Exif

Exif of a file in Wikimedia Commons (compact form)

Filename extension| ``.JPG`, `.TIF`, `.WAV`, `.PNG`,[1]`.WEBP`[2]`
Developed by| JEIDA, now JEITA, CIPA
Initial release| 1995; 31 years ago (1995)[3]
Latest release|

3.0[4]
(May 2023; 3 years ago (2023-05)[4])

Extended from| TIFF, JPEG, WAV
Extended to| DCF

Exchangeable image file format (officially Exif, according to JEIDA/JEITA/CIPA specifications)[5] is a standard that specifies formats for images, sound, and ancillary tags used by digital cameras (including smartphones), scanners and other systems handling image and sound files recorded by digital cameras. The specification uses the following existing encoding formats with the addition of specific metadata tags: JPEG lossy coding for compressed image files, TIFF Rev. 6.0 (RGB or YCbCr) for uncompressed image files, and RIFF WAV for audio files (linear PCM or ITU-T G.711 μ-law PCM for uncompressed audio data, and IMA-ADPCM for compressed audio data).[6] It does not support JPEG 2000 or GIF encoded images. This standard consists of the Exif image file specification and the Exif audio file specification.

## Contents

* 1 Background
* 2 Version history
* 3 Technical
* 4 Geolocation
* 5 Program support
* 6 Problems
* 6.1 Technical
* 6.2 Privacy and security
* 7 Related standards
* 8 Exif fields
* 8.1 Example
* 8.2 Time tags
* 9 FlashPix extensions
* 10 Exif audio files
* 11 MakerNote data
* 12 See also
* 13 References
* 14 External links

## Background

Exif is supported by almost all digital camera manufacturers.

The metadata tags defined in the Exif standard cover a broad spectrum:

* Camera settings: This includes static information such as the camera model and make, and information that varies with each image such as orientation (rotation), aperture, shutter speed, focal length, metering mode, and ISO speed information
* Image metrics: Pixel dimensions, resolution, colorspace, and filesize
* Date and time information, digital cameras will record the current (local) date and time set on the device and save this in the metadata
* Location information
* A thumbnail for previewing the picture on the camera's LCD screen, in file managers, or in photo manipulation software
* Descriptions
* Copyright information

## Version history

The Japan Electronic Industries Development Association (JEIDA) produced the initial definition of Exif. Version 2.1 of the specification is dated 12 June 1998.[citation needed] JEITA established Exif version 2.2 (a.k.a. "Exif Print"), dated 20 February 2002 and released in April 2002.[7] Version 2.21 (with Adobe RGB support) is dated 11 July 2003, but was released in September 2003 following the release of DCF 2.0. Version 2.3 was released on 26 April 2010, and revised to 2.31 in July 2013 and revised to 2.32 on 17 May 2019, was jointly formulated by JEITA and CIPA. The latest version, 3.0, was released in May 2023, and brings, among other things, support for UTF-8 to allow text data in non-ASCII encoding.[4]

Versions  Version  | Release date  | Changes

|
|

1.0  | October 1995  | Established basic tag definitions
1.1  | May 1997  | Added tags and operating specifications
2.0  | November 1997  | Added sRGB color space, GPS and compressed thumbnails
2.1  | December 1998  | Added DCF interoperability tags
2.2  | April 2002  | Applied ExifPrint
2.21  | September 2003  | Corrections and some additions
2.21 (unified version)  | September 2009  | More corrections
2.3  | April 2010  | Added revised ISO tags and lens information
2.3 (revised)  | December 2012  | Corrections
2.31  | July 2016  | Added time zone tags and shooting situation tags
2.32  | May 2019  | Added composite image tags
3.0  | May 2023  | Added UTF-8 data type
3.0  | December 2024  | Changed GPSAltitudeRef definition

## Technical

The Exif tag structure is borrowed from TIFF files. On several image specific properties, there is a large overlap between the tags defined in the TIFF, Exif, TIFF/EP, and DCF standards. For descriptive metadata, there is an overlap between Exif, IPTC Information Interchange Model and XMP info, which also can be embedded in a JPEG file. The Metadata Working Group has guidelines on mapping tags between these standards.[8]

When Exif is employed for JPEG files, the Exif data are stored in one of JPEG's defined utility Application Segments, the APP1 (segment marker 0xFFE1), which in effect holds an entire TIFF file within. When Exif is employed in TIFF files (also when used as "an embedded TIFF file" mentioned earlier), the TIFF Private Tag 0x8769 defines a sub-Image File Directory (IFD) that holds the Exif specified TIFF Tags. In addition, Exif also defines a Global Positioning System sub-IFD using the TIFF Private Tag 0x8825, holding location information, and an "Interoperability IFD" specified within the Exif sub-IFD, using the Exif tag 0xA005.

Formats specified in Exif standard are defined as folder structures that are based on Exif-JPEG and recording formats for memory. When these formats are used as Exif/DCF files together with the DCF specification (for better interoperability among devices of different types), their scope shall cover devices, recording media, and application software that handle them.

## Geolocation

See also: Engineering:Geotagging

The Exif format has standard tags for location information. As of 2014[update], many cameras and mobile phones have a built-in GPS receiver that stores the location information in the Exif header when a picture is taken. Some other cameras have a separate GPS receiver that fits into the flash connector or hot shoe. Recorded GPS data can also be added to any digital photograph on a computer, either by correlating the time stamps of the photographs with a GPS record from a hand-held GPS receiver or manually by using a map or mapping software. Some cameras can be paired with cellphones to provide the geolocation. The process of adding geographic information to a photograph is known as geotagging. Photo-sharing communities like Panoramio, locr or Flickr equally allow their users to upload geocoded pictures or to add geolocation information online.

## Program support

Exif data are embedded within the image file itself. While many recent image manipulation programs recognize and preserve Exif data when writing to a modified image, this is not the case for most older programs. Many image gallery programs also recognise Exif data and optionally display it alongside the images.

Software libraries, such as libexif[9] for C and Adobe XMP Toolkit[10] or Exiv2[11] for C++, Metadata Extractor[12] for Java, PIL/Pillow for Python, LEADTOOLS or ExifTool[13] for Perl, parse Exif data from files and read/write Exif tag values.

## Problems

### Technical

The Exif format has a number of drawbacks, mostly relating to its use of legacy file structures.

* The derivation of Exif from the TIFF file structure using offset pointers in the files means that data can be spread anywhere within a file, which means that software is likely to corrupt any pointers or corresponding data that it does not decode/encode. For this reason most image editors damage or remove the Exif metadata to some extent upon saving.[14]
* The standard defines a MakerNote tag, which allows camera manufacturers to place any custom format metadata in the file. This is used increasingly by camera manufacturers to store camera settings not listed in the Exif standard, such as shooting modes, post-processing settings, serial number, focusing modes, etc. As the tag contents are proprietary and manufacturer-specific, it can be difficult to retrieve this information from an image or to properly preserve it when rewriting an image. Manufacturers can encrypt portions of the information; for example, some Nikon cameras encrypt the detailed lens data in the MakerNote data.[15]
* Photo manipulation software sometimes fails to update the embedded thumbnail after an editing operation, possibly causing the user to inadvertently publish compromising information.[16] For example, someone might blank out a licence registration plate of a car (for privacy concerns), only to have the thumbnail not so updated, meaning the information is still visible.
* Exif metadata are restricted in size to 64 kB in JPEG images because according to the specification this information must be contained within a single JPEG APP1 segment. Although the FlashPix extensions allow information to span multiple JPEG APP2 segments, these extensions are not commonly used. This has prompted some camera manufacturers to develop non-standard techniques for storing the large preview images used by some digital cameras for LCD review. These non-standard extensions are commonly lost if a user re-saves the image using image editor software, possibly rendering the image incompatible with the original camera that created it. (In 2009, CIPA released the Multi Picture Object specification which addresses this deficiency and provides a standard way to store large previews in JPEG images.[17])
* Prior to version 2.31 (July 2016) there was no way to record time zone information for an image, resulting in ambiguity. For example, a camera might record the "DateTimeOriginal" value using its local time zone, but a program reading the file later could mistakenly interpret that time as UTC.
* There is no standard field to record readouts of a camera's accelerometers or inertial navigation system. Such data could help to establish the relationship between the image sensor's XYZ coordinate system and the gravity vector (i.e., which way is down in this image). It could also establish relative camera positions or orientations in a sequence of photos. Some software records this information using the GPSImgDirection tag along with custom GPSPitch and GPSRoll tags.[18]
* The XResolution and YResolution tags provide the number of pixels per length unit for the width and height of the image, respectively. (The length unit itself is specified by the tag ResolutionUnit.) By default, these tags in combination are set to 72 pixels per inch (ppi).[19] These tags were inherited from the TIFF 6.0 standard and are required[20] even though for images produced by digital cameras, image resolution values such as ppi are meaningless.[21]

### Privacy and security

Since the Exif tag contains metadata about the photo, it can pose a privacy problem. For example, a photo taken with a GPS-enabled camera can reveal the exact location and time it was taken, and the unique ID number of the device - this is all done by default - often without the user's knowledge. Many users may be unaware that their photos are tagged by default in this manner, or that specialist software may be required to remove the Exif tag before publishing. For example, a whistleblower, journalist or political dissident relying on the protection of anonymity to allow them to report malfeasance by a corporate entity, criminal, or government may therefore find their safety compromised by this default data collection.

In December 2012, anti-virus businessman John McAfee was arrested in Guatemala while fleeing from alleged persecution[22] in neighboring Belize. Vice magazine had published an exclusive interview on their website with McAfee "on the run"[23] that included a photo of McAfee with a Vice reporter taken with a phone that had geotagged the image.[24] The photo's metadata included GPS coordinates locating McAfee in Guatemala, and he was captured two days later.[25] McAfee later claimed to have edited the Exif data from his phone to provide a false location.[26]

According to documents leaked by Edward Snowden, the NSA is targeting Exif information under the XKeyscore program.[27]

The privacy problem of Exif data can be avoided by removing the Exif data using a metadata removal tool.[28]

## Related standards

Metadata Working Group was formed by a consortium of companies in 2006 (according to their web page) or 2007 (as stated in their own press release). Version 2.0 of the specification was released in November 2010,[8] giving recommendations concerning the use of Exif, IPTC and XMP metadata in images.

Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) is an ISO standard, originally created by Adobe Systems Inc., for the creation, processing and interchange of standardized and custom metadata for digital documents and data sets. IPTC was developed in the early 1990s by the International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC) to expedite the international exchange of news among newspapers and news agencies.

## Exif fields

Not all devices use every available metadata field in the Exif standard.

### Example

DigiKam screenshot showing Exif data

The following table shows Exif metadata for a photo made with a typical digital camera. Authorship and copyright information is generally not provided in the camera's output, so it must be filled in during later stages of processing. Some programs, such as Canon's Digital Photo Professional, allow the name of the owner to be added to the camera itself.

Tag  | Value

|

Manufacturer  | CASIO
Model  | QV-4000
Orientation (rotation)  | top-left [8 possible values[29]]
Software  | Ver1.01
Date and time  | 2003:08:11 16:45:32
YCbCr positioning  | centered
Compression  | JPEG compression
X resolution  | 72.00
Y resolution  | 72.00
Resolution unit  | Inch
Exposure time  | 1/659 s
F-number  | f/4.0
Exposure program  | Normal program
Exif version  | Exif version 2.1
Date and time (original)  | 2003:08:11 16:45:32
Date and time (digitized)  | 2003:08:11 16:45:32
Components configuration  | Y Cb Cr –
Compressed bits per pixel  | 4.01
Exposure bias  | 0.0
Max. aperture value  | 2.00
Metering mode  | Pattern
Flash  | Flash did not fire
Focal length  | 20.1 mm
MakerNote  | 432 bytes unknown data
FlashPix version  | FlashPix version 1.0
Color space  | sRGB
Pixel X dimension  | 2240
Pixel Y dimension  | 1680
File source  | DSC
Interoperability index  | R98
Interoperability version  | (null)

### Time tags

In addition to the basic date and time tags (`DateTime`, `DateTimeOriginal`, and `DateTimeDigitized`), there are three corresponding "subsecond" tags: `SubsecTime`, `SubsecTimeOriginal`, and `SubsecTimeDigitized`. The `SubsecTime` tag is defined in version 2.3 as "a tag used to record fractions of seconds for the DateTime tag;"[6] the `SubsecTimeOriginal` and `SubsecTimeDigitized` fields are defined similarly. The subsecond tags are of variable length, meaning manufacturers may choose the number of ASCII-encoded decimal digits to place in these tags. For `DateTime = 2000:01:01 00:00:00`, the actual time with various subsecond values would be:

* `SubsecTime = 2`: `2000:01:01 00:00:00.2`
* `SubsecTime = 23`: `2000:01:01 00:00:00.23`
* `SubsecTime = 234`: `2000:01:01 00:00:00.234`
* `SubsecTime = 2345`: `2000:01:01 00:00:00.2345`

The standard does not specify which particular event during the "taking" of a picture the time tags should describe. The standard is, in fact, ambiguous. The `DateTimeOriginal` tag is defined as "The date and time when the original image data was generated." For an exposure—say, 30 seconds—longer than the granularity of the timestamp (one second for the `DateTimeOriginal` tag), the tag's time could correspond to the beginning of the exposure, the end of the exposure, or some other time. This confusion is exacerbated for the subsecond tags, where the granularity (down to 1/10000th of a second in the examples in the standard) is shorter than many common exposure durations.

As noted above, tags to specify the previously-missing timezone information were added in Exif version 2.31. These are "OffsetTime", "OffsetTimeOriginal" and "OffsetTimeDigitized". They are formatted as seven ASCII characters (including the null terminator) denoting the hours and minutes of the offset, like `+01:00` or `-01:00`. The offset is "from UTC (the time difference from Universal Coordinated Time including daylight saving time) of the time of"[6] the matching tag.

## FlashPix extensions

The Exif specification also includes a description of FPXR (FlashPix-ready) information, which may be stored in APP2 of JPEG images using a structure similar to that of a FlashPix file.[30] These FlashPix extensions allow meta-information to be preserved when converting between FPXR JPEG images and FlashPix images. FPXR information may be found in images from some models of digital cameras by Kodak and Hewlett-Packard.[31] Below is an example of the FPXR information found in a JPEG image from a Kodak EasyShare V570 digital camera:

Tag  | Value

|

Code page  | 1200
Used extension numbers  | 1
Extension name  | Screen nail
Extension class ID  | 10000230-6FC0-11D0-BD01-00609719A180
Extension persistence  | Invalidated by modification
Extension create date  | 2003:03:29 17:47:50
Extension modify date  | 2003:03:29 17:47:50
Creating application  | Picoss
Extension description  | Presized image for LCD
Storage-stream pathname  | /.Screen Nail_bd0100609719a180
Screen nail  | (124,498 bytes of data containing 640×480 JPEG preview image)

## Exif audio files

The Exif specification describes the RIFF file format used for WAV audio files and defines a number of tags for storing meta-information such as artist, copyright, creation date, and more in these files.[32] The following table gives an example of Exif information found in a WAV file written by the Pentax Optio WP digital camera:

Tag  | Value

|

Encoding  | Microsoft PCM
Number of channels  | 1
Sampling rate  | 7872
Avg. bytes per second  | 7872
Bits per sample  | 8
Date created  | 2005:08:08
Exif version  | 0220
Related image file  | IMGP1149.JPG
Time created  | 16:23:35
Make  | PENTAX Corporation
Model  | PENTAX Optio WP
MakerNote  | (2064 bytes of data)

## MakerNote data

The "MakerNote" tag contains image information normally in a proprietary binary format. Some of these manufacturer-specific formats have been decoded:

* OZHiker (not updated since 2008): Agfa, Canon, Casio, Epson, Fujifilm, Konica/Minolta, Kyocera/Contax, Nikon, Olympus, Panasonic, Pentax/Asahi, Ricoh, Sony[33]
* Kamisaka (not updated since 2007): Canon, Casio, FujiFilm, ISL, KDDI, Konica/Minolta, Mamiya, Nikon, Panasonic, Pentax, Ricoh, Sigma, Sony, WWL[34]
* X3F Info: Sigma/Foveon[35]
* ExifTool: Canon, Casio, FujiFilm, GE, HP, JVC/Victor, Kodak, Leaf, Minolta/Konica-Minolta, Nikon, Olympus/Epson, Panasonic/Leica, Pentax/Asahi, Reconyx, Ricoh, Samsung, Sanyo, Sigma/Foveon, Sony, etc.[36]
* Olypedia: Olympus[37]

The proprietary formats used by many manufacturers break if the MakerNote tag data is moved (i.e. by inserting or editing a tag that precedes it). The reason to edit to the Exif data could be as simple as to add copyright information, an Exif comment, etc. There are two solutions for this problem:

* When the Exif data is saved, the MakerNote data is stored at the same place as before.
* A special offset tag is added. This tag contains the information by how many bytes the MakerNote data was moved in comparison to the original index.

Microsoft has implemented the last solution in Windows 10: In the Windows explorer you can change the Exif data of an image file by the properties window. Here the tab sheet "Details" contains some Exif data like title, subject, comments etc. and these Exif data can also be changed and stored. When the image file is saved the tag "OffsetSchema" (tag ID = 0xea1d) is added and this tag contains a signed 32 bit number. With this number the original index of "MakerNote" can be restored:

Original index of "MakerNote" = Current index of "MakerNote" - Value of tag "OffsetSchema"

But the tag "OffsetSchema" was defined by Microsoft and it is not part of the official Exif standard.

In some cases, camera vendors also store important information only in proprietary makernote fields, instead of using available Exif standard tags. An example for this is Nikon's ISO speed settings tag.[38]

## See also

* APEX system
* Comparison of image viewers (Exif view/edit functions)
* Design rule for Camera File system (DCF)
* Digital photography
* eXtensible Metadata Platform (XMP)
* Geotagged photograph
* Image file format
* IPTC Information Interchange Model
* JPEG File Interchange Format
* Metadata Working Group
* Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography (TIFF/EP)
* JEIDA memory card

## References

1. ↑ "Extensions to the PNG 1.2 Specification, Version 1.5.0". 2017-07-15. http://ftp-osl.osuosl.org/pub/libpng/documents/pngext-1.5.0.html#C.eXIf.
2. ↑ "The Metadata in WEBP (.webp) files". https://dev.exiv2.org/projects/exiv2/wiki/The_Metadata_in_WEBP_files.
3. ↑ "Exif Exchangeable Image File Format, Version 2.2, Sustainability of Digital Formats: Planning for Library of Congress Collections". 26 February 2014. https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000146.shtml.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Exif 3.0 released, featuring UTF-8 support". 1 June 2023. https://iptc.org/news/exif-3-0-released-featuring-utf-8-support/.
5. ↑ "Exif2-1.PDF" (PDF). http://www.exif.org/Exif2-1.PDF.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Standard of the Camera & Imaging Products Association, CIPA DC-008-Translation-2012, Exchangeable image file format for digital still cameras: Exif Version 2.3". http://www.cipa.jp/std/documents/e/DC-008-2012_E.pdf.
7. ↑ Technical Standardization Committee on AV & IT Storage Systems and Equipment (April 2002). "Exchangeable Image File Format for Digital Still Cameras". Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association. http://www.exif.org/Exif2-2.PDF.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Guidelines for Handling Image Metadata". Metadata Working group. 2010-11-01. http://www.metadataworkinggroup.org/pdf/mwg_guidance.pdf.
9. ↑ "The libexif C EXIF library". https://libexif.github.io/.
10. ↑ "Adobe XMP Toolkit SDK". Adobe Inc.. https://www.adobe.com/devnet/xmp.html.
11. ↑ "Exiv2 Image Metadata Library". Andreas Huggel. http://www.exiv2.org/.
12. ↑ "Metadata Extractor". Drew Noakes. http://www.drewnoakes.com/code/exif/.
13. ↑ "Image::ExifTool Perl library". Phil Harvey. http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/.
14. ↑ "TIFF Revision 6.0". Adobe. 1992-06-03. http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/en/tiff/TIFF6.pdf.
15. ↑ "Nikon Tags: Nikon LensData01 Tags". Phil Harvey. 2008-01-25. http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/TagNames/Nikon.html#LensData01.
16. ↑ Maximillian Dornseif (2004-12-17). "EXIF Thumbnail in JPEG images". disLEXia 3000 blog. http://blogs.23.nu/disLEXia/stories/5751.
17. ↑ "Multi-Picture Format". CIPA. 2009-02-04. http://www.cipa.jp/std/documents/e/DC-007_E.pdf.
18. ↑ "Geotagging with ExifTool". https://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/geotag.html#Orient.
19. ↑ "CIPA DC-008-Translation-2019 Exchangeable image file format for digital still cameras: Exif Version 2.32". https://www.cipa.jp/std/documents/e/DC-X008-Translation-2019-E.pdf.
20. ↑ "TIFF Tags". https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/content/tiff_tags.shtml.
21. ↑ Weistra, Riny. "Dpi, misunderstandings and explanation, what is dpi". http://www.dpiphoto.eu/dpi.htm.
22. ↑ "McAfee wins stay of deportation from Guatemala". CNN. 7 December 2012. http://www.cnn.com/2012/12/07/world/americas/guatemala-mcafee-asylum-rejected/index.html.
23. ↑ We Are with John McAfee Right Now, Suckers, Vice, December 3, 2012, https://www.vice.com/en/article/we-are-with-john-mcafee-right-now-suckers/, retrieved 7 December 2012
24. ↑ Alex Wilhelm (December 3, 2012), Vice leaves metadata in photo of John McAfee, pinpointing him to a location in Guatemala, The Next Web, https://thenextweb.com/news/vice-leaves-metadata-in-photo-of-john-mcafee-pinpointing-him-to-a-location-in-guatemala
25. ↑ "John McAfee arrested in Guatemala for illegal entry", CBS News, December 5, 2012, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/john-mcafee-arrested-in-guatemala-for-illegal-entry/, retrieved 7 December 2012
26. ↑ Alex Wilhelm (3 December 2012). "In fresh twist, John McAfee now claims he falsified the metadata of the photo that placed him in Guatemala". The Next Web. https://thenextweb.com/insider/2012/12/03/it-gets-stranger-now-mcafee-claims-that-he-falsely-edited-the-metadata-on-the-photo-that-placed-him-in-guatemala/.
27. ↑ Staff (July 31, 2013). "XKeyscore Presentation from 2008 – Read in Full – Training Materials for the XKeyscore Program Detail How Analysts Can Use It and Other Systems to Mine Enormous Agency Databases and Develop Intelligence from the Web – Revealed: NSA Program That Collects 'Nearly Everything a User Does on the Internet'". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jul/31/nsa-xkeyscore-program-full-presentation.
28. ↑ Hassan, Nihad, and Hijazi, Rami. Digital Privacy and Security Using Windows: A Practical Guide. Apress, 2017, pp. 57-59.
29. ↑ "JPEG Rotation and EXIF Orientation / Digital Cameras with Orientation Sensors etc". Impulseadventure.com. https://www.impulseadventure.com/photo/exif-orientation.html.
30. ↑ (JEITA CP-3451) Section 4.7.2: Interoperability Structure of APP2 in Compressed Data.
31. ↑ Phil Harvey (18 March 2011). "FlashPix Tags". http://owl.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/TagNames/FlashPix.html.
32. ↑ (JEITA CP-3451) Section 5: Exif Audio File Specification.
33. ↑ Evan Hunter. "EXIF Makernotes - Reference Information". OZHiker. http://ozhiker.com/electronics/pjmt/jpeg_info/makernotes.html.
34. ↑ "Exif MakerNote 解析カイセキ情報" (in ja). Kamisaka. http://homepage3.nifty.com/kamisaka/makernote.
35. ↑ "SIGMA and FOVEON EXIF MakerNote Documentation". x3f.info. http://www.x3f.info/technotes/FileDocs/MakerNoteDoc.html.
36. ↑ "Makernote Types". https://exiftool.org/makernote_types.html.
37. ↑ "Olympus Makernotes" (in de). Olypedia. http://olypedia.de/Olympus_Makernotes.
38. ↑ Huggel, Andreas (2012-04-25). "Makernote formats and specifications". http://www.exiv2.org/makernote.html.

## External links

* CIPA Standards - Camera & Imaging Products Association
* Exif standard version 3.0
* Exif standard version 2.32
* Exif standard version 2.3
* Exif standard version 2.2
* Exif Exchangeable Image File Format, Version 2.2
* Exif standard version 2.1
* Exif in the TIFF Tag Directory
* Metadata working group
* List of Exif tags including MakerNote tags
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