Zhurong (rover)

Short description: Chinese rover on Mars

Zhurong

Part of Tianwen-1

Zhurong selfie with lander, taken by the deployable Tianwen-1 remote camera.

Type| Mars rover
Manufacturer| China Academy of Space Technology
Technical details
Dimensions| 2.6 m × 3 m × 1.85 m
(8 ft 6 in × 9 ft 10 in × 6 ft 1 in)
Launch mass| 240 kilograms (530 lb)
Power| Solar arrays
Instruments

* MarSCoDe
* MCS
* MSCam
* NaTeCam
* RoMAG
* RoPeR

Zhurong (Chinese: 祝融; pinyin: Zhùróng) is a Chinese rover on Mars, the country's first to land on another planet after it previously landed two rovers on the Moon. The rover is part of the Tianwen-1 mission to Mars conducted by the China National Space Administration (CNSA).

The spacecraft was launched on 23 July 2020 and inserted into Martian orbit on 10 February 2021. The lander, carrying the rover, performed a soft-landing on Mars on 14 May 2021,[1] making China the third country to successfully soft-land a spacecraft on Mars and the second one to deploy a rover on Mars, after the United States.[2][N 1] Zhurong was deployed on 22 May 2021, 02:40 UTC.[4]

Designed for a lifespan of 90 sols (93 Earth days),[5] Zhurong was active for 347 sols (356.5 days) after its deployment on Mars's surface.[6] The rover became inactive on 20 May 2022 due to approaching sandstorms and Martian winter, pending its self-awakening with appropriate temperature and sunlight conditions.[7][8]

Zhurong was expected to wake up in December 2022[9] but never did due to excessive dust accumulation, according to the rover's chief designer.[10]

## Contents

* 1 Name
* 2 History
* 2.1 Test Rover
* 3 Landing area selection
* 4 Mission timeline
* 4.1 Cooperation with European Space Agency
* 5 Exploration
* 5.1 Objectives
* 5.2 Instruments
* 5.3 Plan
* 6 Discoveries
* 7 Gallery
* 8 See also
* 9 References

## Name

Zhurong is named after a Chinese mytho-historical figure usually associated with fire and light, as Mars is called "the Planet of Fire" (Chinese: 火星) in China and some other countries in East Asia. It was selected by a public online vote held between 20 January 2021 and 28 February 2021, with Zhurong ranking first with 504,466 votes.[11] The name was chosen with the meanings of "igniting the fire of interstellar exploration in China" and "to symbolize the Chinese people's determination to explore the stars and to uncover unknowns in the universe".[12]

## History

China began its first interplanetary exploration attempt in 2011 by sending Yinghuo-1, a Mars orbiter, in a joint mission with Russia. It did not leave Earth orbit due to a failure of the Russian launch vehicle.[13] As a result, CNSA then embarked on its independent Mars mission.

The first early model of the future Mars rover was on display in November 2014 at the 10th China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition. It had an appearance similar to the Yutu lunar rover, which had deployed on the Moon.[14]

On 22 April 2016, Xu Dazhe, head of the CNSA, announced that the Mars mission had been approved on 11 January 2016. A probe would be sent to Martian orbit and attempt to land on Mars in 2020.[15]

On 23 August 2016, CNSA revealed the first images of the final version of the Mars mission spacecraft, which confirmed the composition of a Mars orbiter, lander, and rover in one mission.[16]

The scientific objectives and payloads of the Mars mission were declared in a paper published in Journal of Deep Space Exploration in December 2017.[17]

On 24 April 2020, China's interplanetary exploration program was formally announced by CNSA, along with the name Tianwen and an emblem of the program.[18] The first mission of the program, the Mars mission to be carried out in 2020, was named Tianwen-1.[19]

On 24 April 2021, in anticipation of the upcoming landing attempt, CNSA formally announced that the rover would be named Zhurong (Chinese: 祝融号).[20]

* Mockup of the Zhurong rover at the 69th International Astronautical Congress

* Full-scale mockup of Zhurong rover and Tianwen-1 lander.

* Artist's Rendering of Tianwen-1 mission components

### Test Rover

To design and test the rover and simulate conditions at Utopia Planitia, CNSA kept a test bed rover in a Mars yard at the China Academy of Space Technology in Beijing. The Field Test Rover (FTR) was made two years before the actual Zhurong was built, and some of the FTR components were used in the vehicle flown to Mars. The FTR completed thousands of tests on the ground before the start of the mission. The twin remained in service to help scientists and engineers determine the path for Zhurong by testing maneuvers in the Mars yard.[21][22]

## Landing area selection

The landing area was determined based on two criteria:[23]

* Engineering feasibility, including latitude, altitude, slope, surface condition, rock distribution, local wind speed, visibility requirements during the EDL process.
* Scientific objectives, including geology, soil structure and water ice distribution, surface elements, mineral, and rock distribution, magnetic field detection.

Two areas were preselected in the next stage: Chryse Planitia and Utopia Planitia.

The two landing site candidates of Tianwen-1 mission are enclosed by red lines on Martian map. The one on the left is located in Chryse Planitia and the one on the right in Utopia Planitia.

The candidate in Utopia Planitia was favored by the team due to higher chances of finding evidence for whether an ancient ocean existed on the northern part of Mars.[23] It was eventually selected as the final landing area of the mission.

## Mission timeline

Tianwen-1, along with Zhurong rover, was launched at 12:41 UTC+8 on 23 July 2020, from the Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site by a Long March 5 heavy-lift rocket.[24]

After a 202-day journey through interplanetary space, Tianwen-1 inserted itself into Martian orbit on 10 February 2021, thereby becoming China's first Mars orbiter.[25] Subsequently, it performed several orbital maneuvers and began surveying target landing sites on Mars in preparation for the coming landing attempt.

Entry, descent and landing (EDL) sequence of Tianwen-1 lander and Zhurong rover

On 14 May 2021, the lander and Zhurong rover separated from Tianwen-1's orbiter. After performing a Mars atmospheric entry that lasted about nine minutes, the lander and rover made a successful soft landing in the Utopia Planitia, using a combination of aeroshell, parachute, and retrorocket.[26] With the landing, China became the second country to operate a fully functional spacecraft on Martian surface, after the United States.

After establishing stable communication with the rover, CNSA released its first pictures from the surface of Mars on 19 May 2021.[27]

On 22 May 2021, at 10:10 a.m. Beijing time (0240 GMT), Zhurong drove from its landing platform to the surface of Mars, starting its exploration mission.[28][29]

On 11 June 2021, CNSA released the first batch of scientific images from the surface of Mars including a panoramic image taken by Zhurong, and a colored group photograph of Zhurong and the Tianwen-1 lander taken by a wireless camera placed on Martian soil. The panoramic image was composed of 24 single shots taken by the Navigation and Topography Camera before the rover was deployed to the Martian surface. The image revealed that the topography and rock abundance near the landing site was consistent with previous anticipations from the scientist on typical south Utopia Planitia features with small but widespread rocks, white wave patterns, and mud volcanoes.[30]

Rover and lander captured by HiRISE from NASA's MRO on 6 June 2021

On 27 June 2021, CNSA released images and videos of Zhurong's atmospheric entry, descent, and landing (EDL) process and movement on Martian surface, including a clip of sounds made by Zhurong recorded by its instrument, Mars Climatic Station (MCS).[31]

As of 11 July 2021, CNSA announced that Zhurong had travelled more than 410 m (1,350 ft) on the Martian surface.[32]

On 12 July 2021, Zhurong visited the parachute and backshell dropped onto the Martian surface during its landing on 14 May.[33][34]

Operation records of Zhurong Date  | Operational time  | Distance travelled to date  | Ref's

|
|
|

27 June 2021 | 42 sols  | 236 m (774 ft)  | [35]
11 July 2021 | 55 sols  | 410 m (1,350 ft)  | [36]
17 July 2021 | 61 sols  | 509 m (1,670 ft)  | [37]
30 July 2021 | 74 sols  | 708 m (2,323 ft)  | [38]
6 August 2021 | 81 sols  | 808 m (2,651 ft)  | [39]
23 August 2021 | 97 sols  | 1,000 m (3,300 ft)  | [40]
1 January 2022 | 222 sols  | 1,400 m (4,600 ft)  | [41]
6 May 2022 | 347 sols  | 1,921 m (6,302 ft)  | [6]

As of 15 August 2021, Zhurong had officially completed its planned exploration tasks and would continue to drive towards the southern part of Utopia Planitia where it landed.[40] On 18 August 2021, Zhurong outlived its lifespan. The Chinese scientists and engineers announced an extended expedition aiming to investigate an ancient coastal area on Mars.[42]

Path and distance travelled (~1.5km) by Zhurong on 11 Mar 2022 (293 sols)

After 20 October 2021, the rover continued, having paused and stopped in a sleeping mode around the time of the Mars conjunction of October 8. The pause was necessary due to the strong solar radiation in the line of sight with Earth, creating excessive levels of "noise" for secure radio communication to function (radio blackout) with the Chinese relay satellite orbiting Mars. The rover continued to travel in a southerly direction.[43]

By September 2022, Zhurong had returned a total of 1,480 gigabytes of data, offering evidence to support the hypothesis of a former ancient ocean in Utopia Planitia.[44]

On 27 February 2023, Chinese scientists published a Mars weather report, including surface pressure and wind changes on Mars, based on data collected by the rover in its first 325 sols.[45]

In May 2022, Zhurong was switched to hibernation mode to protect against the coming Martian winter and an approaching major sandstorm,[7] with an expected awakening date on 26 December 2022. In January 2023, the South China Morning Post reported that CNSA scientists did not receive a signal from the rover. CNSA planned to dispatch the Tianwen-1 orbiter for investigation.[9] The rover stayed in Utopia Planetia, where the temperature was extremely low at -100°C (-148°F). According to the authorities, the rover was programmed to restart when its power level reaches 140 watts with key components warmed to -15°C (5°F).[46][47]

It was speculated in the scientific journal Nature that the duststorm reduced solar radiation on the Martian surface and covered the solar panels, leading to insufficient energy to restart the solar-powered rover.[7] Zhurong was observed covered in sand and dust, hindering its ability to gather sunlight and recharge.[8] The rover is equipped with flippable butterfly-like solar panels to remove accumulated dust and debris, but the cleaning function requires the rover to be operational first.[8] The rover does not carry a radioisotope heater unit, and heating is instead provided by the chemical compound n-undecane to store energy.[48] Zhurong could possibly restart if whirlwinds cleaned the dust off the solar panels and radiation levels continued to rise in Martian summer.[7][49][50] On 21 February 2023, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter confirmed that the rover did not change its position after the hibernation, between September 2022 and February 2023,[51] and data from NASA's Perseverance rover indicated the Martian surface was still relatively cold in February, potentially below Zhurong's awakening requirement.[52]

On 25 April 2023, the mission designer Zhang Rongqiao announced that the buildup of dust from the last inactivation is greater than planned, indicating the rover could be inactive "forever".[53][54]

In July 2023, an analysis on the Zhurong rover found major climate change happened on Mars 400,000 years ago, which coincided with the end of the last ice age on Mars. Further data analysis helped scientists to simulate ancient Mars's climate and the cause behind the changes.[55]

### Cooperation with European Space Agency

In November 2021, the CNSA and European Space Agency (ESA) conducted tests to learn if an ESA orbiter, Mars Express, could serve as a relay for data sent from Zhurong. Several steps were involved: ESA commanded Mars Express to point toward Zhurong while passing overhead so it could receive a signal from the rover. CNSA commanded its Tianwen-1 orbiter to instruct Zhurong to send the data. Mars Express received data from Zhurong and transmitted it to Earth. The deep space stations of ESA received the data and sent it to CNSA. The data were then compared with the original Chinese signal. Five tests were performed, but four of them failed. A test on November 20 succeeded. The analysis found that another device aboard Mars Express caused the failures by disturbing transmission. Tianwen-1's ability to act as a relay for Zhurong has lessened because it was spending more time on its main mission of mapping Mars. As a result, CNSA and ESA agreed to the tests to determine if Mars Express could be a relay for the rover.[56]

## Exploration

### Objectives

The rover's mission planned tasks are to:[57]

* Study the topography and geology of the local area
* Examine the soil, and any ice content
* Survey the elements, minerals and rocks
* Atmospheric sampling

### Instruments

The configuration and layout of payloads on board the Zhurong rover

The six-wheeled rover weighs 240 kg, and is 1.85 m tall.[58] It is powered by four solar panels along with n-undecane stored in 10 containers under two circular windows on the deck absorbs heat and melts during the daytime and solidifies and releases heat at night.[59] It carries six scientific instruments:[29][57][23]

* Mars Rover Penetrating Radar (RoPeR) Ground-penetrating radar (GPR), two frequencies, to image about 100 m (330 ft) below the Martian surface.[60] NASA's Perseverance rover, launched and landed in the same year, is also equipped with the ground-penetrating radar.[61]
* Mars Rover Magnetometer (RoMAG) obtains the fine-scale structures of crustal magnetic field based on mobile measurements on the Martian surface.
* Mars Climate Station (MCS) (also MMMI Mars Meteorological Measurement Instrument) measures the temperature, pressure, wind velocity and direction of the surface atmosphere, and has a microphone to capture Martian sounds. During the rover's deployment, it recorded the sound, acting as the second Martian sound instrument to record Martian sounds successfully after Mars 2020 Perseverance rover's microphones.
* Mars Surface Compound Detector (MarSCoDe) combines laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and infrared spectroscopy.[57]
* Multispectral Camera (MSCam) Combined with MarSCoDe, MSCam investigates the mineral components to establish the relationship between Martian surface water environment and secondary mineral types, and to search for historical environmental conditions for the presence of liquid water.
* Navigation and Topography Cameras (NaTeCam) With 2048 × 2048 resolution, NaTeCam is used to construct topography maps, extract parameters such as slope, undulation and roughness, investigate geological structures, and conduct comprehensive analysis on the geological structure of the surface parameters.

Among the six scientific instruments, RoPeR works during roving; MarSCoDe, MSCam and NaTeCam work when being stationary; RoMAG and MCS work both when moving or still.[23]

Other instruments include:

* Remote Camera A small camera dropped by the rover to take photos of the rover and the lander on 1 June 2021. Captured images are transferred to the rover via Wi-Fi.[62][30]

### Plan

The rover had a planned operational lifetime of 90 sols. Originally, every three sols were defined as one operation period. The basic process of each operation period was:[23]

* Sol 1: NaTeCam captures images on Martian surface for analysis and operations planning.
* Sol 2: Each payload performs scientific exploration.
* Sol 3: The rover moves towards target location. RoMAG and MCS collect data when roving.

Acquired data is downlinked each sol. The data will be processed by teams in CNSA during an official 5–6 months' proprietary period before being released to the scientific community.[23]

In July 2021, the designer of Tianwen-1 orbiter disclosed that due to Zhurong's better-than-expected performance, the original three-day period has been merged into one, accelerating its exploration process.[63]

discuss]])

(  Rover •  Lander •  Future )

white;">← Beagle 2 (2003)

white;">Curiosity (2012) →

white;">Deep Space 2 (1999) →

black;">← Rosalind Franklin rover (2021?)

white;">InSight (2018) →

black;">← Mars 2020 rover (2021?)

white;">Mars 2 (1971) →

white;">← Mars 3 (1971)

white;">Mars 6 (1973) →

white;">Polar Lander (1999) ↓

white;">↑ Opportunity (2004)

white;">← Phoenix (2008)

white;">Schiaparelli EDM (2016) →

white;">← Sojourner (1997)

white;">Spirit (2004) ↑

white;">Viking 1 (1976) →

white;">Viking 2 (1976) →

## Discoveries

Five dunes were investigated on the rover one traverse bright dunes is an eroded barchan. Bright sands make up the main barchan body; dark sands clearly overlay the bright dunes. The dark sand accumulations are characterized by small longitudinal dunes, transverse ripples and ridges. A study of dune shapes found that there was a major change in the dunes when the tilt of Mars changed. At the same time, the layers in the polar ice caps displayed a change as well.[64]

Data from the Zhurong rover suggests liquid water can exist on present day Mars. The data came from the Navigation and Terrain Camera (NaTeCam), the Multispectral Camera (MSCam), and the Mars Surface Composition Detector (MarSCoDe) aboard the Zhurong rover.

On the surface the team found crusts, cracks, granulation, polygonal ridges, and a strip-like trace. Spectral data showed that the dune surface contains hydrated sulfates, hydrated silica (especially opal-CT), trivalent iron oxide minerals (especially ferrihydrite), and possibly chlorides. The team of researchers concluded that the observed features were due to liquid saline water. This water was derived from frost/snow that melted on the dunes.

Snow and/or frost forms on dunes at times. Because of the high salt content, that snow/ice melts at a lower temperature. When the water evaporates, it leaves behind hydrated sulfate, opal, iron oxide, and other hydrated minerals. These act as cements to form a crust. As more drying happens, the crust forms cracks.[65][66]

Data from the Zhurong rover lead scientists to suggest that liquid water may have been present on at the landing site much later than was previously believed. Hydrated sulfate/silica materials were found in bright-toned rocks. The minerals formed a "duricrust." It was made either by groundwater rising or subsurface ice melting. Maybe, hot magma under the surface melted some of the abundant ice under the surface. The water could have moved to the surface and deposited minerals as it evaporated to make the duricrust.[67] [68]

## Gallery

* The Zhurong rover and Tianwen-1 lander as seen by MRO on 11 June 2021.

* Scale model of the Tianwen-1 lander and Zhurong rover.

## See also

* Planetary Exploration of China
* List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies
* Exploration of Mars
* Viking 1 (lander)
* Viking 2 (lander)
* Sojourner (rover)
* Spirit (rover)
* Opportunity (rover)
* Curiosity (rover)
* Perseverance (rover)
* Rosalind Franklin (rover) (planned mission)
* Water on Mars

## References

1. ↑ The Soviet Mars-3 was the first spacecraft to achieve soft landing[3]

1. ↑ Myers, Steven Lee; Chang, Kenneth (14 May 2021). "China's Mars Rover Mission Lands on the Red Planet". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/14/science/china-mars.html.
2. ↑ Fitzsimons, Tim (15 May 2021). "China becomes only second nation in history to land a rover on Mars". https://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/china-becomes-only-second-nation-history-land-rover-mars-n1267410.
3. ↑ Balint, Tibor. "Summary of Russian Planetary Lander Missions". NASA-JPL. http://www.planetology.ru/panoramas/balint_2002_summary_of_russian_planetary_lander_missions.pdf?language=english.
4. ↑ Zhao, Lei (2021-05-22). "China's Zhurong rover moves onto Martian surface to begin scientific operations". China Daily. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202105/22/WS60a89fb3a31024ad0bac0c37.html.
5. ↑ Jones, Andrew (30 July 2021). "China's Zhurong Mars rover scopes out dunes on journey south". https://www.space.com/china-mars-rover-zhurong-studies-dunes.
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20. ↑ "China's first Mars rover named Zhurong". Xinhua News Agency. 24 April 2021. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-04/24/c_139902817.htm.
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23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 Li, Chunlai; Zhang, Rongqiao; Yu, Dengyun; Dong, Guangliang; Liu, Jianjun; Geng, Yan; Sun, Zezhou; Yan, Wei et al. (June 2021). "China's Mars Exploration Mission and Science Investigation". Space Science Reviews 217 (4): 57. doi:10.1007/s11214-021-00832-9. Bibcode: 2021SSRv..217...57L.
24. ↑ Jones, Andrew (23 July 2020). "Tianwen-1 launches for Mars, marking dawn of Chinese interplanetary exploration". https://spacenews.com/tianwen-1-launches-for-mars-marking-dawn-of-chinese-interplanetary-exploration/.
25. ↑ Jones, Andrew (10 February 2021). "China's Tianwen-1 enters orbit around Mars". https://spacenews.com/chinas-tianwen-1-enters-orbit-around-mars/.
26. ↑ Jones, Andrew (14 May 2021). "China's Zhurong Mars rover lands safely in Utopia Planitia". https://spacenews.com/chinas-zhurong-mars-rover-lands-safely-in-utopia-planitia/.
27. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (2021-05-19). "China on Mars: Zhurong rover returns first pictures". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57172346.
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38. ↑ "Chinese rover Zhurong captures new unpublished images of Mars". 3 August 2021. https://www.newsy-today.com/chinese-rover-zhurong-captures-new-unpublished-images-of-mars/.
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40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "China's rover travels over 1 km on Mars". China Daily. Xinhua News Agency. 23 August 2021. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202108/23/WS612376cea310efa1bd66a927.html.
41. ↑ "元旦问候——国家航天局发布天问一号探测器传回图像". 2022-01-01. https://card.weibo.com/article/m/show/id/2309404720738413445238.
42. ↑ Kooser, Amanda (20 August 2021). "China's Mars rover outlasts its life expectancy, keeps on going". https://www.cnet.com/science/chinas-mars-rover-outlasts-its-life-expectancy-keeps-on-going/.
43. ↑ Jones, Andrew (22 October 2021). "At Mars, China's Tianwen 1 orbiter and Zhurong rover are back in action after a radio blackout". https://www.space.com/china-tianwen-1-mars-orbiter-rover-radio-blackout-ends.
44. ↑ Waldek, Stefanie (20 September 2022). "China Mars mission data offers evidence for ancient ocean". https://www.space.com/china-mars-tianwen-1-zhurong-data-update.
45. ↑ Jones, Andrew (14 March 2023). "China's Zhurong Mars rover reveals seasonal wind changes in Red Planet weather report". https://www.space.com/china-mars-zhurong-rover-wind-changes.
46. ↑ Atkinson, Nancy. "China unable to reestablish contact with its Zhurong Mars rover" (in en). https://phys.org/news/2023-01-china-unable-reestablish-contact-zhurong.html.
47. ↑ Dobberstein, Laura. "China's Mars rover hibernates for a scarily long time" (in en). https://www.theregister.com/2023/01/09/zhurong_sleep_mode/.
48. ↑ Jones, Andrew (21 February 2023). "NASA Mars orbiter reveals China's Zhurong rover has not moved for months". https://spacenews.com/nasa-mars-orbiter-reveals-chinas-zhurong-rover-has-not-moved-for-months/.
49. ↑ Kooser, Amanda. "China's First Mars Rover May Have Run Into Trouble on the Dusty Planet" (in en). https://www.cnet.com/science/space/chinas-first-mars-rover-may-have-run-into-trouble-on-the-dusty-planet/.
50. ↑ Jones, Andrew (17 March 2023). "Chinese scientists hold out hope for silent Zhurong Mars rover". Space.com. https://www.space.com/china-zhurong-mars-rover-hope-recovery.
51. ↑ "HiRISE | HiPOD: 21 Feb 2023". https://www.uahirise.org/ESP_077511_2055.
52. ↑ Waldek, Stefanie (23 February 2023). "NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter confirms that China's Zhurong rover has been stationary for months". https://www.space.com/mars-reconaissance-orbiter-zhurong-rover-images.
53. ↑ Hart, Robert (25 April 2023). "China's Mars rover is stuck sleeping after harsh martian winter". https://www.forbes.com.au/news/innovation/space-force-updates-chinas-mars-rover-is-stuck-sleeping/.
54. ↑ "China breaks silence over status of Mars rover Zhurong". 25 April 2023. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/25/china-breaks-silence-over-status-of-mars-rover-zhurong.
55. ↑ Cooper, Keith (9 July 2023). "The climate of Mars changed dramatically 400,000 years ago, Chinese rover finds". https://www.space.com/china-zhurong-mars-rover-hope-recovery.
56. ↑ Jones, Andrew (December 12, 2021). "Europe's Mars orbiter relays data from Chinese rover back to Earth". https://www.space.com/china-mars-rover-communicates-via-european-orbiter.
57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Zou, Yongliao; Zhu, Yan; Bai, Yunfei; Wang, Lianguo; Jia, Yingzhuo; Shen, Weihua; Fan, Yu; Liu, Yang et al. (2021). "Scientific objectives and payloads of Tianwen-1, China's first Mars exploration mission". Advances in Space Research 67 (2): 812–823. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2020.11.005. ISSN 0273-1177. Bibcode: 2021AdSpR..67..812Z.
58. ↑ Jones, Andrew (29 March 2021). "Here's What You Need to Know About China's Mars Rover". https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/aerospace/space-flight/what-you-need-to-know-about-china-mars-rover-tianwen-1.
59. ↑ @CNDeepSpace (5 January 2022). "The secret keeping #Zhurong warm during freezing night is under the two circular windows: N-undecane stored in 10 c...". https://twitter.com/CNDeepSpace/status/1478755108074627074.
60. ↑ Zhou, Bin; Shen, Shaoxiang; Ji, Yicai; Lu, Wei; Zhang, Feng; Fang, Guangyou; Su, Yan; Dai, Shun (2016). "2016 16th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)". 2016 16th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Hong Kong, China. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1109/ICGPR.2016.7572700. ISBN 978-1-5090-5181-6.
61. ↑ Jones, Andrew (July 22, 2020). "China raises the stakes with second Mars attempt". https://spacenews.com/china-raises-the-stakes-with-second-mars-attempt/.
62. ↑ 火星之后我们会去哪里？| 《火星来了》第三季第⑨集 (in 中文). China National Space Administration. 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021 - via Bilibili.
63. ↑ Yu, Zhanyi (14 July 2021). "专访天问一号火星环绕器总体主任设计师：未来将把火星表面样品带回地球" (in zh). China News Service. http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2021/07-14/9519372.shtml.
64. ↑ Liu, Jianjun; Qin, Xiaoguang; Ren, Xin; Wang, Xu; Sun, Yong; Zeng, Xingguo; Wu, Haibin; Chen, Zhaopeng et al. (5 July 2023). "Martian dunes indicative of wind regime shift in line with end of ice age" (in en). Nature 620 (7973): 303–309. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06206-1. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 37407822. Bibcode: 2023Natur.620..303L.
65. ↑ Qin, Xiaoguang; Ren, Xin; Wang, Xu; Liu, Jianjun; Wu, Haibin; Zeng, Xingguo; Sun, Yong; Chen, Zhaopeng et al. (28 April 2023). "Modern water at low latitudes on Mars: Potential evidence from dune surfaces". Science Advances 9 (17): eadd8868. doi:10.1126/sciadv.add8868. PMID 37115933. Bibcode: 2023SciA....9D8868Q.
66. ↑ Sciences, Chinese Academy of (29 April 2023). "China's Zhurong Mars Rover Finds Evidence of Water in Martian Sand Dunes" (in en-us). https://scitechdaily.com/chinas-zhurong-mars-rover-finds-evidence-of-water-in-martian-sand-dunes/.
67. ↑ Liu, Yang; Wu, Xing; Zhao, Yu-Yan Sara; Pan, Lu; Wang, Chi; Liu, Jia; Zhao, Zhenxing; Zhou, Xiang et al. (2022). "Zhurong reveals recent aqueous activities in Utopia Planitia, Mars". Science Advances 8 (19): eabn8555. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn8555. PMID 35544566. Bibcode: 2022SciA....8N8555L.
68. ↑ Liu, Y., et al. 2022. Zhurong reveals recent aqueous activities in Utopia Planitia, Mars. Science Advances. VOL. 8, NO. 19

* v
* t
* e

Chinese spacecraft

Earth observation|

* Fengyun
* Gaofen
* FSW
* HY
* Jilin
* Shiyan
* SMMS
* TanSat
* Tansuo
* Tianhui
* Yaogan
* Ziyuan

Communication and engineering|

* Dong Fang Hong
* FH-1
* Apstar
* APMT
* Asiasat
* Chinasat
* ChinaStar
* HKSTG
* LGSP
* OlympicSat
* Shijian
* Sinosat
* Tsinghua-1
* Xiwang 1

Data relay satellite system|

* Queqiao
* Tianlian I
* Tianlian I-01
* Tianlian I-02
* Tianlian I-03
* Tianlian II

Positioning|

* BeiDou-1
* BeiDou-2

Astronomical observation|

* Double Star (joint with ESA)
* Dark Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE)
* Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope (HXMT)
* Huanjing
* Kuafu
* Longjiang-2
* Queqiao
* Space Solar Telescope (SST)
* Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM)
* Xuntian

Lunar exploration|

* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
* Chang'e 1
* Chang'e 2
* Chang'e 3
* Yutu
* Chang'e 5-T1
* Chang'e 4
* Yutu-2
* Chang'e 5
* Chang'e 6
* Chang'e 7
* Chang'e 8

Planetary exploration|

* Yinghuo-1
* Chang'e 2
* Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover
* ZhengHe

Microsatellites|

* Fengniao
* Xinyan

Future spacecraft in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Chinese space program

* China National Space Administration (CNSA)

| Spaceports and landing sites|

* Jiuquan
* Taiyuan
* Wenchang
* Xichang
* Siziwang Banner (landing site)

|

Launch vehicles|

* Long March 2
* Long March 3
* Long March 4
* Long March 5
* Long March 6
* Long March 7
* Long March 11
* Kuaizhou
* Kaituozhe

Exploration programs|

* Shuguang (cancelled)
* Shenzhou (human spaceflight)
* Chang'e (lunar exploration)
* Tiangong (space station)

Projects and missions

Science|

| Planetary science|

* Chang'e 1 (2007–09)
* Chang'e 2 (2010–present)
* Yinghuo 1† (2011)
* Chang'e 3 (2013–present)
* Chang'e 5-T1 (2014–present)
* Yutu (2013–2016)
* Chang'e 4 (2018-present)
* Yutu-2 (2018-present)
* Chang'e 5 (2020)
* Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover (2020)
* ZhengHe (2024)

|

Astronomy and
cosmology

* DAMPE (2015–present)
* HXMT (2017–present)
* GECAM (2020)
* SVOM (2021)
* EP (2021)
* ASO-S (2022)
* Xuntian (2022)
* Space Solar Telescope

Earth observation|

* CSES (2018–present)
* Double Star (2003–07)
* Gaofen (2013–present)
* HY
* TanSat (2016–present)
* Yaogan (2006–present)
* Ziyuan (CBERS) (1999–present)
* SMILE (2023)

Human spaceflight|

| Crewed expeditions|

* List of Chinese astronauts
* Shenzhou 5
* Shenzhou 6
* Shenzhou 7
* Shenzhou 9
* Shenzhou 10
* Shenzhou 11

|

Space laboratories and cargos|

* Tiangong 1 (2011–18)
* Tiangong 2 (2016–19)
* Tianzhou 1 (2017)

Chinese space station|

* Tianhe (2021)
* Wentian (2021)
* Mengtian (2022)

Navigation|

* BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)

Telecommunications|

* Tianlian I (2008–present)
* ChinaSat 9 (2009–present)
* Apstar 6C (2018–present)
* Tianlian 2 (2019–present)

Technology
demonstrators

* FSW Program (1969–2006)
* QUESS (2016–present)
* XPNAV 1 (2016–present)

* Future missions marked in italics, failed missions marked with † sign

* v
* t
* e

Astrobiology

Disciplines|

* Astrochemistry
* Astrophysics
* Atmospheric sciences
* Biochemistry
* Evolutionary biology
* Exoplanetology
* Geomicrobiology
* Microbiology
* Paleontology
* Planetary science

Main topics|

* Abiogenesis
* Allan Hills 84001
* Biomolecule
* Biosignature
* Drake equation
* Earliest known life forms
* Earth analog
* Extraterrestrial life
* Extraterrestrial sample curation
* Extremophiles
* Hypothetical types of biochemistry
* List of microorganisms tested in outer space
* Molecules detected in outer space
* Ocean planet
* Origin of life
* Panspermia
* Planetary protection
* Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
* Yamato meteorite

Planetary
habitability|

* Habitability of binary star systems
* Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
* Habitability of natural satellites
* Habitability of red dwarf systems
* Circumstellar habitable zone
* Earth analog
* List of potentially habitable exoplanets
* Tholin
* Extraterrestrial liquid water
* Galactic habitable zone
* Superhabitable planet

Space
missions|

| Earth orbit|

* BIO
* BIOCORE
* Biolab
* Bion
* BIOPAN
* Biosatellite program
* E-MIST
* ERA
* CROPIS
* EXOSTACK
* EXPOSE
* Lunar Micro Ecosystem
* O/OREOS
* OREOcube
* Tanpopo
* VEGGIE

|

Mars|

* Beagle 2
* ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
* Fobos-Grunt
* Mars Science Laboratory
* Curiosity
* Phoenix
* Viking

Comets and
asteroids|

* Hayabusa2
* OSIRIS-REx
* Rosetta

Planned|

* BioSentinel
* Dragonfly
* Europa Clipper
* ExoMars
* Rosalind Franklin rover
* Kazachock lander
* Mars 2020 rover
* HX-1

Proposed|

* CAESAR
* Enceladus Explorer
* Enceladus Life Finder‎
* Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
* Europa Lander
* ExoLance
* Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
* Icebreaker Life
* Journey to Enceladus and Titan
* Laplace-P
* Life Investigation For Enceladus
* Mars sample return mission
* Oceanus
* THEO
* Trident

Cancelled and
undeveloped|

* Astrobiology Field Laboratory
* Beagle 3
* Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
* Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
* Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
* MELOS
* Northern Light
* Red Dragon
* Terrestrial Planet Finder

Institutions
and programs|

* Astrobiology Society of Britain
* Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
* Breakthrough Initiatives
* Breakthrough Listen
* Breakthrough Message
* Breakthrough Starshot
* Carl Sagan Institute
* Center for Life Detection Science
* European Astrobiology Network Association
* NASA Astrobiology Institute
* Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
* Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
* Spanish Astrobiology Center‎

* Category
* Commons
* Portal: Astronomy
* Biology

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to Mars

Active missions|

| Orbiters|

* 2001 Mars Odyssey
* Mars Express (MEX)
* Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO)
* Mangalyaan (MOM)
* MAVEN
* ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO)

|

Landers|

* InSight

Rovers|

* Curiosity
* timeline

Past missions|

| Flybys|

* Mars 1†
* Mariner 4
* Zond 2†
* Mariner 6 and 7
* Mars 6
* Mars 7
* Rosetta
* Dawn
* Mars Cube One (MarCO)

|

Orbiters|

* Mars 2
* Mars 3
* Mariner 9
* Mars 4†
* Mars 5
* Viking program
* Viking 1
* Viking 2
* Phobos program
* Phobos 1†
* Phobos 2†
* Mars Observer†
* Mars Global Surveyor (MGS)
* Nozomi†
* Mars Climate Orbiter†

Landers|

* Mars 2†
* Mars 3†
* Mars 6†
* Mars 7†
* Viking 1
* Viking 2
* Mars Pathfinder
* Mars Polar Lander† / Deep Space 2†
* Beagle 2†
* Phoenix
* ExoMars Schiaparelli†

Rovers|

* Prop-M†
* Sojourner
* Spirit
* observations
* Opportunity
* timeline
* observations

Mars-crossing objects|

* Zond 3
* Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster

Failed launches|

* Mars 1M No.1
* 1M No.2
* 2MV-4 No.1
* 2MV-3 No.1
* Mariner 3
* Mars 2M No.521
* 2M No.522
* Mariner 8
* Mars 3MS No.170
* Mars 96
* Fobos-Grunt / Yinghuo-1

Future missions|

| Planned|

* Hope Mars Mission (2020)
* ExoMars (2020)
* Rosalind Franklin rover
* Kazachok lander
* Mars 2020 (2020)
* Mars Helicopter Scout
* HX-1 (2020)
* Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (2022 or 2023)
* Psyche (2022, flyby in 2023)
* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) (2022, flyby in 2025)
* Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX) (2022 lander, 2024 orbiter)
* SatRevolution (2022)
* Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) (2024)

|

Proposed|

* Biological Oxidant and Life Detection (BOLD)
* SpaceX base
* DePhine
* Icebreaker Life
* Mars Geyser Hopper
* Mars-Grunt
* Mars Micro Orbiter‎
* MELOS rover
* MetNet
* Next Mars Orbiter (NeMO)
* PADME
* Phootprint
* Sky-Sailor

Cancelled proposals|

* Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey (ARES)
* Astrobiology Field Laboratory
* Beagle 3
* Mars 4NM & 5NM
* Mars 5M (Mars-79)
* Mars-Aster
* Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
* Mars One
* Mars Surveyor Lander
* Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
* NetLander
* Northern Light
* Red Dragon
* Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
* Vesta
* Voyager Mars

Exploration of Mars|

| Concepts|

* Flyby
* Orbiter
* Landing
* Rover
* Sample return
* Human mission
* Permanent settlement
* Colonization
* Terraforming

|

Strategies|

* Mars Scout Program
* Mars Exploration Program
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* Mars Next Generation

Advocacy|

* The Mars Project
* The Case for Mars
* Inspiration Mars
* Mars Institute
* Mars Society
* Mars race

Lists|

* List of missions to Mars
* List of Mars orbiters
* List of artificial objects on Mars

Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign † indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.

* v
* t
* e

21st-century space probes

Active space probes
(deep space missions)|

| Moon|

* ARTEMIS
* Chandrayaan-2
* Chang'e 3
* Chang'e 4 (Yutu-2)
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

|

Mars|

* ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

Venus|

* Akatsuki

Minor planet|

* Chang'e 2
* Hayabusa2 / MINERVA-II
* New Horizons
* OSIRIS-REx

Solar science|

* ACE
* DSCOVR
* Parker Solar Probe
* SOHO
* STEREO
* Wind

Others|

* BepiColombo
* Gaia
* Juno
* THEMIS
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2

Completed after 2000
(by termination date)|

| 2000s|

* 2001
* NEAR Shoemaker
* Deep Space 1
* 2003
* Pioneer 10
* Galileo
* Nozomi
* 2004
* Genesis
* 2005
* Huygens
* 2006
* Mars Global Surveyor
* 2008
* Phoenix
* 2009
* Chang'e 1
* Ulysses
* Chandrayaan-1
* SELENE
* LCROSS

|

2010s|

* 2010
* Hayabusa
* MER Spirit
* 2011
* Stardust
* 2012
* GRAIL
* 2013
* Deep Impact
* 2014
* LADEE
* Venus Express
* Chang'e 5-T1
* 2015
* MESSENGER
* PROCYON
* IKAROS
* 2016
* Rosetta / Philae
* Yutu
* ExoMars Schiaparelli
* 2017
* LISA Pathfinder
* Cassini
* 2018
* MASCOT
* Dawn
* Longjiang-1
* 2019
* MarCO
* MER Opportunity
* Beresheet
* Longjiang-2
* Vikram / Pragyan

* List of Solar System probes
* List of lunar probes
* List of space telescopes

* v
* t
* e

2020 in space

* « 2019

2021 »

Space probe launches |

* Solar Orbiter (Feb 2020)
* Hope Mars Mission (Jul 2020)
* Tianwen-1 (Jul 2020)
* Mars 2020 (Jul 2020)
* Perseverance
* Mars Helicopter Ingenuity
* Chang'e 5 (lunar sample return mission; Oct 2020)

Selected NEOs|

* Asteroid close approaches
* 2020 BX12
* 2020 CD3 (temporary satellite)
* (52768) 1998 OR2
* 2020 JJ
* 2020 LD
* (163348) 2002 NN4
* 2011 ES4
* 2018 VP1
* (501647) 2014 SD224

Exoplanets |

* AU Mic b
* Gliese 229 Ac
* Gliese 433 (b * c * d)
* GJ 1151 b radio emissions
* Kepler-160d
* Kepler-1649c
* Lacaille 9352 (b * c)
* TOI 700 (b * c * d)
* TOI 732 (b * c)
* TOI 1338 b
* TOI 1339 (b * c * d)

Discoveries|

* 2020 AV2
* FRB 180916 source location and periodicity
* Radcliffe wave
* Ophiuchus Supercluster explosion
* PSO J03094+27
* 2MASS J10475385+2124234 wind speed measurements
* SGR 1935+2154
* HR 6819 black hole
* SWIFT J1818.0–1607
* South Pole Wall

Comets |

* C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)
* C/2017 T2 (PANSTARRS)
* C/2020 F8 (SWAN)
* C/2019 U6 (LEMMON)
* C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)
* 2P/Encke
* 88P/Howell

Space exploration|

* Spitzer retirement (Jan)
* BepiColombo (Earth gravity assist; Apr)
* OSIRIS-REx (collecting sample from asteroid Bennu; Oct)
* Hayabusa2 (sample return from asteroid Ryugu to Earth; Dec)

* Category:2019 in space — Category:2020 in space — Category:2021 in space

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