Timeline of the Space Race

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This page is about achievements specific to the Space Race. For space achievements of all decades and nations, see Timeline of space exploration.

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This is a timeline of achievements in Soviet and United States spaceflight, spanning the Cold War era of nationalistic competition known as the Space Race.

This list is limited to first achievements by the USSR and USA which were important during the Space Race in terms of public perception and/or technical innovation. This excludes first uses of specific on-board equipment and new scientific discoveries, or achievements by other countries.

## Contents

* 1 Beginning
* 2 1957–1959
* 3 1960–1969
* 4 1970–1979
* 5 1980–1990
* 6 See also
* 7 Notes
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Beginning

Date  | Country  | Achievement  | Mission / Vehicle

|
|
|

1955 July 29  |  USA  | The United States announces their intention to launch an artificial satellite[1] during the International Geophysical Year (1 July 1957 to 31 December 1958).  | /
1955 August 30  |  USSR  | In the Soviet Union, the commission approved launching a 1 ton satellite using the R-7 ICBM.[1] | /

## 1957–1959

First artificial satellite, Sputnik 1 (replica) First photograph of far side of the Moon, Luna 3 Date  | Country  | Achievement  | Mission / Vehicle

|
|
|

1957 August 21  |  USSR  | First intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM); fully operational September 1957  | R-7 Semyorka
1957 October 4  |  USSR  | First artificial satellite
First man-made signals from orbit | Sputnik 1
1957 November 3  |  USSR  | First mammal (the dog Laika) in orbit around Earth.  | Sputnik 2
1958 March 17  |  USA  | First solar-powered satellite  | Vanguard 1
1959 January 2  |  USSR  | First lunar spacecraft (fly-by)
First rocket engine restart in Earth orbit
First spacecraft to leave Earth's orbit
First spacecraft on an escape trajectory from Earth
| Luna 1
1959 January 4  |  USSR  | First spacecraft in heliocentric orbit | Luna 1
1959 February 28  |  USA  | First satellite in a polar orbit | Discoverer 1
1959 August 7  |  USA  | First photograph of Earth from orbit  | Explorer 6
1959 September 14  |  USSR  | First hard landing on another celestial body (the Moon)  | Luna 2
1959 October 7  |  USSR  | First three-axis stabilised spacecraft
First photos of far side of the Moon, covering 70% of the surface invisible from Earth
First automated on board development of photographic film and conversion to radio signals
First gravity assist ('sling shot'), returning the spacecraft to Earth to retrieve the photos  | Luna 3

## 1960–1969

First human in space, Yuri Gagarin First humans on the Moon, Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong (behind camera) Date  | Country  | Achievement  | Mission / Vehicle

|
|
|

1960 August 11  |  USA  | First satellite recovered intact from orbit  | Discoverer 13
1960 August 18  |  USA  | First spy photography from space
First aerial recovery of an object (the film) returning from Earth orbit  | Discoverer 14
1960 August 19  |  USSR  | First animals and plants returned alive from space (the dogs Belka and Strelka)
First capsule recovered from orbit  | Korabl-Sputnik 2 (aka Sputnik 5)
1961 January 31  |  USA  | First great ape or Hominidae in space, Ham, a chimpanzee  | Mercury-Redstone 2
1961 February 12  |  USSR  | First launch from Earth orbit of upper stage into a heliocentric orbit
First mid-course corrections
First spin-stabilisation | Venera 1
1961 April 12  |  USSR  | First human spaceflight mission (Yuri Gagarin)[2]
First orbital flight of a manned vehicle  | Vostok 1
1961 May 5  |  USA  | First pilot-controlled space flight (Alan Shepard)  | Freedom 7
1961 May 19  |  USSR  | First planetary flyby (Venus), although contact was lost  | Venera 1
1961 August 6  |  USSR  | First crewed mission lasting a full day (Gherman Titov).  | Vostok 2
1962 August 12  |  USSR  | First dual crewed spaceflight (Andriyan Nikolayev and Pavel Popovich)
First spacecraft-to-spacecraft radio contact
First simultaneous flight of crewed spacecraft.
First person to float freely in microgravity.  | Vostok 3 / Vostok 4
1962 December 14  |  USA  | First successful planetary flyby mission (Venus).  | Mariner 2
1963 June 16  |  USSR  | First woman in space (Valentina Tereshkova)
First civilian in space  | Vostok 6
1963 June 19  |  USSR  | First Mars flyby, although contact was lost  | Mars 1
1963 July 19  |  USA  | First reusable piloted spacecraft

First spaceplane (suborbital)

| X-15 Flight 90
1963 July 26  |  USA  | First geosynchronous satellite | Syncom 2
1964 August 19  |  USA  | First geostationary satellite | Syncom 3
1964 October 12  |  USSR  | First spaceflight to carry more than one crewman into orbit (3)  | Voskhod 1
1965 March 18  |  USSR  | First extra-vehicular activity ("space walk")  | Voskhod 2
1965 March 23  |  USA  | First piloted spacecraft orbit change  | Gemini 3
1965 July 14  |  USA  | First successful Mars flyby mission  | Mariner 4
1965 December 15  |  USA  | First rendezvous of manned spacecraft  | Gemini 6A & Gemini 7
1966 February 3  |  USSR  | First soft landing on another celestial body (the Moon)
First photos from another celestial body  | Luna 9
1966 March 1  |  USSR  | First hard landing on another planet (Venus)  | Venera 3
1966 March 16  |  USA  | First spacecraft docking | Gemini 8 / ATV
1966 April 3  |  USSR  | First artificial satellite to orbit another celestial body (the Moon)  | Luna 10
1966 September 12  |  USA  | First direct-ascent (first orbit) rendezvous  | Gemini 11 / ATV
1967 October 18  |  USSR  | First in situ analysis of the atmosphere of another planet (Venus)  | Venera 4
1967 October 30  |  USSR  | First docking of two remote-controlled spacecraft  | Cosmos 186 / Cosmos 188
1968 September 14–21  |  USSR  | First return to Earth after circling the Moon
First life forms to circle the Moon (returned safely)  | Zond 5
1968 December 21  |  USA  | First return to Earth after orbiting the Moon
First human spaceflight mission to enter the gravitational influence of another celestial body  | Apollo 8
1969 January  |  USSR  | First parachute to be deployed on another planet (Venus)  | Venera 5
1969 January 16  |  USSR  | First crew exchange in space

First docking of two manned spacecraft

| Soyuz 4 /

Soyuz 5

1969 July 20  |  USA  | First humans on the Moon
First space launch from another celestial body
First sample return from the Moon  | Apollo 11
1969 November 19  |  USA  | First precisely targeted piloted landing on the Moon (Surveyor 3 site)  | Apollo 12

## 1970–1979

First lunar rover, Lunokhod 1 First spacecraft on an escape trajectory away from the Sun, Pioneer 10 First view and clear photograph taken of and from the surface of Venus, Venera 9 Date  | Country  | Achievement  | Mission / Vehicle

|
|
|

1970 September 24  |  USSR  | First robotic automatic sample return from another celestial body (the Moon)  | Luna 16
1970 November 23  |  USSR  | First lunar rover (remote-controlled)

First rover on another celestial body (the Moon)

| Lunokhod 1
1970 December 15  |  USSR  | First soft landing on another planet (Venus)
First signals from another planet  | Venera 7
1971 April 19  |  USSR  | First human-crewed space station launched  | Salyut 1
1971 June 29  |  USSR  | First human-crewed orbital observatory (Orion 1)  | Soyuz 11 / Salyut 1
1971 July 31  |  USA  | First human-driven lunar rover, the Lunar Roving Vehicle | Apollo 15
1971 November 14  |  USA  | First spacecraft to orbit Mars  | Mariner 9
1971 November 27  |  USSR  | First hard landing on Mars  | Mars 2
1971 December 2  |  USSR  | First soft Mars landing
First signals from Mars surface  | Mars 3
1972 March 3  |  USA  | First spacecraft sent on escape trajectory away from the Sun  | Pioneer 10
1972 July 15  |  USA  | First mission to enter the asteroid belt and leave inner Solar System  | Pioneer 10
1973 December 3  |  USA  | First Jupiter flyby  | Pioneer 10
1974 March 29  |  USA  | First Mercury flyby  | Mariner 10
1975 July 15  |  USSR
USA  | First multinational human-crewed mission[lower-alpha 1] | Soyuz 19
Apollo–Soyuz Test Project
1975 October 20  |  USSR  | First spacecraft to orbit Venus (the orbiter)
First view and clear photograph from and of the surface of another planet (the lander)  | Venera 9
1979 September 1  |  USA  | First Saturn flyby  | Pioneer 11

## 1980–1990

First Space Shuttle Date  | Country  | Achievement  | Mission / Vehicle

|
|
|

1981 April 12  |  USA  | First spaceplane in orbit, the Space Shuttle (test flight)  | STS-1
1984 February 7  |  USA  | First untethered spacewalk, Bruce McCandless II  | STS-41-B
1985 June 11  |  USSR  | First aerostat balloon in the atmosphere of Venus  | Vega 1 probe
1986 January 24  |  USA  | First Uranus flyby  | Voyager 2
1986 February 19  |  USSR  | First module of the first modular space station launched, marking the start of the orbital assembly  | Mir Core Module
1989 August 25  |  USA  | First Neptune flyby  | Voyager 2
1990 February 11  |  USSR  | First consistently inhabited long-term research space station  | Mir

On 1991 December 31, the United Nations accepted the dissolution of the USSR, which meant the end of the space race.

## See also

* List of communications satellite firsts
* List of space exploration milestones, 1957–1969
* Timeline of space exploration
* Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* Timeline of space travel by nationality

## Notes

1. ↑ After the first multinational crewed mission in July 1975, the competition continued to exist, but transitioned in intensity from a state of intense competition to one of cooperation by the dissolution of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War on 26 December 1991.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Korolev and Freedom of Space: 14 February 1955 – 4 October 1957". NASA. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/monograph10/korspace.html.
2. ↑ "Yuri Gagarin: Who was the first person in space?". BBC Newsround. April 12, 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/56718196.

* Bilstein, Roger E. (1996). Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles. Washington: Scientific and Technical Information Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ISBN 978-0-16-048909-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=RUIjAAAAMAAJ.
* Brugess, Colin; Kate Doolan; Bert Vis (2003). Fallen Astronauts: Heroes Who Died Reaching for the Moon. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6212-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=iJ8WwRBNgk0C.
* Dallek, Robert (2003). An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917-1963. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-17238-7. https://archive.org/details/unfinishedlifejo00dall_0.
* Freni, Pamela (2002). Space for Women: A History of Women With the Right Stuff. Santa Ana, California: Seven Locks Press. ISBN 978-1-931643-12-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=uFTbAAAAMAAJ.
* Gainor, Chris (2001). Arrows to the Moon: Avro's Engineers and the Space Race. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. ISBN 978-1-896522-83-8. https://archive.org/details/arrowstomoonavro0000gain.
* Gatland, Kenneth (1976). Manned Spacecraft, Second Revision. New York, NY, USA: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. pp. 100–101. ISBN 978-0-02-542820-1.
* Hall, Rex; David J. Shayler (2003). Soyuz: A Universal Spacecraft. New York: Springer–Praxis Books. ISBN 978-1-85233-657-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=dbGchpi1HP8C.
* Harford, James J. (1997). Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon (1 ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-14853-1.
* Harvey, Brian (2001). Russia in Space: The Failed Frontier?. New York: Springer–Praxis Books. ISBN 978-1-85233-203-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=DrgvjPsfwhsC.
* Seamans, Robert C. Jr. (1967-04-05). "Findings, Determinations And Recommendations". Report of Apollo 204 Review Board. NASA History Office. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/Apollo204/find.html. Retrieved 2007-10-07.
* Siddiqi, Asif A. (2003a). Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-2627-5.
* Siddiqi, Asif A. (2003b). The Soviet Space Race with Apollo. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-2628-2.
* Thompson, Neal (2004). Light This Candle: The Life & Times of Alan Shepard—America's First Spaceman. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-609-61001-5. https://archive.org/details/lightthiscandlel00thom.
* Wolfe, Tom (2001). The Right Stuff. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-613-91667-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=OZ_jQVH3oMwC.
* Yeager, Chuck; Leo Janos (1985). Yeager: An Autobiography. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-05093-6.

## External links

* Timeline of the Space Race/Moon Race
* Chronology: Moon Race at russianspaceweb.com

* v
* t
* e

Spaceflight lists and timelines

* Timeline of spaceflight

General|

* Space exploration
* outline
* timeline
* Spaceflight records
* Space Race
* Asian Space Race
* Rocket and missile technology

Human spaceflight|

| General|

* Crewed spacecraft
* timeline
* Spaceflights
* 1961–1970
* 1971–1980
* 1981–1990
* 1991–2000
* 2001–2010
* 2011–present
* by program
* Soviet
* Russian
* Vostok
* Soyuz
* Mercury
* Gemini
* Apollo
* Skylab
* Shenzhou
* Gaganyaan
* Spacelab
* Artemis

|

Salyut|

* Expeditions
* Spaceflights
* crewed
* uncrewed
* Spacewalks
* Visitors

Mir|

* Expeditions
* Spaceflights
* crewed
* uncrewed
* Spacewalks
* Visitors

ISS|

* Expeditions
* Spaceflights
* crewed
* uncrewed
* Spacewalks
* Visitors
* Deployed

Shuttle|

* Crews
* Missions
* timeline
* Rollbacks

People|

* Astronauts
* by name
* by year of selection
* by first flight
* Apollo
* Gemini
* Chinese
* European
* Cosmonauts
* female
* Jewish
* Muslim
* Arab
* African-American
* Space travelers by name
* Space travelers by nationality
* timeline
* Dead astronauts

EVA|

* 1965–1999
* 2000–2014
* 2015–present
* Cumulative spacewalk records
* Longest spacewalks
* Spacewalkers

Solar System exploration|

* Timeline
* Interplanetary voyages
* Landings on other planets
* artificial objects
* Objects at Lagrangian points
* Probes
* active
* leaving the Solar System
* lunar probes
* Missions to the Moon
* Timeline of satellites
* Sample-return mission
* Mars

Earth-orbiting satellites|

* Climate research
* Communications satellite firsts
* CubeSats
* PocketQube
* Earth observation satellites
* timeline
* Geosynchronous orbit
* GOES
* Kosmos
* Magnetospheric
* NRO
* TDRS
* USA

Vehicles|

* Orbital launch systems
* Comparison
* Sounding rocket list
* Spacecraft
* uncrewed
* crewed
* Upper stages
* Sounding rocket
* Small-lift launch vehicle
* Medium-lift launch vehicle
* Heavy-lift launch vehicle
* Super heavy-lift launch vehicle

Launches by rocket type|

* Ariane
* Atlas
* Black Brant
* Electron
* Falcon 9 and Heavy
* H-I and H-II
* Long March
* Proton
* PSLV
* R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)
* Scout
* SLS
* Thor and Delta
* Titan
* Tsyklon
* V-2 tests
* Zenit

Launches by spaceport|

* Satish Dhawan

Agencies, companies
and facilities|

* Communications satellite companies
* comparison
* Private spaceflight companies
* Rocket launch sites
* Space agencies
* Spacecraft manufacturers

Other mission lists
and timelines|

* First orbital launches by country
* NASA missions
* Constellation missions
* Timeline of private spaceflight
* Timeline of longest spaceflights

* v
* t
* e

Politics of outer space

* Spacefaring nations
* Space policy
* Space traffic management
* Space debris management
* Space Debris Working Group
* Space Debris Committee
* Planetary protection principle
* Post-detection policy
* Asteroid impact
* Prediction
* Avoidance
* Spaceguard
* The Spaceguard Foundation

Space races|

* Cold War Space Race
* Sputnik crisis
* Timeline
* Billionaire space race
* Mars race
* Records
* Space propaganda
* Space competition

Chinese
space program|

* Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966–1976)
* Shuguang program (1966–1972)
* Chinese ASAT program (1964–)
* 2007 test
* Project 921 (1992–)
* Shenzhou program
* Tiangong program
* Space station
* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003–)
* Mars and beyond
* Planetary Exploration of China (2016–)
* MARS-500 study

ESA Science Programme|

* European Launcher Development Organisation (1960–1975)
* Europa launcher programme (1962–1973)
* European Space Research Organisation (1964–1975)
* European Space Agency (1975–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* European Cooperation for Space Standardization
* European Space Research and Technology Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* European Astronaut Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* Living Planet Programme
* European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
* European Data Relay System
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1983–2010)
* European Space Astronomy Centre (2005–)
* European Space Security and Education Centre
* European Space Operations Centre
* ESTRACK network
* Guiana Space Centre
* Ariane launcher programme (1973–)
* Vega launcher programme (1998–)
* European Space Policy Institute
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
* Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
* PRIDE
* Space Rider
* ESA Television
* Mars and beyond
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* MARS-500 study
* Aurora programme
* ExoMars

| Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)|

* SOHO
* Cassini–Huygens
* Huygens
* Cluster
* Cluster II
* XMM-Newton
* Rosetta
* INTEGRAL
* Herschel
* Planck

|

Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)|

* ISS programme
* Politics
* Gaia
* LISA Pathfinder
* BepiColombo

Cosmic Vision (2015–2025)|

* Solar Orbiter
* Euclid
* ARIEL
* EnVision
* CHEOPS
* JUICE
* ATHENA
* LISA
* Comet Interceptor
* SMILE

EU Space Programme|

* Western European Union Satellite Centre (1992–2002)
* EU Satellite Centre (2002–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
* European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
* European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
* EU Agency for the Space Programme (2021–)
* Galileo programme
* Copernicus programme
* EGNOS programme
* EUSST programme
* Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
* European Union Aviation Safety Agency
* European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
* European Defence Agency
* Europe by Satellite

Other European
initiatives and bodies|

* AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
* Eurospace
* Eurocontrol
* Council of Europe
* Council of European Aerospace Societies
* European Broadcasting Union
* European Civil Aviation Conference
* European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
* European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
* European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
* European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
* European Patent Organisation
* European Patent Office
* European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* European Southern Observatory
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Indian space policy|

* Department of Space
* Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
* Space Activities Bill
* Indian ASAT programme
* Mission Shakti

British
space programme|

* Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
* Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
* Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971)
* Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
* Outer Space Act 1986
* Project Juno (1991)
* Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009–2010)
* Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
* Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
* Space Industry Act 2018
* UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020)
* 2021 Integrated Review
* Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy|

| Truman
space policy|

* Operation Paperclip
* list of scientists
* Aerobee rocket program
* RAND
* Establishment of Cape Canaveral

|

Eisenhower
space policy|

* WS-117L
* Project Vanguard
* Sputnik crisis
* Introduction to Outer Space
* 1958 NASA Act
* Space Act Agreement
* Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
* Launch of Project Mercury
* Missile gap
* Launch of X-15 program

Kennedy
space policy|

* Launch of the Mariner program
* Launch of the Gemini project
* Launch of the Apollo program
* "We choose to go to the Moon"

Johnson
space policy|

* 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Nixon
space policy|

* Moon landing
* Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
* Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
* Skylab

Ford
space policy|

* Apollo–Soyuz
* Launch of the Viking program

Carter
space policy|

Reagan
space policy|

* Citizens' Advisory Council
* Strategy of Technology doctrine
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* Space Station Freedom proposal
* 1984 Space Act
* 1985 anti-satellite missile test
* Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
* Rogers Report
* Ride Report

George H. W. Bush
space policy|

* Space Exploration Initiative
* 1990 Augustine Committee
* Hubble Space Telescope
* National Space Council

Clinton
space policy|

* Faster, better, cheaper
* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics
* Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
* 1998 Space Act
* Decadal Planning Team
* Launch of the X-37 program

George W. Bush
space policy|

* Aerospace Industry Commission
* 2002 National missile defense directive
* Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
* Vision for Space Exploration
* Aldridge Commission
* ESAS
* 2005 NASA Act
* Launch of the Constellation program
* Operation Burnt Frost

Obama
space policy|

* 2009 Augustine Committee
* Kennedy Space Center speech
* Cancellation of the Constellation program
* Launch of the Space Launch System program
* Redesign of the Orion program
* Flexible path
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* 2010 NASA Act
* Title 51
* Space Shuttle retirement
* Development of the Commercial Crew Program
* 2014 NASA Act
* 2015 Space Act

First Trump
space policy|

* Re-establishment of the National Space Council
* Creation of the Space Force
* Launch of the Artemis program
* Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
* Executive Order 13959

* China exclusion policy of NASA
* International Traffic in Arms Regulations
* Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
* Budget of NASA
* House Committee on Space
* NESDIS
* Office of Space Commerce
* FCC
* FAA/AST
* NRO
* IEEE
* Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
* Antennas & Propagation Society
* Broadcast Technology Society
* Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
* Vehicular Technology Society

USSR and Russia|

| Soviet
space
program|

| Stalin|

* Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)
* list of scientists

|

Khrushchev|

* Sputnik program
* Sputnik crisis (1957)
* Vostok program (1960–1963)
* Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976)
* Voskhod program (1964–1966)

Brezhnev|

* Soyuz program (1967–)
* Interkosmos (1967–1991)
* Salyut program (1971–1986)
* Almaz (1973–1977)
* Buran program (1974–1993)
* Apollo–Soyuz (1975)

Gorbachev|

* Mir (1986–2001)

Roscosmos|

| Yeltsin|

* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS (1993–)
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics

|

Medvedev|

* Medvedev modernisation programme
* 2010 Military doctrine

Putin|

* United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015)
* 2014 Military doctrine
* 2015 Creation of Roscosmos
* Mars
* MARS-500 study
* ExoMars

Other policies|

* Australian space program
* Brazilian space program
* Emirati space program
* Japanese space program
* Kazakh space program
* Kenyan space program
* Lebanese space program
* North Korean space program
* Pakistani space program
* Space programme 2040
* Philippine space program
* South Korean space program
* Ugandan space initiatives
* International Space Station programme
* Politics of the International Space Station

United Nations|

* International Civil Aviation Organization
* ITU-R
* Office for Outer Space Affairs
* UN-SPIDER
* Space Generation Advisory Council
* Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
* General Assembly Fourth Committee

Other intergovernmental
or inter-agency bodies|

* African Space Agency
* Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
* Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
* Committee on Space Research
* International Planetary Data Alliance
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Group on Earth Observations
* Global Standards Collaboration
* Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
* International Mobile Satellite Organization
* International Space Exploration Coordination Group
* International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* Intersputnik
* Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
* Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
* Arab Satellite Communications Organization
* Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization

Space law|

* Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
* Outer Space Treaty (1967)
* Rescue Agreement (1968)
* Space Liability Convention (1972)
* US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
* Satellite Convention (1974)
* Registration Convention (1975)
* Bogota Declaration (1976)
* Moon Treaty (1979)
* Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988)
* International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998)
* International Docking System Standard
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999)
* Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
* Artemis Accords (2020)
* Space jurisdiction
* Common heritage of mankind
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* Astronomical naming conventions
* ITU Radio Regulations
* CCSDS standards
* ODCWG standards
* CEOS standards
* COSPAR standards
* International Designator
* IPDA standards
* GSC standards
* GEO standards
* ISECG standards
* Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

Commercial use|

* Space industry
* India
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Private spaceflight
* Launch market competition
* Space tourism
* Space advertising
* Space technology
* Space-based economy
* Space trade
* Space manufacturing
* Lunar resources
* Project Harvest Moon
* Asteroid mining

Militarisation|

| Space forces,
units and formations|

* Space forces
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* France
* Germany
* Iran
* AJA
* IRGC
* Israel
* Japan
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Russia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States
* History
* Structure
* Vietnam
* Ranks and insignia
* Space commands
* France
* India
* Italy
* NATO
* NORAD
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Space warfare|

* Space domain awareness
* Space weapon
* Anti-satellite weapon
* China
* India
* Russia
* United States
* Kinetic bombardment
* Kill vehicle
* Missile defense
* Military satellite
* Reconnaissance satellite
* Spaceplane
* Satellite jamming

Space advocacy|

* Air & Space Forces Association
* Alliance for Space Development
* National Space Society
* Space Frontier Foundation
* Mars Society
* Moon Society
* Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
* Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
* British Interplanetary Society
* Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
* International Academy of Astronautics
* International Astronautical Federation
* International Astronomical Union
* Lunar Explorers Society
* Space Exploration Alliance
* Space Fellowship
* Space Force Association
* Space Foundation
* The Planetary Society

* v
* t
* e

Public-sector space agencies

Africa|

| Pan-African
and pan-Arab|

* RASCOM
* Arabsat

|

National|

* ASAL
* EgSA
* NARSS
* ESSTI
* GSSTC
* KSA
* NASRDA
* SANSA

Americas|

| North America|

* CSA
* NASA
* NESDIS
* OSC
* FAA/AST
* FCC
* USSF
* USSPACECOM
* NRO

|

Latin America
and the Caribbean|

* ALCE
* AEM
* CONAE
* ABE
* AEB
* DCTA
* INPE
* ITA
* CCE
* ABAE
* IVIC

Asia|

| Pan-Asian|

* APSCO

|

Central Asia|

* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VK
* TNSA1

East Asia|

* CNSA
* SASTIND
* CASC
* CALT
* CAST
* CCF
* CGWIC
* PLAASF
* CASIC
* JAXA
* ISAS
* JSS
* NICT
* NATA
* KASA
* KARI
* KASI
* SaTReC
* TASA

South Asia|

* SPARRSO
* ISRO2
* Antrix Corp
* DoS
* NRSC
* NSIL
* DSA
* SUPARCO

Southeast Asia|

* BRIN
* ORPA
* INASA
* MYSA
* PhilSA
* SSTL
* GISTDA
* VNSC

West Asia|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* NSSA
* NEHSA
* ISA
* ISRC
* ISA
* NCSR
* SSA
* KACST-SRI
* Error creating thumbnail:  SSA2
* GORS
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe|

| Pan-European|

* CEN/CENELEC
* CEPT
* ETSI
* Eurocontrol
* ECAC
* ESA
* ECSS
* ESTEC
* EAC
* ESRIN
* ECSAT
* ESAC
* ESOC
* ESTRACK
* Guiana Space Centre
* EUMETSAT
* EUTELSAT IGO
* ESO

|

EU and EEA|

* DG DEFIS
* EUSPA
* EU SatCen
* EASA
* BEREC
* ALR2
* BELSPO
* BIRA-IASB
* SRTI2
* CSO2
* DTU Space
* ESO1
* CNES2
* AAE
* CdE
* DLR2
* HSA
* HSO2
* ASI
* LSA
* LSO1
* SRON
* NSO
* NOSA
* POLSA2
* CBK PAN
* UKE
* KRRiT
* ORO
* ULC
* File:Flag of Portugal (official).svg PTSPACE
* ROSA2
* INTA
* AEC
* EAE
* AEE
* SNSA

Other|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* BSA1
* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VVKO
* File:Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg SSO
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* SSAU1
* UKSA2

Oceania|

* ASA
* CSIRO
* NZSA

World|

* CCSDS
* CEOS
* COSPAR
* IPDA
* Cospas-Sarsat
* GEO
* GSC
* IADC
* ICSMD
* IMSO
* ISECG
* ISS MCB
* ITSO
* Intersputnik
* ODCWG
* ITU-R
* UNCOPUOS
* UNOOSA
* UNOSAT

Former|

* BNSC
* KCST
* INCOSPAR
* LAPAN
* NAL
* NASDA
* SSP
* MOM
* Interkosmos

* See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
* 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

Template:Soviet Union–United States relations

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline of the Space Race. Read more

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