Architecture  | Sunny Cove  | Ice Lake[49] | 10  | 3 (SP) | ICL  | ICX[50]
ICL-SP[50] | 2019-08-01[51] | N/A  | Ice Lake-SP (2021-04-06)[50] | Ice Lake-D (April 2021)  | N/A  | Ice Lake-U
Ice Lake-Y
Optimization[30] | Willow Cove | Tiger Lake[30] | 11  | N/A  | TGL  | N/A  | 2020-09-02[52] | Only mobile version released  | Tiger Lake-H35
Tiger Lake-UP3
Tiger Lake-UP4
Architecture  | Intel 7 | Golden Cove | Alder Lake | 12  | ADL  | 2021-11-04  | No server / WS version released  | Alder Lake-S | Alder Lake-HX
Alder Lake-H
Alder Lake-P
Alder Lake-U
Sapphire Rapids[53] | N/A  | 4 (SP)
W-2400
W-3400  | N/A  | SPR  | 2023-01-10  | Sapphire Rapids-SP | Sapphire Rapids-HBM
Sapphire Rapids-SP  | N/A  | Sapphire Rapids-WS | Only server / WS version released
Optimization  | Raptor Cove  | Raptor Lake | 13  | N/A  | RPL  | N/A  | 2022-10-20  | No server / WS version released  | Raptor Lake-S | Raptor Lake-HX
Raptor Lake-H
Raptor Lake-P
Raptor Lake-U
Raptor Lake[54] (Raptor Lake Refresh)  | 14  | E-2400  | RPL-R  | 2023-10-17  | Only 1P server (Xeon E) version released  | Raptor Lake-E | N/A  | Raptor Lake-S Refresh | N/A
N/A  | 2024-01-08  | Mobile processors refreshed  | Raptor Lake-HX Refresh
Core Series 1  | Raptor Lake-U Refresh
Emerald Rapids | N/A  | Xeon 5
(SP) | N/A  | EMR  | 2023-12-14  | Emerald Rapids-SP | Only server version released
Tick  | Intel 4[55] | Redwood Cove  | Meteor Lake[56] | Core Ultra (Series 1)  | N/A  | MTL  | N/A  | 2023-12-14  | Only mobile version released  | Meteor Lake-S
Meteor Lake-PS  | Meteor Lake-H
Meteor Lake-U
Tick  | Intel 3 | Granite Rapids[57] | N/A  | Xeon 6 (SP) | N/A  | GNR  | 2024-09-24[58] | N/A  | Granite Rapids-AP | N/A  | Only server / WS version released
2025 Q1[58][59] | Granite Rapids-SP
2025[60] | N/A  | Granite Rapids-D
Tick  | Intel 20A  | Lion Cove | Arrow Lake[61] | 15 (informally)
Core Ultra 200S
Core Ultra (Series 2)  | N/A  | ARL  | N/A  | 2024-10-03  | No server / WS version released  | Arrow Lake-S
Arrow Lake-SK  | N/A
Core Ultra 200H
Core Ultra 200HX
Intel Core Ultra H & HX Series[62] | 2025 Q1[62] | Arrow Lake-R
Arrow Lake-K
Arrow Lake-KF  | Arrow Lake-HX
Arrow Lake-H
Tick  | Intel 18A  | Lunar Lake | Core Ultra 200V
Core Ultra (Series 2)  | N/A  | LNL  | N/A  | 2024-09-03  | Only mobile version released  | Lunar Lake-V
Lunar Lake-MX
Change
(step)  | Fabri­cation
process | Micro-
architecture | Code names
for step  | Intel
Generation
Desktop  | Intel
Generation
Xeon  | Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Desktop/WS[6][7] | Intel Microcode
shortcut(s)
Xeon/Server  | Release date  | 8P/4P Server  | 4P/2P Server/WS | Embedded Xeon  | 1P Xeon  | Enthusiast/WS | Desktop  | Mobile
Processors

### Atom roadmap

With Silvermont Intel tried to start tick-tock in Atom architecture but problems with the 10 nm process prevented it.

In the table below instead of tick-tock steps Process-Architecture-Optimization are used. There is no official confirmation that Intel uses Process-Architecture-Optimization for Atom, but it enables us to understand what changes happened in each generation.

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Atom roadmap[63] Change  | Fabri­cation
process | Micro-
architecture
(Abbr.)[12] | Code names
for step  | Release
date  | Processors/SoCs

|
|
|
|
|

MID, Smartphone  | Tablet  | Netbook  | Nettop  | Embedded  | Server  | CE
Process / Architecture  | 45 nm  | Bonnell (BNL)  | Bonnell | 2008  | Silverthorne  | N/A  | Diamondville  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
Optimization  | Bonnell | 2010  | Lincroft  | Pineview  | Tunnel Creek
Stellarton  | N/A  | Sodaville
Groveland
Process  | 32 nm  | Saltwell  | 2011  | Medfield (Penwell & Lexington) & Clover Trail+ (Cloverview)  | Clover Trail (Cloverview)  | Cedar Trail (Cedarview)  | N/A  | Centerton & Briarwood  | Berryville
Process / Architecture  | 22 nm  | Silvermont (SLM)  | Silvermont | 2013  | Merrifield (Tangier)[64] & Moorefield (Anniedale)[65] & Slayton  | Bay Trail-T
(Valleyview)  | Bay Trail-M
(Valleyview)  | Bay Trail-D
(Valleyview)  | Bay Trail-I
(Valleyview)  | Avoton
Rangeley  | Unknown
Process  | 14 nm[63] | Airmont  | 2014  | Binghamton & Riverton  | Cherry Trail-T (Cherryview)[66] | Braswell[67] | Denverton
Cancelled | Unknown
Architecture  | Goldmont[68]
(GLM)  | Goldmont | 2016  | Broxton  Cancelled | Broxton  Cancelled
Apollo Lake  | Apollo Lake  | Apollo Lake  | Unknown  | Denverton  | Unknown
Architecture  | Goldmont Plus
(GLM+, GLP)  | Goldmont Plus | 2017  | Unknown  | Gemini Lake  | Gemini Lake  | Gemini Lake  | Unknown  | Unknown  | Unknown
Optimization  | Goldmont Plus | 2019  | Unknown  | Gemini Lake Refresh  | Gemini Lake Refresh  | Gemini Lake Refresh  | Unknown  | Unknown  | Unknown
Process / Architecture  | 10 nm | Tremont | Tremont | 2020  | Unknown  | Jasper Lake  | Jasper Lake  | Jasper Lake  | Elkhart Lake  | Snow Ridge  | Unknown
Architecture  | Intel 7 | Gracemont | Gracemont | 2021  | Unknown  | Unknown  | Alder Lake & Raptor Lake (hybrid)  | Unknown  | Unknown
Process / Architecture  | Intel 4  | Crestmont  | Crestmont  | 2023  | Unknown  | Unknown  | Meteor Lake[69] (hybrid)  | Sierra Forest-SP
Sierra Forest-AP | Unknown

Note: There is further the Xeon Phi. It has up to now undergone four development steps with a current top model that got the code name Knights Landing (shortcut: KNL;[12] the predecessor code names all had the leading term Knights in their name) that is derived from the Silvermont architecture as used for the Intel Atom series but realized in a shrunk 14 nm (FinFET) technology.[70] In 2018, Intel announced that Knights Landing and all further Xeon Phi CPU models were discontinued.[71] However, Intel's Sierra Forest and subsequent Atom-based Xeon CPUs are likely a spiritual successor to Xeon Phi.

### Both

* v
* t
* e

Intel CPU core roadmaps from P6 to Tiger Lake

| Atom (ULV) |  | Feature size |  | x86 |

|
|
|
|
|

Microarchi. | Step | Microarchi. | Step
| 600 nm | P6 | Pentium Pro
(133 MHz)
500 nm | Pentium Pro
(150 MHz)
350 nm | Pentium Pro
(166–200 MHz)
Klamath
250 nm | Deschutes
Katmai |  | NetBurst |
180 nm | Coppermine | Willamette
130 nm | Tualatin | Northwood
Banias |  | NetBurst(HT) |  | NetBurst(×2)
90 nm | Dothan | Prescott | ⇨ | Prescott‑2M | ⇨ | Smithfield
~~Tejas~~ | -> | ⇩ | -> | ~~Cedarmill (Tejas)~~
65 nm | Yonah | ~~Nehalem (NetBurst)~~ |  | Cedar Mill | ⇨ | Presler
Core | Merom | (x86-64) DDR2 \+ DDR3, 4 cores on mainstream desktop
Bonnell | Bonnell | 45 nm | Penryn |
Nehalem | Nehalem | HT reintroduced, integrated MC, PCH,
L3-cache introduced, 256KiB L2-cache/core, DDR3
Saltwell | 32 nm | Westmere | GPU on same package in 45nm, AES-NI introduced
Sandy Bridge | Sandy Bridge | on-die ring bus, GPU on die, no more non-UEFI motherboards, DDR3
Silvermont | Silvermont | 22 nm | Ivy Bridge |
Haswell | Haswell | FIVR, DDR3 \+ DDR3L
Airmont | 14 nm | Broadwell |
Skylake | Skylake | DDR3L \+ DDR4
Goldmont | Goldmont | Kaby Lake |
Coffee Lake | DDR4, 6 cores on mainstream desktop
Amber Lake |
Goldmont Plus | Whiskey Lake |
Coffee Lake Refresh | 8 cores on mainstream desktop
Comet Lake | 10 cores on mainstream desktop
Rocket Lake |
Tremont | Tremont | 10 nm | Cannon Lake |  | Hybrid
Sunny Cove | Ice Lake | 512KiB L2-cache/core | Lakefield
Gracemont | Willow Cove | Tiger Lake | Xe graphics engine |
Golden Cove | ? |  |

* ~~Strike-through~~ indicates cancelled processors
* Bold names are the microarchitecture names
* Italic names are future processors

* v
* t
* e

Intel processors

Discontinued

BCD oriented (4-bit)|

* 4004 (1971)
* 4040 (1974)

pre-x86 (8-bit)|

* 8008 (1972)
* 8080 (1974)
* 8085 (1977)

Early x86 (16-bit)|

* 8086 (1978)
* 8088 (1979)
* 80186 (1982)
* 80188 (1982)
* 80286 (1982)

x87 (external FPUs)|

8/16-bit databus
8087 (1980)
16-bit databus
80187
80287
80387SX
32-bit databus
80387DX
80487

IA-32 (32-bit)|

* 80386
* SX
* 376
* EX
* 80486
* SX
* DX2
* DX4
* SL
* RapidCAD
* OverDrive
* A100/A110
* Celeron (1998)
* M
* D (2004)
* Pentium
* Original P5
* OverDrive
* Pro
* II
* II OverDrive
* III
* 4
* M
* Dual-Core
* some Core
* Solo
* Duo
* Tolapai

x86-64 (64-bit)|

* Celeron
* D
* Dual-Core
* Pentium
* 4
* D
* Extreme Edition
* Dual-Core
* some Core
* 2
* some i7

Other|

CISC
iAPX 432
Itanium
RISC
i860
i960
StrongARM
XScale

Current

IA-32 (32-bit)|

* Atom
* CE
* SoC
* Quark

x86-64 (64-bit)|

* Atom
* CE
* SoC
* Celeron
* Pentium
* Core
* i3
* i5
* i7
* i9
* M
* Xeon
* E3
* E5
* E7
* D
* Phi

Lists

* Celeron
* Pentium
* Pro
* II
* III
* 4
* D
* M
* Core
* Core
* 2
* i3
* i5
* i7
* i9
* M
* Atom
* Xeon
* Itanium

Related

* Tick–tock model
* Chipsets
* GPUs
* GMA
* HD and Iris Graphics
* PCHs
* SCHs
* ICHs
* PIIXs
* Stratix
* Codenames

Microarchitectures

x86|

| P5|

800 nm

600 nm
P54C
350 nm
P54CS
P55C
250 nm
Tillamook

|

P6, Pentium M,
Enhanced Pentium M|

500 nm

350 nm

Klamath
250 nm
Mendocino
Dixon
Tonga
Covington
Deschutes
Katmai
Drake
Tanner
180 nm
Coppermine
Coppermine T
Timna
Cascades
130 nm
Tualatin
Banias
90 nm
Dothan
Stealey
Tolapai
Canmore
65 nm
Yonah
Sossaman

NetBurst|

180 nm
Willamette
Foster
130 nm
Northwood
Gallatin
Prestonia
90 nm
Tejas and Jayhawk
Prescott
Smithfield
Nocona
Irwindale
Cranford
Potomac
Paxville
65 nm
Cedar Mill
Presler
Dempsey
Tulsa

Core|

65 nm
Merom-L
Merom
Conroe-L
Allendale
Conroe
Kentsfield
Woodcrest
Clovertown
Tigerton

45 nm
Penryn
Penryn-QC
Wolfdale
Yorkfield
Wolfdale-DP
Harpertown
Dunnington

Nehalem|

45 nm
Auburndale
Beckton (Nehalem-EX)
Bloomfield
Clarksfield
Gainestown (Nehalem-EP)
Havendale
Jasper Forest
Lynnfield

32 nm
Arrandale
Clarkdale
Gulftown (Westmere-EP)
Westmere-EX

Sandy Bridge|

32 nm
Sandy Bridge
Sandy Bridge-E
Gladden

22 nm
Ivy Bridge
Ivy Bridge-EP
Ivy Bridge-EX

Haswell|

22 nm
Haswell

14 nm
Broadwell

Skylake|

14 nm
Skylake
Kaby Lake (Amber Lake • Whiskey Lake)
Coffee Lake
Cascade Lake
Comet Lake

Palm Cove|

10 nm
Cannon Lake

Sunny Cove|

14 nm
Cooper Lake

10 nm
Ice Lake

Willow Cove|

14 nm
Rocket Lake

10 nm
Tiger Lake
Sapphire Rapids

Golden Cove|

7 nm
Alder Lake
Granite Rapids

Atom|

| Bonnell
Saltwell|

45 nm
Silverthorne
Diamondville
Pineview
Lincroft
Tunnel Creek
Stellarton
Sodaville
Groveland

32 nm
Cedarview
Penwell
Cloverview
Berryville
Centerton

|

Silvermont
Airmont|

22 nm
Valleyview
Tangier
Anniedale

14 nm
Cherryview

Goldmont|

14 nm
Goldmont
Goldmont Plus

Tremont|

10 nm
Tremont
Gracemont

## See also

* List of Intel CPU microarchitectures
* Speculative execution CPU vulnerabilities

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Intel tick–tock model". Intel Corporation. http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/silicon-innovations/intel-tick-tock-model-general.html. "A yearly product cadence moves the industry forward in a predictable fashion that can be planned in advance."
2. ↑ Mujtab, Hassan (2014-03-20). "Intel Haswell Refresh Processors Codenamed Devil's Canyon - Launching in Mid 2014 With Unlocked Design and Improved TIM". Wccftech.com. http://wccftech.com/intel-haswell-refresh-processors-codenamed-devils-canyon-launching-mid-2014-unlocked-design-improved-tim/.TIM&rft.jtitle=Wccftech.com&rft.aulast=Mujtab&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft.au=Mujtab, Hassan&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft_id=http://wccftech.com/intel-haswell-refresh-processors-codenamed-devils-canyon-launching-mid-2014-unlocked-design-improved-tim/&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Engineering:Tick–tock_model">
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cutress, Ian (22 March 2016). "Intel's 'Tick–Tock' Seemingly Dead, Becomes 'Process–Architecture–Optimization'". Anandtech.com. http://www.anandtech.com/show/10183/intels-tick-tock-seemingly-dead-becomes-process-architecture-optimization.
4. ↑ Intel News... (official) [@intelnews]. "8th Gen Intel Core on the 2017 roadmap. Better every year at #Intel.". https://twitter.com/intelnews/status/829773829471744000. Missing or empty `|date=` (help)
5. ↑ "Intel's 8th-gen 'Coffee Lake' chips reuse 14nm process as other Core CPUs ease into new tech". PC World. http://www.pcworld.com/article/3168827/components-processors/intels-8th-gen-coffee-lake-chips-reuse-14nm-process-as-other-core-cpus-ease-into-new-tech.html.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Intel Releases Linux CPU Microcodes To fix Meltdown & Spectre Bugs by Lawrence Abrams on January 11, 2018
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Linux* Processor Microcode Data File Version 20180312 on 3/12/2018
8. ↑ Crothers, Brooke (2009-02-10). "Intel moves up rollout of new chips | Nanotech - The Circuits Blog". http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-10160673-64.html.
9. ↑ "Intel CEO: Latest Platforms, Processors Form New Foundations For Digital Entertainment And Wireless Computing". Intel Corporation. http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/20060105corp.htm.
10. ↑ "Intel Unveils World's Best Processor". Intel.com (Press release). Intel Corporation.
11. ↑ "Intel Unveils 16 Next-Generation Processors, Including First Notebook Chips Built on 45nm Technology". Intel.com (Press release). Intel Corporation. January 7, 2008.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "X86 / Amd64 library". 25 October 2021. https://github.com/gz/rust-x86/blob/master/x86data/perfmon_data/mapfile.csv.
13. ↑ "Intel Launches Fastest Processor on the Planet". Intel.com (Press release). Intel Corporation. November 17, 2008.
14. ↑ Bohr, Mark (February 10, 2009). "Intel 32nm Technology". Intel Corporation. http://download.intel.com/pressroom/kits/32nm/westmere/Mark_Bohr_32nm.pdf.
15. ↑ "Revolutionizing How We Use Technology—Today and Beyond". Logic Technology Development, Intel Corporation. http://www.intel.com/technology/architecture-silicon/32nm/index.htm.
16. ↑ Crothers, Brooke (November 15, 2010). "Intel Sandy Bridge chip coming January 5". http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-20022893-64.html.
17. ↑ Pop, Sebastian (April 9, 2012). "Intel Ivy Bridge CPU Range Complete by Next Year". http://news.softpedia.com/news/Intel-Ivy-Bridge-CPU-Range-Complete-by-Next-Year-263451.shtml.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Bohr, Mark; Mistry, Kaizad (May 2011). "Intel's Revolutionary 22 nm Transistor Technology". Intel Corporation. http://download.intel.com/newsroom/kits/22nm/pdfs/22nm-Details_Presentation.pdf.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Novakovic, Nebojsa (April 9, 2012). "Ivy Bridge EP and EX coming up in a year's time – the multi-socket platform heaven". VR Zone AP Pte. Ltd.. http://vr-zone.com/articles/ivy-bridge-ep-and-ex-coming-up-in-a-year-s-time--the-multi-socket-platform-heaven/15488.html.
20. ↑ Knight, Shawn (March 19, 2012). "Ivy Bridge-E Delayed Until Second Half of 2013". http://www.techspot.com/news/47849-ivy-bridge-e-delayed-until-second-half-of-2013.html.
21. ↑ Products formerly Crystal Well at Intel web page
22. ↑ What is Crystalwell? by Matt Egan on OCT 31, 2013 at macworld.com
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Leaked specifications of Haswell GT1/GT2/GT3 IGP". 2012-05-20. http://technewspedia.com/leaked-specifications-of-haswell-gt1gt2gt3-igp.
24. ↑ "Intel Core i7-4790K: Devils Canyon mit bis zu 4,4 GHz, ohne verlöteten Deckel" (in de). June 3, 2014. http://www.golem.de/news/intel-core-i7-4790k-devils-canyon-mit-bis-zu-4-4-ghz-aber-ohne-verloeteten-deckel-1406-106846.html.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Demerjian, Charlie (March 31, 2011). "After Intel's Haswell comes Broadwell". Stone Arch Networking Services, Inc.. http://semiaccurate.com/2011/03/31/after-intels-haswell-comes-broadwell-sk/.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Shilov, Anton (August 21, 2015). "Intel to release 22-core Xeon E5 v4 'Broadwell-EP' late in 2015". http://www.kitguru.net/components/cpu/anton-shilov/intel-to-release-22-core-xeon-e5-v4-broadwell-ep-late-in-2015-company/.
27. ↑ Carey, Gabe (July 7, 2015). "The wait for Skylake is almost over, first desktop chips likely to hit August 5". http://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/unlocked-intel-skylake-s-processors-reportedly-coming-august-5th/.
28. ↑ "Intel 14nm Kaby Lake "Skylake Refresh" Platform Detailed – Launching in 2H 2016, 256 MB eDRAM H-Series and 91W K-Series Unveiled". July 2015. http://wccftech.com/intel-14nm-kaby-lake-haswell-refresh-platform-detailed-launching-2h-2016-256-mb-edram-hseries-91w-kseries-unveiled/. "The Kaby Lake platform will be similar to Skylake platform that launches this year and will act as a platform refresher"
29. ↑ "Intel Releasing 14nm Kaby Lake Processor in 2016 Ahead of 10nm Cannonlake". 2015-07-08. http://www.legitreviews.com/intel-releasing-14nm-kaby-lake-processor-in-2016-ahead-of-10nm-cannonlake_168841/. "We have long known that Intel was planning a 'Skylake Refresh' that has always been on the roadmap between Skylake and Cannonlake, but it appears that refresh might be going by the code name Kaby lake now."
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Mujtaba, Hassan (January 20, 2016). "Intel's Cannonlake CPUs To Be Succeeded By 10nm Ice Lake Family in 2018 and 10nm Tiger Lake Family in 2019". WCCFTech.com. http://wccftech.com/intel-10nm-cannonlake-ice-lake-tiger-lake-cpu/.
31. ↑ Bright, Peter (July 15, 2015). "Intel confirms tick–tock shattering Kaby Lake processor as Moore's Law falters". https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/07/intel-confirms-tick-tock-shattering-kaby-lake-processor-as-moores-law-falters/. "the switch to 10nm manufacturing has been delayed until the second half of 2017."
32. ↑ Walton, Jarred (January 4, 2017). "Intel's Kaby Lake: Everything you need to know". http://www.pcgamer.com/intels-kaby-lake-everything-you-need-to-know/. "Today marks the official launch date of the desktop S-series 7th Generation Core processors..."
33. ↑ "Intel Core X-series Processors Product Specifications". Intel ARK (Product Specs). https://ark.intel.com/products/series/123588/Intel-Core-X-series-Processors.
34. ↑ Products formerly Kaby Lake R
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Ngo, Allen (August 21, 2017). "Intel Core i5-8250U, i5-8350U, i7-8550U, and i7-8650U Kaby Lake-R series launches today". https://www.notebookcheck.net/Intel-Core-i5-8250U-i5-8350U-i7-8550U-and-i7-8650U-Kaby-Lake-R-series-launches-today.241768.0.html. "Intel Core i5-8250U, i5-8350U, i7-8550U, and i7-8650U Kaby Lake-R launches today (Source: Intel)"
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Products formerly Coffee Lake". https://ark.intel.com/products/codename/97787/Coffee-Lake.
37. ↑ "Intel Unveils the 8th Gen Intel Core Processor Family for Desktop, Featuring Intel's Best Gaming Processor Ever | Intel Newsroom". Intel Newsroom. https://newsroom.intel.com/news-releases/intel-unveils-8th-gen-intel-core-processor-family-desktop/.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "New 8th Gen Intel Core Processors Optimize Connectivity, Great Performance, Battery Life for Laptops | Intel Newsroom". Intel Newsroom. https://newsroom.intel.com/news/new-8th-gen-intel-core-processors-optimized-connectivity-great-performance-long-battery-life-laptops/.
39. ↑ Cutress, Ian (8 October 2018). "Intel's Basin Falls Skylake-X Refresh: Core i9-9980XE with up to 15% Better Power Efficiency". AnandTech. https://www.anandtech.com/show/13402/intel-basin-falls-refresh-core-i9-9980xe.
40. ↑ Alcorn, Paul (October 8, 2018). "Intel Announces 9th Generation Core CPUs, Eight-Core Core i9-9900K" (in en-US). Tom's Hardware. https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-9th-generation-coffee-lake-refresh,37898.html.
41. ↑ Cutress, Ian (23 April 2019). "Intel 9th Gen Core Processors: All the Desktop and Mobile 45W CPUs Announced". AnandTech. https://www.anandtech.com/show/14256/intel-9th-gen-core-processors-all-the-desktop-and-mobile-45w-cpus-announced.
42. ↑ Cutress, Ian (2 April 2019). "Intel's Enterprise Extravaganza 2019: Launching Cascade Lake, Optane DCPMM, Agilex FPGAs, 100G Ethernet, and Xeon D-1600". AnandTech. https://www.anandtech.com/show/14155/intels-enterprise-extravaganza-2019-roundup.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Intel Expands 10th Gen Intel Core Mobile Processor Family, Offering Double Digit Performance Gains" (in en-US). https://newsroom.intel.com/news/intel-expands-10th-gen-intel-core-mobile-processor-family-offering-double-digit-performance-gains/.
44. ↑ Alcorn, Paul (2020-02-24). "Intel Xeon Refresh: New Cascade Lake Refresh CPUs up to 60 Percent Cheaper Per Core" (in en). https://www.tomshardware.com/news/intel-xeon-refresh-new-cascade-lake-refresh-cpus-up-to-60-percent-cheaper-per-core.
45. ↑ Cutress, Ian. "Intel Launches Cooper Lake: 3rd Generation Xeon Scalable for 4P/8P Servers". AnandTech. https://www.anandtech.com/show/15862/intel-launches-cooper-lake-3rd-generation-xeon-scalable-for-4p8p-servers.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Intel Previews 11th Gen Core Rocket Lake: Core i9-11900K and Z590, Coming Q1". 2021-01-11. https://www.anandtech.com/show/16390/intel-previews-11th-gen-core-rocket-lake-core-i911900k-and-z590-coming-q1.
47. ↑ "11th Gen Intel Core: Unmatched Overclocking, Game Performance" (in en-US). https://simplecore.intel.com/newsroom/news/11th-gen-intel-core-unmatched-performance/.
48. ↑ Tyson, Mark. "Intel Core i3-8121U 10nm processor hits ARK database". https://hexus.net/tech/news/cpu/118217-intel-core-i3-8121u-10nm-processor-hits-ark-database/.
49. ↑ Eassa, Ashraf (January 18, 2016). "What's the Name of Intel's Third 10-Nanometer Chip? This Fool has learned the code name of the follow-on to Intel's Icelake processor.". http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2016/01/18/what-is-the-name-of-intels-third-10-nanometer-chip.aspx.
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Frumusanu, Andrei (6 April 2021). "Intel 3rd Gen Xeon Scalable (Ice Lake SP) Review: Generationally Big, Competitively Small". Future plc. https://www.anandtech.com/show/16594/intel-3rd-gen-xeon-scalable-review. "Intel's messaging with its new Ice Lake Xeon Scalable (ICX or ICL-SP) steers away from simple single core or multicore performance, ..."
51. ↑ "Intel Launches First 10th Gen Intel Core Processors: Redefining the Next Era of Laptop Experiences". https://newsroom.intel.com/news/intel-launches-first-10th-gen-intel-core-processors-redefining-next-era-laptop-experiences/.
52. ↑ "Intel Launches World's Best Processor for Thin-and-Light Laptops: 11th Gen Intel Core". https://newsroom.intel.com/news-releases/11th-gen-tiger-lake-evo/.
53. ↑ "Intel Confirms 10nm Ice Lake Xeon Production Has Started". https://www.anandtech.com/show/16380/intel-confirms-10nm-ice-lake-xeon-production-has-started.
54. ↑ "Products formerly Raptor Lake". https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/codename/215599/products-formerly-raptor-lake.html.
55. ↑ Tyson, Mark (2012-05-15). "Intel currently developing 14nm, aiming towards 5nm chips". http://hexus.net/tech/news/cpu/39381-intel-currently-developing-14nm-aiming-towards-5nm-chips/.
56. ↑ James, Dave (2021-03-23). "Meteor Lake, Intel's first 7nm CPU, to tape in before July this year and release in 2023" (in en-US). https://www.pcgamer.com/intel-meteor-lake-tape-/.
57. ↑ "Intel reveals the design of Alder Lake, Sapphire Rapids, Meteor Lake and Granite Rapids CPUs" (in en-US). https://videocardz.com/newz/intel-reveals-the-design-of-alder-lake-sapphire-rapids-meteor-lake-and-granite-rapids-cpus.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Alcorn, Paul (24 September 2024). "Intel Launches Granite Rapids Xeon 6900P series with 128 cores — matches AMD EPYC's core counts for the first time since 2017". Tom's Hardware. https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/cpus/intel-launches-granite-rapids-xeon-6900p-series-with-120-cores-matches-amd-epycs-core-counts-for-the-first-time-since-2017. "Intel announced the on-time launch of its high-performance [Xeon 6] 'Granite Rapids' 6900P-series models today, with five new models spanning from 72 cores up to 128 cores, ... Intel will launch the more general-purpose P-core Xeon 6 models with 86 or fewer cores in the first quarter of 2025 (more info below). ... Intel's Xeon 6700P [sic?] series launches today worldwide, and the follow-on models come in Q1 2025. ..."
59. ↑ Mann, Tobass (24 September 2024). "With Granite Rapids, Intel is back to trading blows with AMD". The Register. https://www.theregister.com/2024/09/24/intel_xeon_6p/. "... With the launch of its Granite Rapids Xeons on Tuesday [24 September 2024], Intel is finally closing the gap ... Its 6700P-series parts, due out early next year, will feature up to two compute dies on board sporting up to 86 cores and a maximum of eight memory channels. ... The remainder of Intel's Xeon 6 roadmap, including its monster 288 E-core 6900E processors and four and eight-socket-capable 6700P parts, won't arrive until early next year. ..."
60. ↑ Labarel, Michael (2024-02-26). "Intel Xeon D "Granite Rapids-D" Processors Coming In 2025". Phoronix. https://www.phoronix.com/news/Intel-Granite-Rapids-D-2025. "Intel confirmed at their MWC 2024 briefings that Granite Rapids D will debut in 2025 as the successor to Ice Lake D for Xeon D edge processors. ..."
61. ↑ "Intel Client & Server CPU Roadmap Updates: Meteor Lake In 2023, 20A & 18A Powered Xeons & Core Chips Beyond 2024". 17 February 2022. https://wccftech.com/intel-client-server-cpu-roadmap-updates-meteor-lake-in-2023-20a-18a-powered-xeons-core-chips-beyond-2024/.
62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 WhyCry (October 10, 2024). "Intel confirms Core Ultra 200H and 200HX mobile series launching in Q1 2025". VideoCardz. https://videocardz.com/newz/intel-confirms-core-ultra-200h-and-200hx-mobile-series-launching-in-q1-2025.
63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Lal Shimpi, Anand (May 6, 2013). "Intel's Silvermont Architecture Revealed: Getting Serious About Mobile". http://www.anandtech.com/show/6936/intels-silvermont-architecture-revealed-getting-serious-about-mobile.
64. ↑ Hiroshige, Goto. "Intel Products for Tablets & SmartPhones". http://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/video/pcw/docs/569/575/p2.pdf.
65. ↑ "Import Data and Price of Anniedale". https://www.zauba.com/import-anniedale-hs-code.html.
66. ↑ Kazuaki Kasahara (November 30, 2012). "アウトオブオーダーと最新プロセスを採用する今後のAtom" (in ja). http://pc.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/column/ubiq/20121130_576105.html.
67. ↑ "Products (Formerly Braswell)". Intel Corporation. http://ark.intel.com/products/codename/66094/Braswell#@All.
68. ↑ Smith, Ryan; Cutress, Ian (29 April 2016). "Intel's Changing Future: Smartphone SoCs Broxton & SoFIA Officially Canceled". http://www.anandtech.com/show/10288/intel-broxton-sofia-smartphone-socs-cancelled.
69. ↑ James, Dave (2021-03-23). "Meteor Lake, Intel's first 7nm CPU, to tape in before July this year and release in 2023" (in en-US). https://www.pcgamer.com/intel-meteor-lake-tape-/.
70. ↑ Intel veröffentlicht Xeon Phi mit bis zu 7 Teraflops
71. ↑ "Product Change Notification 116378 - 00". https://qdms.intel.com/dm/i.aspx/9C54A9A7-BF37-4496-B268-BD2746EA54D3/PCN116378-00.pdf.

## External links

* "Intel Tick–Tock Model of Architecture & Silicon Cadence". Intel Corporation. http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/silicon-innovations/intel-tick-tock-model-general.html.
* Intel Tick–Tock Model at IDF 2009, Anandtech.com
* "Intel Tick–Tock Model at IDF 2011" (PDF). Intel Corporation. p. 21. http://download.intel.com/newsroom/kits/idf/2011_fall/pdfs/Kirk_Skaugen_DCSG_MegaBriefing.pdf#page=21.

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