Timeline of hypertext technology

Short description: None

This article presents a timeline of hypertext technology, including "hypermedia" and related human–computer interaction projects and developments from ancient times and up to the present day. The term hypertext is credited to the author and philosopher Ted Nelson.

See also Graphical user interface, Multimedia; also Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine's Mundaneum, a massively cross-referenced card index system established in 1910.

## Contents

* 1 700 BCE–600 CE
* 2 1930s
* 3 1940s
* 4 1960s
* 5 1970s
* 6 1980s
* 7 1990s
* 8 2000s

## 700 BCE–600 CE

* 700 BCE–300 CE
* Ramayana

* 300 BCE–400 CE
* Mahabharata

* 300–600 CE
* Talmud

## 1930s

* 1939
* James Joyce's "Finnegans Wake"

## 1940s

* 1941
* Jorge Luis Borges' "The Garden of Forking Paths"
* 1945
* Memex (concept by Vannevar Bush)

## 1960s

* 1960
* Project Xanadu (concept)
* 1962
* Marshall McLuhan's The Gutenberg Galaxy uses the term surfing
* 1967
* Hypertext Editing System (HES) by Andries van Dam and Ted Nelson at Brown University
* 1968
* FRESS (File Retrieval and Editing System, successor to HES)
* NLS (oN-Line System)

## 1970s

* 1972
* ZOG
* 1973
* Xerox Alto desktop
* 1976
* PROMIS
* 1978
* Aspen Movie Map
* 1979
* PERQ

## 1980s

* 1980
* ENQUIRE (not released)
* 1981
* Electronic Document System (EDS, aka Document Presentation System)
* Kussmaul Encyclopedia
* Xerox Star desktop
* 1982
* Guide
* 1983
* Knowledge Management System (KMS, successor to ZOG)
* TIES (The Interactive Encyclopedia System, later HyperTies)
* 1984
* NoteCards
* 1985
* Intermedia (successor to FRESS and EDS)
* Symbolics Document Examiner (Symbolics workstations)
* Grolier Academic American Encyclopedia CD-ROM Edition
* 1986
* Texinfo
* TextNet (a network-based approach to text handling)
* Neptune (a hypertext system for CAD applications)
* 1987
* Macromedia Authorware
* Canon Cat ("Leap" function, interface)
* HyperCard
* Knowledge Navigator (concept described by former Apple Computer CEO John Sculley in his book Odyssey)
* Storyspace
* 1988
* Microcosm (hypermedia system) (University of Southampton)
* 1989
* Macromedia Director
* Information Management: a proposal, Tim Berners-Lee, CERN

## 1990s

* 1990
* DynaText
* World Wide Web
* Hyperland (BBC documentary written by Douglas Adams)
* ToolBook
* HyTelnet
* WinHelp
* 1991
* Gopher
* AmigaGuide
* 1995
* Wiki
* 1996
* Hyperwire (Kinetix)
* 1998
* Everything2
* XML
* 1999
* RSS

## 2000s

* 2001
* Wikipedia
* 2005
* Atom (web standard)
* 2014
* OpenXanadu, an implementation of Project Xanadu
* 2019
* Gemini, a lightweight complement to the Web

* v
* t
* e

Hypermedia

Basics|

* Hypertext
* Hyperlink
* Hypertext fiction
* Hypervideo
* Adaptive hypermedia
* educational
* authoring
* Hyperlinks in virtual worlds

Resource identifiers|

* Uniform resource identifier
* Internationalized resource identifier
* Uniform resource name
* Uniform resource locator
* Extensible resource identifier
* Persistent uniform resource locator
* Semantic URL

Concepts|

* anchor text
* click path
* Domain name
* click here
* Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing
* deep linking
* Fat link
* Fragment identifier
* Hostname
* Hypertext
* Inline linking
* inbound link/backlink
* HTTP referer
* image map
* Internal link
* Internet bookmark
* linkback
* Link relation
* Link rot
* Object hyperlinking
* Path
* Screen hotspot
* Source tracking
* transclusion
* URI scheme
* URL normalization
* URL redirection
* Website
* Web page
* XML namespace

Technology|

* CURIE
* Hypertext Transfer Protocol
* XLink

See also|

* Digital poetry
* History of hypertext
* Interactive novel
* Interactive fiction
* Timeline of hypertext technology
* Copyright aspects of hyperlinking and framing
* World Wide Web
* Domain Application Protocol

* v
* t
* e

Timelines of computing

Computing|

* before 1950
* 1950–1979
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s

Software|

| Open-source software|

* 1970s
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s
* 2020s

|

Programming languages|

Hypertext technology|

Operating systems|

* DOS family
* Windows
* Linux

Virtualization development|

Malware|

Computer science|

* Artificial intelligence
* Quantum computing

Internet|

* Web browsers
* Internet conflicts

Men in computing|

* John Vincent Atanasoff
* Charles Babbage
* John Backus
* George Boole
* Vint Cerf
* John Cocke
* Stephen Cook
* J. Presper Eckert
* David A. Huffman
* Bob Kahn
* Brian Kernighan
* Andrew Koenig
* Donald Knuth
* Joseph Kruskal
* Douglas McIlroy
* John von Neumann
* Dennis Ritchie
* Guido van Rossum
* Bjarne Stroustrup
* Ken Thompson
* Linus Torvalds
* Alan Turing
* Paul Vixie
* Larry Wall
* Stephen Wolfram
* Steve Wozniak

Women in computing|

* Kathleen Antonelli
* Jean Bartik
* Adele Goldstine
* Lois Haibt
* Betty Holberton
* Ada Lovelace
* Margaret Hamilton
* Grace Hopper
* Nancy Leveson
* Marlyn Meltzer
* Klara Dan von Neumann
* Frances Spence
* Ruth Teitelbaum

es:Hipertexto#Historia

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