Factory method pattern

Short description: Object-oriented software design pattern

In object oriented programming, the factory method pattern is a creational pattern that uses factory methods to deal with the problem of creating objects without having to specify the exact class of the object that will be created. This is done by creating objects by calling a factory method—either specified in an interface and implemented by child classes, or implemented in a base class and optionally overridden by derived classes—rather than by calling a constructor.

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Definition
* 3 Structure
* 3.1 UML class diagram
* 4 Examples
* 4.1 Structure
* 4.2 Example implementations
* 4.2.1 C#
* 4.2.2 Java
* 4.2.3 PHP
* 4.2.4 Python
* 5 Uses
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Overview

The Factory Method [1] design pattern is one of the twenty-three well-known design patterns that describe how to solve recurring design problems to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, that is, objects that are easier to implement, change, test, and reuse.

The Factory Method design pattern solves problems like: [2]

* How can an object be created so that subclasses can redefine which class to instantiate?
* How can a class defer instantiation to subclasses?

The Factory Method design pattern describes how to solve such problems:

* Define a separate operation (factory method) for creating an object.
* Create an object by calling a factory method.

This enables writing of subclasses to change the way an object is created (to redefine which class to instantiate).
See also the UML class diagram below.

## Definition

"Define an interface for creating an object, but let subclasses decide which class to instantiate. The Factory method lets a class defer instantiation it uses to subclasses." (Gang Of Four)

Creating an object often requires complex processes not appropriate to include within a composing object. The object's creation may lead to a significant duplication of code, may require information not accessible to the composing object, may not provide a sufficient level of abstraction, or may otherwise not be part of the composing object's concerns. The factory method design pattern handles these problems by defining a separate method for creating the objects, which subclasses can then override to specify the derived type of product that will be created.

The factory method pattern relies on inheritance, as object creation is delegated to subclasses that implement the factory method to create objects.[3] As shown in the C# example below, the factory method pattern can also rely on an Interface - in this case IPerson - to be implemented.

## Structure

### UML class diagram

A sample UML class diagram for the Factory Method design pattern. [4]

In the above UML class diagram, the `Creator` class that requires a `Product` object does not instantiate the `Product1` class directly. Instead, the `Creator` refers to a separate `factoryMethod()` to create a product object, which makes the `Creator` independent of which concrete class is instantiated. Subclasses of `Creator` can redefine which class to instantiate. In this example, the `Creator1` subclass implements the abstract `factoryMethod()` by instantiating the `Product1` class.

## Examples

This C++14 implementation is based on the pre C++98 implementation in the book.[5]

#include <iostream>
#include <memory>

enum ProductId {MINE, YOURS};

// defines the interface of objects the factory method creates.
class Product {
public:
virtual void print() = 0;
virtual ~Product() = default;

// implements the Product interface.
class ConcreteProductMINE: public Product {
public:
void print() {
std::cout << "this=" << this << " print MINE\n";

// implements the Product interface.
class ConcreteProductYOURS: public Product {
public:
void print() {
std::cout << "this=" << this << " print YOURS\n";

// declares the factory method, which returns an object of type Product.
class Creator {
public:
virtual std::unique_ptr<Product> create(ProductId id) {
if (ProductId::MINE == id) return std::make_unique<ConcreteProductMINE>();
if (ProductId::YOURS == id) return std::make_unique<ConcreteProductYOURS>();
// repeat for remaining products...

return nullptr;

virtual ~Creator() = default;

int main() {
// The unique_ptr prevent memory leaks.
std::unique_ptr<Creator> creator = std::make_unique<Creator>();
std::unique_ptr<Product> product = creator->create(ProductId::MINE);
product->print();

product = creator->create(ProductId::YOURS);
product->print();

The program output is like

this=0x6e5e90 print MINE
this=0x6e62c0 print YOURS

A maze game may be played in two modes, one with regular rooms that are only connected with adjacent rooms, and one with magic rooms that allow players to be transported at random.

### Structure

`Room` is the base class for a final product (`MagicRoom` or `OrdinaryRoom`). `MazeGame` declares the abstract factory method to produce such a base product. `MagicRoom` and `OrdinaryRoom` are subclasses of the base product implementing the final product. `MagicMazeGame` and `OrdinaryMazeGame` are subclasses of `MazeGame` implementing the factory method producing the final products. Thus factory methods decouple callers (`MazeGame`) from the implementation of the concrete classes. This makes the "new" Operator redundant, allows adherence to the Open/closed principle and makes the final product more flexible in the event of change.

### Example implementations

#### C#

// Empty vocabulary of actual object
public interface IPerson

string GetName();

public class Villager : IPerson

public string GetName()

return "Village Person";

public class CityPerson : IPerson

public string GetName()

return "City Person";

public enum PersonType

Rural,
Urban

/// <summary>
/// Implementation of Factory - Used to create objects.
/// </summary>
public class PersonFactory

public IPerson GetPerson(PersonType type)

switch (type)

case PersonType.Rural:
return new Villager();
case PersonType.Urban:
return new CityPerson();
default:
throw new NotSupportedException();

In the above code you can see the creation of one interface called `IPerson` and two implementations called `Villager` and `CityPerson`. Based on the type passed into the `PersonFactory` object, we are returning the original concrete object as the interface `IPerson`.

A factory method is just an addition to `PersonFactory` class. It creates the object of the class through interfaces but on the other hand, it also lets the subclass decide which class is instantiated.

public interface IProduct

string GetName();
bool SetPrice(double price);

public class Phone : IProduct

private double _price;

public string GetName()

return "Apple TouchPad";

public bool SetPrice(double price)

_price = price;
return true;

/* Almost same as Factory, just an additional exposure to do something with the created method */
public abstract class ProductAbstractFactory

protected abstract IProduct MakeProduct();

public IProduct GetObject() // Implementation of Factory Method.

return this.MakeProduct();

public class PhoneConcreteFactory : ProductAbstractFactory

protected override IProduct MakeProduct()

IProduct product = new Phone();
// Do something with the object after you get the object.
product.SetPrice(20.30);
return product;

You can see we have used `MakeProduct` in concreteFactory. As a result, you can easily call `MakeProduct()` from it to get the `IProduct`. You might also write your custom logic after getting the object in the concrete Factory Method. The GetObject is made abstract in the Factory interface.

#### Java

This Java example is similar to one in the book Design Patterns.

The MazeGame uses Rooms but it puts the responsibility of creating Rooms to its subclasses which create the concrete classes. The regular game mode could use this template method:

public abstract class Room {
abstract void connect(Room room);

public class MagicRoom extends Room {
public void connect(Room room) {}

public class OrdinaryRoom extends Room {
public void connect(Room room) {}

public abstract class MazeGame {
private final List<Room> rooms = new ArrayList<>();

public MazeGame() {
Room room1 = makeRoom();
Room room2 = makeRoom();
room1.connect(room2);
rooms.add(room1);
rooms.add(room2);

abstract protected Room makeRoom();

In the above snippet, the `MazeGame` constructor is a template method that makes some common logic. It refers to the `makeRoom` factory method that encapsulates the creation of rooms such that other rooms can be used in a subclass. To implement the other game mode that has magic rooms, it suffices to override the `makeRoom` method:

public class MagicMazeGame extends MazeGame {
@Override
protected MagicRoom makeRoom() {
return new MagicRoom();

public class OrdinaryMazeGame extends MazeGame {
@Override
protected OrdinaryRoom makeRoom() {
return new OrdinaryRoom();

MazeGame ordinaryGame = new OrdinaryMazeGame();
MazeGame magicGame = new MagicMazeGame();

#### PHP

Another example in PHP follows, this time using interface implementations as opposed to subclassing (however, the same can be achieved through subclassing). It is important to note that the factory method can also be defined as public and called directly by the client code (in contrast with the Java example above).

/* Factory and car interfaces */

interface CarFactory

public function makeCar(): Car;

interface Car

public function getType(): string;

/* Concrete implementations of the factory and car */

class SedanFactory implements CarFactory

public function makeCar(): Car

return new Sedan();

class Sedan implements Car

public function getType(): string

return 'Sedan';

/* Client */

$factory = new SedanFactory();
$car = $factory->makeCar();
print $car->getType();

#### Python

Same as Java example.

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class MazeGame(ABC):
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.rooms = []
self._prepare_rooms()

def _prepare_rooms(self) -> None:
room1 = self.make_room()
room2 = self.make_room()

room1.connect(room2)
self.rooms.append(room1)
self.rooms.append(room2)

def play(self) -> None:
print(f"Playing using {self.rooms[0]}")

@abstractmethod
def make_room(self):
raise NotImplementedError("You should implement this!")

class MagicMazeGame(MazeGame):
def make_room(self) -> "MagicRoom":
return MagicRoom()

class OrdinaryMazeGame(MazeGame):
def make_room(self) -> "OrdinaryRoom":
return OrdinaryRoom()

class Room(ABC):
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.connected_rooms = []

def connect(self, room: "Room") -> None:
self.connected_rooms.append(room)

class MagicRoom(Room):
def __str__(self) -> str:
return "Magic room"

class OrdinaryRoom(Room):
def __str__(self) -> str:
return "Ordinary room"

ordinaryGame = OrdinaryMazeGame()
ordinaryGame.play()

magicGame = MagicMazeGame()
magicGame.play()

## Uses

* In ADO.NET, IDbCommand.CreateParameter is an example of the use of factory method to connect parallel class hierarchies.
* In Qt, QMainWindow::createPopupMenu is a factory method declared in a framework that can be overridden in application code.
* In Java, several factories are used in the javax.xml.parsers package. e.g. javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory or javax.xml.parsers.SAXParserFactory.
* In the HTML5 DOM API, the Document interface contains a createElement factory method for creating specific elements of the HTMLElement interface.

## See also

* Design Patterns, the highly influential book
* Design pattern, overview of design patterns in general
* Abstract factory pattern, a pattern often implemented using factory methods
* Builder pattern, another creational pattern
* Template method pattern, which may call factory methods
* Joshua Bloch's idea of a static factory method, which he says has no direct equivalent in Design Patterns.

## References

1. ↑ Erich Gamma; Richard Helm; Ralph Johnson; John Vlissides (1994). Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Addison Wesley. pp. 121ff. ISBN 0-201-63361-2.
2. ↑ "The Factory Method design pattern - Problem, Solution, and Applicability". http://w3sdesign.com/?gr=c03&ugr=proble. Retrieved 2017-08-17.
3. ↑ Freeman, Eric; Freeman, Elisabeth; Kathy, Sierra; Bert, Bates (2004) (paperback). Head First Design Patterns. 1. O'REILLY. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-596-00712-6. http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596007126.do. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
4. ↑ "The Factory Method design pattern - Structure and Collaboration". http://w3sdesign.com/?gr=c03&ugr=struct.
5. ↑ Erich Gamma (1994). Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Addison Wesley. pp. 123 ff.. ISBN 0-201-63361-2.

* {{cite book

| title = Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code
| publisher = Addison-Wesley
| date=June 1999
| isbn = 0-201-48567-2

* {{cite book |author1=Gamma, Erich |author2-link=Richard Helm |author2=Helm, Richard |author3=Johnson, Ralph |author4=Vlissides, John |

title=Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software |
publisher=Addison-Wesley |
year=1994 |
isbn=0-201-63361-2

* Cox, Brad J. (1986). Object-oriented programming: an evolutionary approach. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-10393-9.
* Cohen, Tal; Gil, Joseph (2007). "Better Construction with Factories". Journal of Object Technology (Bertrand Meyer) 6 (6): 103. doi:10.5381/jot.2007.6.6.a3. http://tal.forum2.org/static/cv/Factories.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-12.

## External links

| The Wikibook Computer Science Design Patterns has a page on the topic of: Factory method examples

|

* Factory Design Pattern Implementation in Java

* Factory method in UML and in LePUS3 (a Design Description Language)
* Consider static factory methods by Joshua Bloch

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